Cross‐Cohort Automatic Knee MRI Segmentation With Multi‐Planar U‐Nets

Background Segmentation of medical image volumes is a time‐consuming manual task. Automatic tools are often tailored toward specific patient cohorts, and it is unclear how they behave in other clinical settings. Purpose To evaluate the performance of the open‐source Multi‐Planar U‐Net (MPUnet), the...

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Published inJournal of magnetic resonance imaging Vol. 55; no. 6; pp. 1650 - 1663
Main Authors Perslev, Mathias, Pai, Akshay, Runhaar, Jos, Igel, Christian, Dam, Erik B.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Hoboken, USA John Wiley & Sons, Inc 01.06.2022
Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
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Online AccessGet full text
ISSN1053-1807
1522-2586
1522-2586
DOI10.1002/jmri.27978

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Abstract Background Segmentation of medical image volumes is a time‐consuming manual task. Automatic tools are often tailored toward specific patient cohorts, and it is unclear how they behave in other clinical settings. Purpose To evaluate the performance of the open‐source Multi‐Planar U‐Net (MPUnet), the validated Knee Imaging Quantification (KIQ) framework, and a state‐of‐the‐art two‐dimensional (2D) U‐Net architecture on three clinical cohorts without extensive adaptation of the algorithms. Study Type Retrospective cohort study. Subjects A total of 253 subjects (146 females, 107 males, ages 57 ± 12 years) from three knee osteoarthritis (OA) studies (Center for Clinical and Basic Research [CCBR], Osteoarthritis Initiative [OAI], and Prevention of OA in Overweight Females [PROOF]) with varying demographics and OA severity (64/37/24/53/2 scans of Kellgren and Lawrence [KL] grades 0–4). Field Strength/Sequence 0.18 T, 1.0 T/1.5 T, and 3 T sagittal three‐dimensional fast‐spin echo T1w and dual‐echo steady‐state sequences. Assessment All models were fit without tuning to knee magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans with manual segmentations from three clinical cohorts. All models were evaluated across KL grades. Statistical Tests Segmentation performance differences as measured by Dice coefficients were tested with paired, two‐sided Wilcoxon signed‐rank statistics with significance threshold α = 0.05. Results The MPUnet performed superior or equal to KIQ and 2D U‐Net on all compartments across three cohorts. Mean Dice overlap was significantly higher for MPUnet compared to KIQ and U‐Net on CCBR (0.83±0.04 vs. 0.81±0.06 and 0.82±0.05), significantly higher than KIQ and U‐Net OAI (0.86±0.03 vs. 0.84±0.04 and 0.85±0.03), and not significantly different from KIQ while significantly higher than 2D U‐Net on PROOF (0.78±0.07 vs. 0.77±0.07, P=0.10, and 0.73±0.07). The MPUnet performed significantly better on N=22 KL grade 3 CCBR scans with 0.78±0.06 vs. 0.75±0.08 for KIQ and 0.76±0.06 for 2D U‐Net. Data Conclusion The MPUnet matched or exceeded the performance of state‐of‐the‐art knee MRI segmentation models across cohorts of variable sequences and patient demographics. The MPUnet required no manual tuning making it both accurate and easy‐to‐use. Level of Evidence 3 Technical Efficacy Stage 2
AbstractList Segmentation of medical image volumes is a time-consuming manual task. Automatic tools are often tailored toward specific patient cohorts, and it is unclear how they behave in other clinical settings. To evaluate the performance of the open-source Multi-Planar U-Net (MPUnet), the validated Knee Imaging Quantification (KIQ) framework, and a state-of-the-art two-dimensional (2D) U-Net architecture on three clinical cohorts without extensive adaptation of the algorithms. Retrospective cohort study. A total of 253 subjects (146 females, 107 males, ages 57 ± 12 years) from three knee osteoarthritis (OA) studies (Center for Clinical and Basic Research [CCBR], Osteoarthritis Initiative [OAI], and Prevention of OA in Overweight Females [PROOF]) with varying demographics and OA severity (64/37/24/53/2 scans of Kellgren and Lawrence [KL] grades 0-4). 0.18 T, 1.0 T/1.5 T, and 3 T sagittal three-dimensional fast-spin echo T1w and dual-echo steady-state sequences. All models were fit without tuning to knee magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans with manual segmentations from three clinical cohorts. All models were evaluated across KL grades. Segmentation performance differences as measured by Dice coefficients were tested with paired, two-sided Wilcoxon signed-rank statistics with significance threshold α = 0.05. The MPUnet performed superior or equal to KIQ and 2D U-Net on all compartments across three cohorts. Mean Dice overlap was significantly higher for MPUnet compared to KIQ and U-Net on CCBR ( vs. and ), significantly higher than KIQ and U-Net OAI ( vs. and , and not significantly different from KIQ while significantly higher than 2D U-Net on PROOF ( vs. , , and . The MPUnet performed significantly better on KL grade 3 CCBR scans with vs. for KIQ and for 2D U-Net. The MPUnet matched or exceeded the performance of state-of-the-art knee MRI segmentation models across cohorts of variable sequences and patient demographics. The MPUnet required no manual tuning making it both accurate and easy-to-use. 3 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 2.
