PROTOCOL: Hate online and in traditional media: A systematic review of the evidence for associations or impacts on individuals, audiences, and communities

• Published in: Campbell systematic review Vol. 18; no. 2
• Main Authors: Hassan, Ghayda, Rabah, Jihan, Madriaza, Pablo, Brouillette‐Alarie, Sebastien, Borokhovski, Eugene, Pickup, David, Varela, Wynnpaul, Girard, Melina, Durocher‐Costa, Loïc, Danis, Emmanuel
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Oslo John Wiley & Sons, Inc 01.06.2022; Wiley
• Subjects: Audience Analysis; Beliefs; Bullying; Classification; Communication; Communication (Thought Transfer); Community Relations; Death; Definitions; Ethnicity; Gender Discrimination; Gender identity; Hate; Hate speech; Racial discrimination; Radio; Reference Materials; Religion; Research Needs; Social Media; Social networks; Social research; Speech; Systematic review; United States > US
• ISSN: 1891-1803; 1891-1803
• DOI: 10.1002/cl2.1245

This is the protocol for a Campbell systematic review: The objectives are as follows: (1) to critically and systematically synthesize the empirical evidence on the effects or impacts of exposure to or consumption, active search, or promotion of hate content online or in traditional media; (2) to describe how the characteristics of hate (e.g., type of content, ideologies, severity, type of platform) impact the documented effects; (3) to collect and identify the role of contextual variables (e.g., individual traits, age, gender, socio‐economic background) on the documented effects; (4) to collect and produce a meaningful classification of outcomes; and (5) to identify gaps and limitations in the research and related policy documents.