Effect of partial and global shielding on surface-driven phenomena in keyhole mode laser beam welding

Partial shielding by means of local gas supply has proven to be very effective in reducing spatter. Besides the effect of gas-induced dynamic pressure, the shielding of oxygen is also highly relevant for melt pool dynamics and spatter formation due to the growth of oxides and the influence on surfac...

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Published inWelding in the world Vol. 68; no. 6; pp. 1353 - 1374
Main Authors Schmidt, Leander, Schricker, Klaus, Diegel, Christian, Sachs, Florian, Bergmann, Jean Pierre, Knauer, Andrea, Romanus, Henry, Requardt, Herwig, Chen, Yunhui, Rack, Alexander
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Berlin/Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg 01.06.2024
Springer Nature B.V
Springer
Subjects
Argon
Chemistry and Materials Science
Dynamic pressure
Gas flow
Geometry
High alloy steels
High speed
Keyholes
Laser beam welding
Lasers
Low flow
Materials Science
Melt pools
Metallic Materials
Oxygen
Photoelectrons
Physics
Pressure effects
Research Paper
Seam welds
Shielding
Solid Mechanics
Surface tension
Synchrotron radiation
Theoretical and Applied Mechanics
Topography
X ray imagery
X ray photoelectron spectroscopy
Laser beam welding
Oxide formation
Spatter formation
Gas atmosphere
Melt pool dynamics
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Abstract Partial shielding by means of local gas supply has proven to be very effective in reducing spatter. Besides the effect of gas-induced dynamic pressure, the shielding of oxygen is also highly relevant for melt pool dynamics and spatter formation due to the growth of oxides and the influence on surface tension. Therefore, this paper addresses the effect of local supplied argon on oxide growth and seam topography during keyhole mode laser beam welding of high-alloy steel AISI 304. To determine the shielding quality, the results are compared to laser beam welding in a global argon atmosphere. The topography of the upper weld seams was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). An X-ray microanalysis (EDX) in line scan modus was performed to determine and to locate the elements which are covering the specimen surface. The chemical state of the found elements was quantified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In a last step, high-speed synchrotron X-ray imaging was performed to separate the effect of the gas-induced pressure and the gas-induced shielding on keyhole geometry. The results show that a local supply of argon contributes to a significant difference in oxide growth, affecting melt pool convection and weld seam geometry. It was further shown that the effect of gas flows at low flow rates is primarily because of oxygen shielding, as no significant difference in keyhole geometry was found by high-speed synchrotron X-ray imaging.
AbstractList Partial shielding by means of local gas supply has proven to be very effective in reducing spatter. Besides the effect of gas-induced dynamic pressure, the shielding of oxygen is also highly relevant for melt pool dynamics and spatter formation due to the growth of oxides and the influence on surface tension. Therefore, this paper addresses the effect of local supplied argon on oxide growth and seam topography during keyhole mode laser beam welding of high-alloy steel AISI 304. To determine the shielding quality, the results are compared to laser beam welding in a global argon atmosphere. The topography of the upper weld seams was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). An X-ray microanalysis (EDX) in line scan modus was performed to determine and to locate the elements which are covering the specimen surface. The chemical state of the found elements was quantified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In a last step, high-speed synchrotron X-ray imaging was performed to separate the effect of the gas-induced pressure and the gas-induced shielding on keyhole geometry. The results show that a local supply of argon contributes to a significant difference in oxide growth, affecting melt pool convection and weld seam geometry. It was further shown that the effect of gas flows at low flow rates is primarily because of oxygen shielding, as no significant difference in keyhole geometry was found by high-speed synchrotron X-ray imaging.
Abstract Partial shielding by means of local gas supply has proven to be very effective in reducing spatter. Besides the effect of gas-induced dynamic pressure, the shielding of oxygen is also highly relevant for melt pool dynamics and spatter formation due to the growth of oxides and the influence on surface tension. Therefore, this paper addresses the effect of local supplied argon on oxide growth and seam topography during keyhole mode laser beam welding of high-alloy steel AISI 304. To determine the shielding quality, the results are compared to laser beam welding in a global argon atmosphere. The topography of the upper weld seams was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). An X-ray microanalysis (EDX) in line scan modus was performed to determine and to locate the elements which are covering the specimen surface. The chemical state of the found elements was quantified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In a last step, high-speed synchrotron X-ray imaging was performed to separate the effect of the gas-induced pressure and the gas-induced shielding on keyhole geometry. The results show that a local supply of argon contributes to a significant difference in oxide growth, affecting melt pool convection and weld seam geometry. It was further shown that the effect of gas flows at low flow rates is primarily because of oxygen shielding, as no significant difference in keyhole geometry was found by high-speed synchrotron X-ray imaging.
Author Requardt, Herwig
Rack, Alexander
Diegel, Christian
Schricker, Klaus
Sachs, Florian
Bergmann, Jean Pierre
Chen, Yunhui
Schmidt, Leander
Romanus, Henry
Knauer, Andrea
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  organization: Production Technology Group, Technische Universität Ilmenau
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  organization: Production Technology Group, Technische Universität Ilmenau
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  givenname: Alexander
  surname: Rack
  fullname: Rack, Alexander
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Issue 6
Keywords Laser beam welding
Oxide formation
Spatter formation
Gas atmosphere
Melt pool dynamics
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Snippet Partial shielding by means of local gas supply has proven to be very effective in reducing spatter. Besides the effect of gas-induced dynamic pressure, the...
Abstract Partial shielding by means of local gas supply has proven to be very effective in reducing spatter. Besides the effect of gas-induced dynamic...
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SubjectTerms Argon
Chemistry and Materials Science
Dynamic pressure
Gas flow
Geometry
High alloy steels
High speed
Keyholes
Laser beam welding
Lasers
Low flow
Materials Science
Melt pools
Metallic Materials
Oxygen
Photoelectrons
Physics
Pressure effects
Research Paper
Seam welds
Shielding
Solid Mechanics
Surface tension
Synchrotron radiation
Theoretical and Applied Mechanics
Topography
X ray imagery
X ray photoelectron spectroscopy
Title Effect of partial and global shielding on surface-driven phenomena in keyhole mode laser beam welding
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https://hal.science/hal-05118229
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