BackgroundSegmentation of medical image volumes is a time‐consuming manual task. Automatic tools are often tailored toward specific patient cohorts, and it is unclear how they behave in other clinical settings.PurposeTo evaluate the performance of the open‐source Multi‐Planar U‐Net (MPUnet), the validated Knee Imaging Quantification (KIQ) framework, and a state‐of‐the‐art two‐dimensional (2D) U‐Net architecture on three clinical cohorts without extensive adaptation of the algorithms.Study TypeRetrospective cohort study.SubjectsA total of 253 subjects (146 females, 107 males, ages 57 ± 12 years) from three knee osteoarthritis (OA) studies (Center for Clinical and Basic Research [CCBR], Osteoarthritis Initiative [OAI], and Prevention of OA in Overweight Females [PROOF]) with varying demographics and OA severity (64/37/24/53/2 scans of Kellgren and Lawrence [KL] grades 0–4).Field Strength/Sequence0.18 T, 1.0 T/1.5 T, and 3 T sagittal three‐dimensional fast‐spin echo T1w and dual‐echo steady‐state sequences.AssessmentAll models were fit without tuning to knee magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans with manual segmentations from three clinical cohorts. All models were evaluated across KL grades.Statistical TestsSegmentation performance differences as measured by Dice coefficients were tested with paired, two‐sided Wilcoxon signed‐rank statistics with significance threshold α = 0.05.ResultsThe MPUnet performed superior or equal to KIQ and 2D U‐Net on all compartments across three cohorts. Mean Dice overlap was significantly higher for MPUnet compared to KIQ and U‐Net on CCBR (0.83±0.04 vs. 0.81±0.06 and 0.82±0.05), significantly higher than KIQ and U‐Net OAI (0.86±0.03 vs. 0.84±0.04 and 0.85±0.03), and not significantly different from KIQ while significantly higher than 2D U‐Net on PROOF (0.78±0.07 vs. 0.77±0.07, P=0.10, and 0.73±0.07). The MPUnet performed significantly better on N=22 KL grade 3 CCBR scans with 0.78±0.06 vs. 0.75±0.08 for KIQ and 0.76±0.06 for 2D U‐Net.Data ConclusionThe MPUnet matched or exceeded the performance of state‐of‐the‐art knee MRI segmentation models across cohorts of variable sequences and patient demographics. The MPUnet required no manual tuning making it both accurate and easy‐to‐use.Level of Evidence3Technical EfficacyStage 2
Segmentation of medical image volumes is a time-consuming manual task. Automatic tools are often tailored toward specific patient cohorts, and it is unclear how they behave in other clinical settings.BACKGROUNDSegmentation of medical image volumes is a time-consuming manual task. Automatic tools are often tailored toward specific patient cohorts, and it is unclear how they behave in other clinical settings.To evaluate the performance of the open-source Multi-Planar U-Net (MPUnet), the validated Knee Imaging Quantification (KIQ) framework, and a state-of-the-art two-dimensional (2D) U-Net architecture on three clinical cohorts without extensive adaptation of the algorithms.PURPOSETo evaluate the performance of the open-source Multi-Planar U-Net (MPUnet), the validated Knee Imaging Quantification (KIQ) framework, and a state-of-the-art two-dimensional (2D) U-Net architecture on three clinical cohorts without extensive adaptation of the algorithms.Retrospective cohort study.STUDY TYPERetrospective cohort study.A total of 253 subjects (146 females, 107 males, ages 57 ± 12 years) from three knee osteoarthritis (OA) studies (Center for