Very low‐calorie ketogenic diet rapidly augments testosterone levels in non‐diabetic obese subjects
Background The very low‐calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) represents an opportunity to attain clinically relevant weight loss in obese patients. Functional hypogonadism represents a frequent hormonal disorder associated with obesity and visceral fat accumulation characterised by low testosterone levels...
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| Published in | Andrology (Oxford) Vol. 11; no. 2; pp. 234 - 244 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
England
Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
01.02.2023
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| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 2047-2919 2047-2927 2047-2927 |
| DOI | 10.1111/andr.13357 |
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| Abstract | Background
The very low‐calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) represents an opportunity to attain clinically relevant weight loss in obese patients. Functional hypogonadism represents a frequent hormonal disorder associated with obesity and visceral fat accumulation characterised by low testosterone levels and subnormal luteinising hormone (LH) levels.
Aim
To evaluate the early effects of VLCKD on serum total testosterone (TT) levels in non‐diabetic obese patients.
Methods: Twenty‐two obese male patients (mean age 39.3 ± 11.7 years, mean body mass index (BMI) 38.2 ± 6.4 kg/m2) were enrolled and treated for 28 days with VLCKD. Anthropometric and hormonal variables were assessed before, during and after diet intervention.
Results
After 7 and 28 days on a VLCKD, a significant and persistent reduction in body weight, BMI, fat mass, blood glucose, insulin and homeostasis model assessment index was observed compared with baseline. TT significantly increased after 7 days (+35 ± 64 ng/dl) and 28 days (+74 ± 97 ng/dl) on a VLCKD. In addition to TT, a significant increase in serum sex hormone‐binding globulin levels was observed after 7 (+2.1 ± 4.1) and 28 days (+7.7 ± 10.0). However, both calculated free testosterone and LH did not change after 7 or 28 days of VLCKD. Following cessation of VLCKD, hypogonadal subjects achieved a higher percentage of total weight loss (8.5% ± 1.5%), a greater reduction in weight (−9.94 ± 1.66 kg), fat mass (−7 ± 2.1 kg) and waist circumference (−6.31 ± 2.65 cm) and a greater improvement in glycaemia (−8.75 ± 10.92 mg/dl) as compared with eugonadal subjects. Furthermore, hypogonadal subjects exhibited a trend of higher TT increase (+98.12 ± 71.51 ng/dl) as compared with eugonadal subjects.
Conclusions
VLCKD results in rapid improvements in TT levels associated with weight loss in male obese non‐diabetic subjects, particularly in the presence of obesity‐related hypogonadism. |
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| AbstractList | The very low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) represents an opportunity to attain clinically relevant weight loss in obese patients. Functional hypogonadism represents a frequent hormonal disorder associated with obesity and visceral fat accumulation characterised by low testosterone levels and subnormal luteinising hormone (LH) levels.
To evaluate the early effects of VLCKD on serum total testosterone (TT) levels in non-diabetic obese patients.
Twenty-two obese male patients (mean age 39.3 ± 11.7 years, mean body mass index (BMI) 38.2 ± 6.4 kg/m
) were enrolled and treated for 28 days with VLCKD. Anthropometric and hormonal variables were assessed before, during and after diet intervention.
After 7 and 28 days on a VLCKD, a significant and persistent reduction in body weight, BMI, fat mass, blood glucose, insulin and homeostasis model assessment index was observed compared with baseline. TT significantly increased after 7 days (+35 ± 64 ng/dl) and 28 days (+74 ± 97 ng/dl) on a VLCKD. In addition to TT, a significant increase in serum sex hormone-binding globulin levels was observed after 7 (+2.1 ± 4.1) and 28 days (+7.7 ± 10.0). However, both calculated free testosterone and LH did not change after 7 or 28 days of VLCKD. Following cessation of VLCKD, hypogonadal subjects achieved a higher percentage of total weight loss (8.5% ± 1.5%), a greater reduction in weight (-9.94 ± 1.66 kg), fat mass (-7 ± 2.1 kg) and waist circumference (-6.31 ± 2.65 cm) and a greater improvement in glycaemia (-8.75 ± 10.92 mg/dl) as compared with eugonadal subjects. Furthermore, hypogonadal subjects exhibited a trend of higher TT increase (+98.12 ± 71.51 ng/dl) as compared with eugonadal subjects.
