Effect of pistachio consumption on the modulation of urinary gut microbiota-related metabolites in prediabetic subjects

• Published in: The Journal of nutritional biochemistry Vol. 45; pp. 48 - 53
• Main Authors: Hernández-Alonso, Pablo, Cañueto, Daniel, Giardina, Simona, Salas-Salvadó, Jordi, Cañellas, Nicolau, Correig, Xavier, Bulló, Mònica
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Elsevier Inc 01.07.2017
• Subjects: carbohydrates; clinical trials; creatinine; Cresols - urine; Diet; digestive system; dimethylamine; Dimethylamines - urine; discriminant analysis; Female; Gastrointestinal Microbiome - physiology; Hippurates - urine; Humans; Insulin resistance; intestinal microorganisms; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Male; metabolism; metabolites; metabolome; Metabolomics; Methylamines - urine; Microbiota; Middle Aged; multivariate analysis; noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; nutrient content; Nuts; p-cresol; Pistachios; Pistacia; Prediabetes; Prediabetic State - diet therapy; Prediabetic State - urine; Principal Component Analysis; sulfates; tricarboxylic acid cycle; trimethylamine; urine; Urine - chemistry; TMAO; Metabolomics; NAFLD; Nuts; E; Microbiota; JRES; MHP; DMA; 1D NOESY-presat; HPLC; D2O; CD; ML-PLS-DA; HMDB; BMRB; EPIRDEM; CI; T2D; TMA; Pistachios; PQN; Prediabetes; PCA; CVD; TSP; NMR; QqQ/MS; TCA; PD; Insulin resistance; TCI
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.04.002
• ISSN: 0955-2863; 1873-4847

The specific nutritional composition of nuts could affect different metabolic pathways involved in a broad range of metabolic diseases. We therefore investigated whether chronic consumption of pistachio nuts modifies the urine metabolome in prediabetic subjects. We designed a randomized crossover clinical trial in 39 prediabetic subjects. They consumed a pistachio-supplemented diet (PD, 50% carbohydrates, 33% fat, including 57 g/d of pistachios daily) and a control diet (CD, 55% carbohydrates, 30% fat) for 4 months each, separated by a 2-week wash-out. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NRM) was performed to determine changes in 24-h urine metabolites. Significant changes in urine metabolites according to the different intervention periods were found in uni- and multivariate analysis. Score plot of the first two components of the multilevel partial least squares discriminant analysis (ML-PLS-DA) showed a clear separation of the intervention periods. Three metabolites related with gut microbiota metabolism (i.e., hippurate, p-cresol sulfate and dimethylamine) were found decreased in PD compared with CD (P<.05). Moreover, cis-aconitate [intermediate of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA)] was also found decreased following PD compared with CD. Intragroup analysis showed that creatinine levels were significantly increased in PD (P=.023), whereas trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) was found significantly reduced following PD (P=.034). Our results suggest that chronic pistachio consumption may modulate some urinary metabolites related to gut microbiota metabolism and the TCA cycle; all associated with metabolic derangements associated with insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes.