The genetic effects of roads: A review of empirical evidence

Roads exert various effects of conservation concern. They cause road mortality of wildlife, change the behaviour of animals and lead to habitat fragmentation. Roads also have genetic effects, as they restrict animal movement and increase the functional isolation of populations. We first formulate th...

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Published inBasic and applied ecology Vol. 11; no. 6; pp. 522 - 531
Main Authors Holderegger, Rolf, Di Giulio, Manuela
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Elsevier GmbH 01.09.2010
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Abstract Roads exert various effects of conservation concern. They cause road mortality of wildlife, change the behaviour of animals and lead to habitat fragmentation. Roads also have genetic effects, as they restrict animal movement and increase the functional isolation of populations. We first formulate theoretical expectations on the genetic effects of roads with respect to a decrease in genetic diversity and an increase in genetic differentiation or distance of populations or individuals. We then review the empirical evidence on the genetic effects of roads based on the available literature. We found that roads often, but not always, decrease the genetic diversity of affected populations due to reduced population size and genetic drift. Whether the reduction in genetic diversity influences the long-term fitness of affected populations is, however, not yet clear. Roads, especially fenced highways, also act as barriers to movement, migration and gene flow. Roads therefore often decrease functional connectivity and increase the genetic differentiation of populations or the genetic distance among individuals. Nevertheless, roads and highways rarely act as complete barriers as shown by genetic studies assessing contemporary migration across roads (by using assignment tests). Some studies also showed that road verges act as dispersal corridors for native and exotic plants and animals. Genetic methods are well suited to retrospectively trace such migration pathways. Most roads and highways have only recently been built. Although only few generations might thus have passed since road construction, our literature survey showed that many studies found negative effects of roads on genetic diversity and genetic differentiation in animal species, especially for larger mammals and amphibians. Roads may thus rapidly cause genetic effects. This result stresses the importance of defragmentation measures such as over- and underpasses or wildlife bridges across roads. Straßen üben verschiedene Effekte aus, die für den Naturschutz von Bedeutung sind. Straßen verursachen den Straßentod von Tieren, verändern deren Verhalten und führen zu Habitatfragmentierung. Da Straßen die Bewegung von Tieren einschränken und die funktionale Zerschneidung von Populationen hervorrufen, verursachen Straßen auch genetische Effekte. Wir formulieren zuerst theoretische Erwartungen zu den genetischen Effekten von Straßen in Bezug auf eine Verminderung der genetischen Diversität und eine Erhöhung der genetischen Differenzierung oder Distanz zwischen Populationen oder Individuen. Wir geben dann einen Überblick über die empirische Literatur zu den genetischen Effekten von Straßen. Wir zeigen, dass Straßen oft, aber nicht immer, die genetische Diversität von Populationen infolge kleinerer Populationsgröße und erhöhter genetischer Drift vermindern. Ob diese Reduktion der genetischen Diversität längerfristig die Fitness der betroffenen Populationen beeinträchtigt ist allerdings unklar. Straßen, und insbesondere eingezäunte Autobahnen, sind auch Barrieren für Tierbewegungen, Wanderung und Genfluss. Straßen reduzieren oft die funktionale Vernetztheit und erhöhen die genetische Differenzierung von Populationen oder die genetischen Distanz zwischen Individuen. Allerdings wirken Straßen und Autobahnen nur selten als vollständige Barrieren, wie dies genetische Studien zeigen, die die aktuelle Wanderung über Straßen hinweg nachweisen (mittels assignment tests). Einige Studien zeigen zudem, dass Straßenränder als Ausbreitungskorridore für einheimische und exotische Tiere und Pflanzen dienen. Genetische Methoden sind gut geeignet, entsprechende Ausbreitungswege retrospektiv zu erfassen. Die meisten Straßen wurden erst vor kurzer Zeit gebaut. Obwohl deshalb meist nur wenige Generationen seit der Erstellung der Straßen verflossen sind, zeigt unsere Literaturübersicht, dass viele Studien negative Auswirkungen von Straßen auf die genetische Diversität und Differenzierung von Tierarten fanden, insbesondere bei größeren Säugetieren und Amphibien. Straßen führen somit schnell zu genetischen Effekten. Dieses Resultat unterstreicht die Bedeutung von Defragmentierungsmaßnahmen an Straßen wie etwa Durchlässen, Überführungen oder Grünbrücken.