VLCKD results in rapid improvements in TT levels associated with weight loss in male obese non-diabetic subjects, particularly in the presence of obesity-related hypogonadism. The very low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) represents an opportunity to attain clinically relevant weight loss in obese patients. Functional hypogonadism represents a frequent hormonal disorder associated with obesity and visceral fat accumulation characterised by low testosterone levels and subnormal luteinising hormone (LH) levels.BACKGROUNDThe very low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) represents an opportunity to attain clinically relevant weight loss in obese patients. Functional hypogonadism represents a frequent hormonal disorder associated with obesity and visceral fat accumulation characterised by low testosterone levels and subnormal luteinising hormone (LH) levels.To evaluate the early effects of VLCKD on serum total testosterone (TT) levels in non-diabetic obese patients.AIMTo evaluate the early effects of VLCKD on serum total testosterone (TT) levels in non-diabetic obese patients.Twenty-two obese male patients (mean age 39.3 ± 11.7 years, mean body mass index (BMI) 38.2 ± 6.4 kg/m2 ) were enrolled and treated for 28 days with VLCKD. Anthropometric and hormonal variables were assessed before, during and after diet intervention.METHODSTwenty-two obese male patients (mean age 39.3 ± 11.7 years, mean body mass index (BMI) 38.2 ± 6.4 kg/m2 ) were enrolled and treated for 28 days with VLCKD. Anthropometric and hormonal variables were assessed before, during and after diet intervention.After 7 and 28 days on a VLCKD, a significant and persistent reduction in body weight, BMI, fat mass, blood glucose, insulin and homeostasis model assessment index was observed compared with baseline. TT significantly increased after 7 days (+35 ± 64 ng/dl) and 28 days (+74 ± 97 ng/dl) on a VLCKD. In addition to TT, a significant increase in serum sex hormone-binding globulin levels was observed after 7 (+2.1 ± 4.1) and 28 days (+7.7 ± 10.0). However, both calculated free testosterone and LH did not change after 7 or 28 days of VLCKD. Following cessation of VLCKD, hypogonadal subjects achieved a higher percentage of total weight loss (8.5% ± 1.5%), a greater reduction in weight (-9.94 ± 1.66 kg), fat mass (-7 ± 2.1 kg) and waist circumference (-6.31 ± 2.65 cm) and a greater improvement in glycaemia (-8.75 ± 10.92 mg/dl) as compared with eugonadal subjects. Furthermore, hypogonadal subjects exhibited a trend of higher TT increase (+98.12 ± 71.51 ng/dl) as compared with eugonadal subjects.RESULTSAfter 7 and 28 days on a VLCKD, a significant and persistent reduction in body weight, BMI, fat mass, blood glucose, insulin and homeostasis model assessment index was observed compared with baseline. TT significantly increased after 7 days (+35 ± 64 ng/dl) and 28 days (+74 ± 97 ng/dl) on a VLCKD. In addition to TT, a significant increase in serum sex hormone-binding globulin levels was observed after 7 (+2.1 ± 4.1) and 28 days (+7.7 ± 10.0). However, both calculated free testosterone and LH did not change after 7 or 28 days of VLCKD. Following cessation of VLCKD, hypogonadal subjects achieved a higher percentage of total weight loss (8.5% ± 1.5%), a greater reduction in weight (-9.94 ± 1.66 kg), fat mass (-7 ± 2.1 kg) and waist circumference (-6.31 ± 2.65 cm) and a greater improvement in glycaemia (-8.75 ± 10.92 mg/dl) as compared with eugonadal subjects. Furthermore, hypogonadal subjects exhibited a trend of higher TT increase (+98.12 ± 71.51 ng/dl) as compared with eugonadal subjects.VLCKD results in rapid improvements in TT levels associated with weight loss in male obese non-diabetic subjects, particularly in the presence of obesity-related hypogonadism.CONCLUSIONSVLCKD results in rapid improvements in TT levels associated with weight loss in male obese non-diabetic subjects, particularly in the presence of obesity-related hypogonadism. Background The very low‐calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) represents an opportunity to attain clinically relevant weight loss in obese patients. Functional hypogonadism represents a frequent hormonal disorder associated with obesity and visceral fat accumulation characterised by low testosterone levels and subnormal luteinising hormone (LH) levels. Aim To evaluate the early effects of VLCKD on serum total testosterone (TT) levels in non‐diabetic obese patients. Methods: Twenty‐two obese male patients (mean age 39.3 ± 11.7 years, mean body mass index (BMI) 38.2 ± 6.4 kg/m2) were enrolled and treated for 