Exposure to hypertonic solutions during pregnancy induces autism-like behaviors via the NFAT-5 pathway in offspring in a rat model

•There is the strong relationship between autism and immune-mediated events in autism.•High salt may be a potential environmental risk factor for neuroinflammation. NFAT5 pathway may be a key factor in developing neuroinflammation by hyperosmotic solution.•Exposure of pregnant rats to a hyperosmotic...

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Published inPhysiology & behavior Vol. 240; p. 113545
Main Authors Senkal, Evrim, Bagcioglu, Erman, Eryigit, Umut, Erbas, Oytun, Solmaz, Volkan
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Elsevier Inc 15.10.2021
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Abstract •There is the strong relationship between autism and immune-mediated events in autism.•High salt may be a potential environmental risk factor for neuroinflammation. NFAT5 pathway may be a key factor in developing neuroinflammation by hyperosmotic solution.•Exposure of pregnant rats to a hyperosmotic solution (HS) resulted in autism-like behaviors in their offspring. to investigate the effects of hyperosmolar state (HS) on immune response and inflammation via the NFAT5 pathway and examine whether immune-mediated conditions trigger autism-like behavior in offspring. a pregnant rat model was performed by administering hyperosmotic solutions. Pregnant rats were divided into 2 main groups; control (group I) and hyperosmolar groups (group II). Control group rats were given % 0.25 NaCI (tap water) (n = 6), the Hyperosmolar (HO) group was further subdivided into 3 groups as; Group II a rats which were given % 3 hypertonic NaCl (n = 6), Group II b rats were given mineral water (% 3 NaHCO3+magnesium+calcium content) (n = 6), and Group II c rats were given Ayran (% 0.8 NaCl content) (n = 6). Their offspring were examined for behaviors, biochemical and histological abnormality. in offspring, TNF- α, IL-17, NFAT-5, and NGF levels in the brain were significantly higher in hyperosmotic solution groups than in control rats. Exposure of pregnant rats to hyperosmotic solution resulted in autism-like behaviors in their offspring. Through immunohistochemical methods, we found that CA1 and CA2 of the hippocampus indicated decreased number of neurons in hyperosmotic solution groups compared with the control group. our findings once again emphasized that the immune-mediated conditions involved in the pathophysiology of autism. NFAT5 pathway may be a key factor in the development of neuroinflammation by hyperosmotic solutions. [Display omitted]
AbstractList •There is the strong relationship between autism and immune-mediated events in autism.•High salt may be a potential environmental risk factor for neuroinflammation. NFAT5 pathway may be a key factor in developing neuroinflammation by hyperosmotic solution.•Exposure of pregnant rats to a hyperosmotic solution (HS) resulted in autism-like behaviors in their offspring. to investigate the effects of hyperosmolar state (HS) on immune response and inflammation via the NFAT5 pathway and examine whether immune-mediated conditions trigger autism-like behavior in offspring. a pregnant rat model was performed by administering hyperosmotic solutions. Pregnant rats were divided into 2 main groups; control (group I) and hyperosmolar groups (group II). Control group rats were given % 0.25 NaCI (tap water) (n = 6), the Hyperosmolar (HO) group was further subdivided into 3 groups as; Group II a rats which were given % 3 hypertonic NaCl (n = 6), Group II b rats were given mineral water (% 3 NaHCO3+magnesium+calcium content) (n = 6), and Group II c rats were given Ayran (% 0.8 NaCl content) (n = 6). Their offspring were examined for behaviors, biochemical and histological abnormality. in offspring, TNF- α, IL-17, NFAT-5, and NGF levels in the brain were significantly higher in hyperosmotic solution groups than in control rats. Exposure of pregnant rats to hyperosmotic solution resulted in autism-like behaviors in their offspring. Through immunohistochemical methods, we found that CA1 and CA2 of the hippocampus indicated decreased number of neurons in hyperosmotic solution groups compared with the control group. our findings once again emphasized that the immune-mediated conditions involved in the pathophysiology of autism. NFAT5 pathway may be a key factor in the development of neuroinflammation by hyperosmotic solutions. [Display omitted]
OBJECTIVESto investigate the effects of hyperosmolar state (HS) on immune response and inflammation via the NFAT5 pathway and examine whether immune-mediated conditions trigger autism-like behavior in offspring. METHODSa pregnant rat model was performed by administering hyperosmotic solutions. Pregnant rats were divided into 2 main groups; control (group I) and hyperosmolar groups (group II). Control group rats were given % 0.25 NaCI (tap water) (n = 6), the Hyperosmolar (HO) group was further subdivided into 3 groups as; Group II a rats which were given % 3 hypertonic NaCl (n = 6), Group II b rats were given mineral water (% 3 NaHCO3+magnesium+calcium content) (n = 6), and Group II c rats were given Ayran (% 0.8 NaCl content) (n = 6). Their offspring were examined for behaviors, biochemical and histological abnormality. RESULTSin offspring, TNF- α, IL-17, NFAT-5, and NGF levels in the brain were significantly higher in hyperosmotic solution groups than in control rats. Exposure of pregnant rats to hyperosmotic solution resulted in autism-like behaviors in their offspring. Through immunohistochemical methods, we found that CA1 and CA2 of the hippocampus indicated decreased number of neurons in hyperosmotic solution groups compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONSour findings once again emphasized that the immune-mediated conditions involved in the pathophysiology of autism. NFAT5 pathway may be a key factor in the development of neuroinflammation by hyperosmotic solutions.
ArticleNumber 113545
Author Senkal, Evrim
Erbas, Oytun
Bagcioglu, Erman
Solmaz, Volkan
Eryigit, Umut
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Keywords Pregnant rat model
Autism
NFAT5 pathway
Hyperosmolar state
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Snippet •There is the strong relationship between autism and immune-mediated events in autism.•High salt may be a potential environmental risk factor for...
OBJECTIVESto investigate the effects of hyperosmolar state (HS) on immune response and inflammation via the NFAT5 pathway and examine whether immune-mediated...
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SubjectTerms Autism
Hyperosmolar state
NFAT5 pathway
Pregnant rat model
Title Exposure to hypertonic solutions during pregnancy induces autism-like behaviors via the NFAT-5 pathway in offspring in a rat model
URI https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113545
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