Analyzing the Ionospheric Irregularities Caused by the September 2017 Geomagnetic Storm Using Ground-Based GNSS, Swarm, and FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC Data near the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly in East Africa
Geomagnetic storms are one of the leading causes of ionospheric irregularities, depending on their intensity. The 6–10 September 2017 geomagnetic storm, the most severe geomagnetic event of the year, resulted from an X9 solar flare and a subsequent coronal mass ejection (CME), with the first sudden...
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Published in | Remote sensing (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 15; no. 24; p. 5762 |
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Main Authors | , , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
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01.12.2023
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Abstract | Geomagnetic storms are one of the leading causes of ionospheric irregularities, depending on their intensity. The 6–10 September 2017 geomagnetic storm, the most severe geomagnetic event of the year, resulted from an X9 solar flare and a subsequent coronal mass ejection (CME), with the first sudden storm commencements (SSC) occurring at 23:43 UT on day 06, coinciding with a Sym-H value of approximately 50 nT, triggered by a sudden increase in the solar wind. The interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and disturbance storm time (Dst) increased when the first SSC occurred at 23:43 UT on 6 September. The second SSC occurred with a more vigorous intensity at 23:00 UT on 7 September, with the Kp index reaching 8 and the auroral electrojet (AE) 2500 nT. In this study, we investigated this phenomenon using data from Swarm, FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC, and ground-based GNSS networks in East Africa to measure ionospheric irregularities near the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA). In this procedure, the total electron content (TEC), amplitude scintillation (S4), and rate of TEC Index (ROTI) were implemented to recognize ionospheric irregularities appearing during the geomagnetic storm. In addition, the Langmuir plasma probes of the Swarm satellites were employed to identify the rate of electron density index (RODI). The results obtained from the different techniques indicate the effects of geomagnetic storms in terms of increased ionospheric irregularities indicated by geophysical ionospheric parameters. This study demonstrates the potential of using space-based measurements to detect the effects of a geomagnetic storm on ionospheric irregularities for regions where ground-based ionospheric observations are rarely available, such as above the oceans. |
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AbstractList | Geomagnetic storms are one of the leading causes of ionospheric irregularities, depending on their intensity. The 6–10 September 2017 geomagnetic storm, the most severe geomagnetic event of the year, resulted from an X9 solar flare and a subsequent coronal mass ejection (CME), with the first sudden storm commencements (SSC) occurring at 23:43 UT on day 06, coinciding with a Sym-H value of approximately 50 nT, triggered by a sudden increase in the solar wind. The interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and disturbance storm time (Dst) increased when the first SSC occurred at 23:43 UT on 6 September. The second SSC occurred with a more vigorous intensity at 23:00 UT on 7 September, with the Kp index reaching 8 and the auroral electrojet (AE) 2500 nT. In this study, we investigated this phenomenon using data from Swarm, FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC, and ground-based GNSS networks in East Africa to measure ionospheric irregularities near the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA). In this procedure, the total electron content (TEC), amplitude scintillation (S4), and rate of TEC Index (ROTI) were implemented to recognize ionospheric irregularities appearing during the geomagnetic storm. In addition, the Langmuir plasma probes of the Swarm satellites were employed to identify the rate of electron density index (RODI). The results obtained from the different techniques indicate the effects of geomagnetic storms in terms of increased ionospheric irregularities indicated by geophysical ionospheric parameters. This study demonstrates the potential of using space-based measurements to detect the effects of a geomagnetic storm on ionospheric irregularities for regions where ground-based ionospheric observations are rarely available, such as above the oceans. |
Audience | Academic |
Author | Alizadeh, Mahdi Pirooznia, Mahmood Schuh, Harald Flury, Jakob Soja, Benedikt Atabati, Alireza Jazireeyan, Iraj |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Alireza orcidid: 0000-0002-3135-3613 surname: Atabati fullname: Atabati, Alireza – sequence: 2 givenname: Iraj surname: Jazireeyan fullname: Jazireeyan, Iraj – sequence: 3 givenname: Mahdi surname: Alizadeh fullname: Alizadeh, Mahdi – sequence: 4 givenname: Mahmood orcidid: 0000-0003-0427-0502 surname: Pirooznia fullname: Pirooznia, Mahmood – sequence: 5 givenname: Jakob orcidid: 0000-0002-5369-6158 surname: Flury fullname: Flury, Jakob – sequence: 6 givenname: Harald orcidid: 0000-0001-5443-0370 surname: Schuh fullname: Schuh, Harald – sequence: 7 givenname: Benedikt orcidid: 0000-0002-7010-2147 surname: Soja fullname: Soja, Benedikt |
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SubjectTerms | Auroral electrojets Bubbles Canada Coronal mass ejection Electric fields Electron density Electrons geomagnetic storm Geomagnetism Germany global navigation satellite system (GNSS) Ground-based observation Interplanetary magnetic field Ionization Ionosphere ionospheric irregularities Ionospheric research ionospheric scintillation Irregularities KP index Low earth orbit satellites Magnetic fields Magnetic storms Magnetosphere Oceans Plasma Plasma probes rate of TEC index (ROTI) Receivers & amplifiers Solar corona Solar flares Solar magnetic field Solar wind Storms Sudden storm commencements Total Electron Content total electron content (TEC) |
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Title | Analyzing the Ionospheric Irregularities Caused by the September 2017 Geomagnetic Storm Using Ground-Based GNSS, Swarm, and FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC Data near the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly in East Africa |
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