Two-Decade GNSS Observation Processing and Analysis with the New IGS Repro3 Criteria: Implications for the Refinement of Velocity Field and Deformation Field in Continental China

• Published in: Remote sensing (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 14; no. 15; p. 3719
• Main Authors: Wang, Hu, Ren, Yingying, Wang, Ahao, Wang, Jiexian, Cheng, Yingyan, Fang, Shushan, Yang, Qiang
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Basel MDPI AG 01.08.2022
• Subjects: Accuracy; Algorithms; block division; China; Cluster analysis; Clustering; Construction; Conventions; Criteria; Data processing; Deformation; Earth science; Earthquakes; Geological faults; Global navigation satellite system; global positioning systems; gpsgridder; Ground stations; Mountains; nonlinear station model; Poisson's ratio; Receivers & amplifiers; Remote sensing; repro3; Reprocessing; Satellite observation; Seismic activity; Software; Strain rate; Time series; time series analysis; Velocity; Velocity distribution; velocity field; Tibet; China; India
• DOI: 10.3390/rs14153719
• ISSN: 2072-4292

Extensive observation collection, unified and rigorous data processing, and accurate construction of the station motion model are the three essential elements for the accuracy and reliability of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) velocity field. GNSS data reprocessing not only can weaken the influence of untrue nonlinear site signals caused by imperfect models but also can eliminate the displacement offset caused by frame transformation, solution strategy, and model change. Based on the new repro3 criteria of the International GNSS Service (IGS), we process rigorously GNSS observations of continental China from the period 2000 to 2020 to refine GNSS station secular velocities and analyze the present-day crustal deformation in continental China. The main contributions of this work included the followings. Firstly, the repro3 algorithm and model are used to uniformly and rigorously process the two-decade GNSS historical observations to obtain more reliable GNSS coordinate time series with mm-level precision. Combined with the historical records of major earthquakes in continental China, we build a GNSS time series model considering nonlinear factors (velocity, offset, period, co-seismic/post-seismic deformation) to extract GNSS horizontal velocity field whose root mean square (RMS) mean is 0.1 mm/a. Secondly, the GNSS horizontal grid velocity field in continental China is interpolated using the gpsgridder method (the minimum radius is set to 16, and the Poisson’s ratio is set to 0.5). Estimation and analysis of the crustal strain rate solution lead to the conclusion that the strain degree in West China (the high strain region is mainly located in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau and Tianshan Mountains) is much more intense than that in the east (the main strain rate is less than 5 nstrain/year). In addition, most strong earthquakes in the Chinese mainland occurred on active blocks and their boundary faults with large changes in the GNSS velocity field and strain field. Then, an improved K-means++ clustering analysis method is proposed to divide active blocks using GNSS horizontal velocity field. Furthermore, different relative motion models of different blocks are constructed using the block division results. Among them, the Eurasian block has the lowest accuracy (the RMS of residual velocity in the east and north directions are 5.60 and 9.65 mm/a, respectively), and the China block 7 has the highest accuracy (the RMS mean of relative velocity in the east and north directions are 2.60 and 2.65 mm/a, respectively). More observations (2260+ sites), longer time (20 years), and updated criteria (Repro3) are to finely obtain the GNSS velocity field in continental China, and depict crustal deformation and active block with the gpsgridder and improved K-means++ methods.