Clinical and Basic Research [CCBR], Osteoarthritis Initiative [OAI], and Prevention of OA in Overweight Females [PROOF]) with varying demographics and OA severity (64/37/24/53/2 scans of Kellgren and Lawrence [KL] grades 0-4).SUBJECTSA total of 253 subjects (146 females, 107 males, ages 57 ± 12 years) from three knee osteoarthritis (OA) studies (Center for Clinical and Basic Research [CCBR], Osteoarthritis Initiative [OAI], and Prevention of OA in Overweight Females [PROOF]) with varying demographics and OA severity (64/37/24/53/2 scans of Kellgren and Lawrence [KL] grades 0-4).0.18 T, 1.0 T/1.5 T, and 3 T sagittal three-dimensional fast-spin echo T1w and dual-echo steady-state sequences.FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE0.18 T, 1.0 T/1.5 T, and 3 T sagittal three-dimensional fast-spin echo T1w and dual-echo steady-state sequences.All models were fit without tuning to knee magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans with manual segmentations from three clinical cohorts. All models were evaluated across KL grades.ASSESSMENTAll models were fit without tuning to knee magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans with manual segmentations from three clinical cohorts. All models were evaluated across KL grades.Segmentation performance differences as measured by Dice coefficients were tested with paired, two-sided Wilcoxon signed-rank statistics with significance threshold α = 0.05.STATISTICAL TESTSSegmentation performance differences as measured by Dice coefficients were tested with paired, two-sided Wilcoxon signed-rank statistics with significance threshold α = 0.05.The MPUnet performed superior or equal to KIQ and 2D U-Net on all compartments across three cohorts. Mean Dice overlap was significantly higher for MPUnet compared to KIQ and U-Net on CCBR ( 0.83±0.04 vs. 0.81±0.06 and 0.82±0.05 ), significantly higher than KIQ and U-Net OAI ( 0.86±0.03 vs. 0.84±0.04 and 0.85±0.03) , and not significantly different from KIQ while significantly higher than 2D U-Net on PROOF ( 0.78±0.07 vs. 0.77±0.07 , P=0.10 , and 0.73±0.07) . The MPUnet performed significantly better on N=22 KL grade 3 CCBR scans with 0.78±0.06 vs. 0.75±0.08 for KIQ and 0.76±0.06 for 2D U-Net.RESULTSThe MPUnet performed superior or equal to KIQ and 2D U-Net on all compartments across three cohorts. Mean Dice overlap was significantly higher for MPUnet compared to KIQ and U-Net on CCBR ( 0.83±0.04 vs. 0.81±0.06 and 0.82±0.05 ), significantly higher than KIQ and U-Net OAI ( 0.86±0.03 vs. 0.84±0.04 and 0.85±0.03) , and not significantly different from KIQ while significantly higher than 2D U-Net on PROOF ( 0.78±0.07 vs. 0.77±0.07 , P=0.10 , and 0.73±0.07) . The MPUnet performed significantly better on N=22 KL grade 3 CCBR scans with 0.78±0.06 vs. 0.75±0.08 for KIQ and 0.76±0.06 for 2D U-Net.The MPUnet matched or exceeded the performance of state-of-the-art knee MRI segmentation models across cohorts of variable sequences and patient demographics. The MPUnet required no manual tuning making it both accurate and easy-to-use.DATA CONCLUSIONThe MPUnet matched or exceeded the performance of state-of-the-art knee MRI segmentation models across cohorts of variable sequences and patient demographics. The MPUnet required no manual tuning making it both accurate and easy-to-use.3 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 2.LEVEL OF EVIDENCE3 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 2.
