Methods for explaining Top-N recommendations through subgroup discovery

• Published in: Data mining and knowledge discovery Vol. 37; no. 2; pp. 833 - 872
• Main Authors: Iferroudjene, Mouloud, Lonjarret, Corentin, Robardet, Céline, Plantevit, Marc, Atzmueller, Martin
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York Springer US 01.03.2023; Springer Nature B.V; Springer
• Subjects: Application Papers; Artificial Intelligence; Chemistry and Earth Sciences; Computer Science; Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery; Explainable artificial intelligence; Icebergs; Information Retrieval; Information Storage and Retrieval; Neural networks; Physics; Recommender systems; Statistics for Engineering; Subgroups; System effectiveness
• ISSN: 1384-5810; 1573-756X
• DOI: 10.1007/s10618-022-00897-2

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) has received a lot of attention over the past decade, with the proposal of many methods explaining black box classifiers such as neural networks. Despite the ubiquity of recommender systems in the digital world, only few researchers have attempted to explain their functioning, whereas one major obstacle to their use is the problem of societal acceptability and trustworthiness. Indeed, recommender systems direct user choices to a large extent and their impact is important as they give access to only a small part of the range of items (e.g., products and/or services), as the submerged part of the iceberg. Consequently, they limit access to other resources. The potentially negative effects of these systems have been pointed out as phenomena like echo chambers and winner-take-all effects, because the internal logic of these systems is to likely enclose the consumer in a “déjà vu” loop. Therefore, it is crucial to provide explanations of such recommender systems and to identify the user data that led the respective system to make the individual recommendations. This then makes it possible to evaluate recommender systems not only regarding their effectiveness (i.e., their capability to recommend an item that was actually chosen by the user), but also with respect to the diversity, relevance and timeliness of the active data used for the recommendation. In this paper, we propose a deep analysis of two state-of-the-art models learnt on four datasets based on the identification of the items or the sequences of items actively used by the models. Our proposed methods are based on subgroup discovery with different pattern languages (i.e., itemsets and sequences). Specifically, we provide interpretable explanations of the recommendations of the Top-N items, which are useful to compare different models. Ultimately, these can then be used to present simple and understandable patterns to explain the reasons behind a generated recommendation to the user.