28 days with VLCKD. Anthropometric and hormonal variables were assessed before, during and after diet intervention. Results After 7 and 28 days on a VLCKD, a significant and persistent reduction in body weight, BMI, fat mass, blood glucose, insulin and homeostasis model assessment index was observed compared with baseline. TT significantly increased after 7 days (+35 ± 64 ng/dl) and 28 days (+74 ± 97 ng/dl) on a VLCKD. In addition to TT, a significant increase in serum sex hormone‐binding globulin levels was observed after 7 (+2.1 ± 4.1) and 28 days (+7.7 ± 10.0). However, both calculated free testosterone and LH did not change after 7 or 28 days of VLCKD. Following cessation of VLCKD, hypogonadal subjects achieved a higher percentage of total weight loss (8.5% ± 1.5%), a greater reduction in weight (−9.94 ± 1.66 kg), fat mass (−7 ± 2.1 kg) and waist circumference (−6.31 ± 2.65 cm) and a greater improvement in glycaemia (−8.75 ± 10.92 mg/dl) as compared with eugonadal subjects. Furthermore, hypogonadal subjects exhibited a trend of higher TT increase (+98.12 ± 71.51 ng/dl) as compared with eugonadal subjects. Conclusions VLCKD results in rapid improvements in TT levels associated with weight loss in male obese non‐diabetic subjects, particularly in the presence of obesity‐related hypogonadism. BackgroundThe very low‐calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) represents an opportunity to attain clinically relevant weight loss in obese patients. Functional hypogonadism represents a frequent hormonal disorder associated with obesity and visceral fat accumulation characterised by low testosterone levels and subnormal luteinising hormone (LH) levels.AimTo evaluate the early effects of VLCKD on serum total testosterone (TT) levels in non‐diabetic obese patients.Methods: Twenty‐two obese male patients (mean age 39.3 ± 11.7 years, mean body mass index (BMI) 38.2 ± 6.4 kg/m2) were enrolled and treated for 28 days with VLCKD. Anthropometric and hormonal variables were assessed before, during and after diet intervention.ResultsAfter 7 and 28 days on a VLCKD, a significant and persistent reduction in body weight, BMI, fat mass, blood glucose, insulin and homeostasis model assessment index was observed compared with baseline. TT significantly increased after 7 days (+35 ± 64 ng/dl) and 28 days (+74 ± 97 ng/dl) on a VLCKD. In addition to TT, a significant increase in serum sex hormone‐binding globulin levels was observed after 7 (+2.1 ± 4.1) and 28 days (+7.7 ± 10.0). However, both calculated free testosterone and LH did not change after 7 or 28 days of VLCKD. Following cessation of VLCKD, hypogonadal subjects achieved a higher percentage of total weight loss (8.5% ± 1.5%), a greater reduction in weight (−9.94 ± 1.66 kg), fat mass (−7 ± 2.1 kg) and waist circumference (−6.31 ± 2.65 cm) and a greater improvement in glycaemia (−8.75 ± 10.92 mg/dl) as compared with eugonadal subjects. Furthermore, hypogonadal subjects exhibited a trend of higher TT increase (+98.12 ± 71.51 ng/dl) as compared with eugonadal subjects.ConclusionsVLCKD results in rapid improvements in TT levels associated with weight loss in male obese non‐diabetic subjects, particularly in the presence of obesity‐related hypogonadism. |
| Author | Cignarelli, Angelo Giordano, Fiorella Santi, Daniele Di Leo, Simona Genchi, Valentina Annamaria Laviola, Luigi Natalicchio, Annalisa Giorgino, Francesco Perrini, Sebastio Conte, Eleonora |
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| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36459060$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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The very low‐calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) represents an opportunity to attain clinically relevant weight loss in obese patients. Functional... The very low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) represents an opportunity to attain clinically relevant weight loss in obese patients. Functional hypogonadism... BackgroundThe very low‐calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) represents an opportunity to attain clinically relevant weight loss in obese patients. Functional... |
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| SubjectTerms | Adult Body mass index Diabetes Diet, Ketogenic Humans hypogonadism Hypogonadism - complications Male Middle Aged Obesity Obesity - complications Testosterone VLCKD Weight control Weight Loss |
| Title | Very low‐calorie ketogenic diet rapidly augments testosterone levels in non‐diabetic obese subjects |
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