AbstractList Roads exert various effects of conservation concern. They cause road mortality of wildlife, change the behaviour of animals and lead to habitat fragmentation. Roads also have genetic effects, as they restrict animal movement and increase the functional isolation of populations. We first formulate theoretical expectations on the genetic effects of roads with respect to a decrease in genetic diversity and an increase in genetic differentiation or distance of populations or individuals. We then review the empirical evidence on the genetic effects of roads based on the available literature. We found that roads often, but not always, decrease the genetic diversity of affected populations due to reduced population size and genetic drift. Whether the reduction in genetic diversity influences the long-term fitness of affected populations is, however, not yet clear. Roads, especially fenced highways, also act as barriers to movement, migration and gene flow. Roads therefore often decrease functional connectivity and increase the genetic differentiation of populations or the genetic distance among individuals. Nevertheless, roads and highways rarely act as complete barriers as shown by genetic studies assessing contemporary migration across roads (by using assignment tests). Some studies also showed that road verges act as dispersal corridors for native and exotic plants and animals. Genetic methods are well suited to retrospectively trace such migration pathways. Most roads and highways have only recently been built. Although only few generations might thus have passed since road construction, our literature survey showed that many studies found negative effects of roads on genetic diversity and genetic differentiation in animal species, especially for larger mammals and amphibians. Roads may thus rapidly cause genetic effects. This result stresses the importance of defragmentation measures such as over- and underpasses or wildlife bridges across roads. Straßen üben verschiedene Effekte aus, die für den Naturschutz von Bedeutung sind. Straßen verursachen den Straßentod von Tieren, verändern deren Verhalten und führen zu Habitatfragmentierung. Da Straßen die Bewegung von Tieren einschränken und die funktionale Zerschneidung von Populationen hervorrufen, verursachen Straßen auch genetische Effekte. Wir formulieren zuerst theoretische Erwartungen zu den genetischen Effekten von Straßen in Bezug auf eine Verminderung der genetischen Diversität und eine Erhöhung der genetischen Differenzierung oder Distanz zwischen Populationen oder Individuen. Wir geben dann einen Überblick über die empirische Literatur zu den genetischen Effekten von Straßen. Wir zeigen, dass Straßen oft, aber nicht immer, die genetische Diversität von Populationen infolge kleinerer Populationsgröße und erhöhter genetischer Drift vermindern. Ob diese Reduktion der genetischen Diversität längerfristig die Fitness der betroffenen Populationen beeinträchtigt ist allerdings unklar. Straßen, und insbesondere eingezäunte Autobahnen, sind auch Barrieren für Tierbewegungen, Wanderung und Genfluss. Straßen reduzieren oft die funktionale Vernetztheit und erhöhen die genetische Differenzierung von Populationen oder die genetischen Distanz zwischen Individuen. Allerdings wirken Straßen und Autobahnen nur selten als vollständige Barrieren, wie dies genetische Studien zeigen, die die aktuelle Wanderung über Straßen hinweg nachweisen (mittels assignment tests). Einige Studien zeigen zudem, dass Straßenränder als Ausbreitungskorridore für einheimische und exotische Tiere und Pflanzen dienen. Genetische Methoden sind gut geeignet, entsprechende Ausbreitungswege retrospektiv zu erfassen. Die meisten Straßen wurden erst vor kurzer Zeit gebaut. Obwohl deshalb meist nur wenige Generationen seit der Erstellung der Straßen verflossen sind, zeigt unsere Literaturübersicht, dass viele Studien negative Auswirkungen von Straßen auf die genetische Diversität und Differenzierung von Tierarten fanden, insbesondere bei größeren Säugetieren und Amphibien. Straßen führen somit schnell zu genetischen Effekten. Dieses Resultat unterstreicht die Bedeutung von Defragmentierungsmaßnahmen an Straßen wie etwa Durchlässen, Überführungen oder Grünbrücken.