Background Segmentation of medical image volumes is a time‐consuming manual task. Automatic tools are often tailored toward specific patient cohorts, and it is unclear how they behave in other clinical settings. Purpose To evaluate the performance of the open‐source Multi‐Planar U‐Net (MPUnet), the validated Knee Imaging Quantification (KIQ) framework, and a state‐of‐the‐art two‐dimensional (2D) U‐Net architecture on three clinical cohorts without extensive adaptation of the algorithms. Study Type Retrospective cohort study. Subjects A total of 253 subjects (146 females, 107 males, ages 57 ± 12 years) from three knee osteoarthritis (OA) studies (Center for Clinical and Basic Research [CCBR], Osteoarthritis Initiative [OAI], and Prevention of OA in Overweight Females [PROOF]) with varying demographics and OA severity (64/37/24/53/2 scans of Kellgren and Lawrence [KL] grades 0–4). Field Strength/Sequence 0.18 T, 1.0 T/1.5 T, and 3 T sagittal three‐dimensional fast‐spin echo T1w and dual‐echo steady‐state sequences. Assessment All models were fit without tuning to knee magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans with manual segmentations from three clinical cohorts. All models were evaluated across KL grades. Statistical Tests Segmentation performance differences as measured by Dice coefficients were tested with paired, two‐sided Wilcoxon signed‐rank statistics with significance threshold α = 0.05. Results The MPUnet performed superior or equal to KIQ and 2D U‐Net on all compartments across three cohorts. Mean Dice overlap was significantly higher for MPUnet compared to KIQ and U‐Net on CCBR (0.83±0.04 vs. 0.81±0.06 and 0.82±0.05), significantly higher than KIQ and U‐Net OAI (0.86±0.03 vs. 0.84±0.04 and 0.85±0.03), and not significantly different from KIQ while significantly higher than 2D U‐Net on PROOF (0.78±0.07 vs. 0.77±0.07, P=0.10, and 0.73±0.07). The MPUnet performed significantly better on N=22 KL grade 3 CCBR scans with 0.78±0.06 vs. 0.75±0.08 for KIQ and 0.76±0.06 for 2D U‐Net. Data Conclusion The MPUnet matched or exceeded the performance of state‐of‐the‐art knee MRI segmentation models across cohorts of variable sequences and patient demographics. The MPUnet required no manual tuning making it both accurate and easy‐to‐use. Level of Evidence 3 Technical Efficacy Stage 2
Author Dam, Erik B.
Perslev, Mathias
Pai, Akshay
Runhaar, Jos
Igel, Christian
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Keywords deep learning
magnetic resonance imaging
open-source software
knee segmentation
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Snippet Background Segmentation of medical image volumes is a time‐consuming manual task. Automatic tools are often tailored toward specific patient cohorts, and it is...
Segmentation of medical image volumes is a time-consuming manual task. Automatic tools are often tailored toward specific patient cohorts, and it is unclear...
BackgroundSegmentation of medical image volumes is a time‐consuming manual task. Automatic tools are often tailored toward specific patient cohorts, and it is...
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SubjectTerms Aged
Algorithms
Arthritis
Biomedical materials
Body weight
Cohort Studies
deep learning
Demography
Female
Females
Field strength
Humans
Image processing
Image segmentation
Knee
Knee - diagnostic imaging
Knee - pathology
Knee Joint - diagnostic imaging
Knee Joint - pathology
knee segmentation
Magnetic resonance imaging
Magnetic Resonance Imaging - methods
Male
Medical imaging
Middle Aged
open‐source software
Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis, Knee - diagnostic imaging
Osteoarthritis, Knee - pathology
Overweight
Patients
Performance evaluation
Retrospective Studies
Statistical analysis
Statistical tests
Tuning
Title Cross‐Cohort Automatic Knee MRI Segmentation With Multi‐Planar U‐Nets
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