Roads exert various effects of conservation concern. They cause road mortality of wildlife, change the behaviour of animals and lead to habitat fragmentation. Roads also have genetic effects, as they restrict animal movement and increase the functional isolation of populations. We first formulate theoretical expectations on the genetic effects of roads with respect to a decrease in genetic diversity and an increase in genetic differentiation or distance of populations or individuals. We then review the empirical evidence on the genetic effects of roads based on the available literature. We found that roads often, but not always, decrease the genetic diversity of affected populations due to reduced population size and genetic drift. Whether the reduction in genetic diversity influences the long-term fitness of affected populations is, however, not yet clear. Roads, especially fenced highways, also act as barriers to movement, migration and gene flow. Roads therefore often decrease functional connectivity and increase the genetic differentiation of populations or the genetic distance among individuals. Nevertheless, roads and highways rarely act as complete barriers as shown by genetic studies assessing contemporary migration across roads (by using assignment tests). Some studies also showed that road verges act as dispersal corridors for native and exotic plants and animals. Genetic methods are well suited to retrospectively trace such migration pathways. Most roads and highways have only recently been built. Although only few generations might thus have passed since road construction, our literature survey showed that many studies found negative effects of roads on genetic diversity and genetic differentiation in animal species, especially for larger mammals and amphibians. Roads may thus rapidly cause genetic effects. This result stresses the importance of defragmentation measures such as over- and underpasses or wildlife bridges across roads. Strassen ueben verschiedene Effekte aus, die fuer den Naturschutz von Bedeutung sind. Strassen verursachen den Strassentod von Tieren, veraendern deren Verhalten und fuehren zu Habitatfragmentierung. Da Strassen die Bewegung von Tieren einschraenken und die funktionale Zerschneidung von Populationen hervorrufen, verursachen Strassen auch genetische Effekte. Wir formulieren zuerst theoretische Erwartungen zu den genetischen Effekten von Strassen in Bezug auf eine Verminderung der genetischen Diversitaet und eine Erhoehung der genetischen Differenzierung oder Distanz zwischen Populationen oder Individuen. Wir geben dann einen Aoeberblick ueber die empirische Literatur zu den genetischen Effekten von Strassen. Wir zeigen, dass Strassen oft, aber nicht immer, die genetische Diversitaet von Populationen infolge kleinerer Populationsgroesse und erhoehter genetischer Drift vermindern. Ob diese Reduktion der genetischen Diversitaet laengerfristig die Fitness der betroffenen Populationen beeintraechtigt ist allerdings unklar. Strassen, und insbesondere eingezaeunte Autobahnen, sind auch Barrieren fuer Tierbewegungen, Wanderung und Genfluss. Strassen reduzieren oft die funktionale Vernetztheit und erhoehen die genetische Differenzierung von Populationen oder die genetischen Distanz zwischen Individuen. Allerdings wirken Strassen und Autobahnen nur selten als vollstaendige Barrieren, wie dies genetische Studien zeigen, die die aktuelle Wanderung ueber Strassen hinweg nachweisen (mittels assignment tests). Einige Studien zeigen zudem, dass Strassenraender als Ausbreitungskorridore fuer einheimische und exotische Tiere und Pflanzen dienen. Genetische Methoden sind gut geeignet, entsprechende Ausbreitungswege retrospektiv zu erfassen. Die meisten Strassen wurden erst vor kurzer Zeit gebaut. Obwohl deshalb meist nur wenige Generationen seit der Erstellung der Strassen verflossen sind, zeigt unsere Literaturuebersicht, dass viele Studien negative Auswirkungen von Strassen auf die genetische Diversitaet und Differenzierung von Tierarten fanden, insbesondere bei groesseren Saeugetieren und Amphibien. Strassen fuehren somit schnell zu genetischen Effekten. Dieses Resultat unterstreicht die Bedeutung von Defragmentierungsmassnahmen an Strassen wie etwa Durchlaessen, Aoeberfuehrungen oder Gruenbruecken.
Author Holderegger, Rolf
Di Giulio, Manuela
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  fullname: Holderegger, Rolf
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– sequence: 2
  givenname: Manuela
  surname: Di Giulio
  fullname: Di Giulio, Manuela
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Issue 6
Keywords Assignment tests
Gene flow
Barrier effect
Migration
Road verges
Dispersal corridor
Genetic differentiation
Genetic diversity
Road mortality
Fragmentation
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Snippet Roads exert various effects of conservation concern. They cause road mortality of wildlife, change the behaviour of animals and lead to habitat fragmentation....
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SubjectTerms Assignment tests
Barrier effect
Dispersal corridor
Fragmentation
Gene flow
Genetic differentiation
Genetic diversity
Migration
Road mortality
Road verges
Title The genetic effects of roads: A review of empirical evidence
URI https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2010.06.006
https://www.proquest.com/docview/831153714
Volume 11
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