Exceptionally low daily energy expenditure in the bamboo-eating giant panda
The carnivoran giant panda has a specialized bamboo diet, to which its alimentary tract is poorly adapted. Measurements of daily energy expenditure across five captive and three wild pandas averaged 5.2 megajoules (MJ)/day, only 37.7% of the predicted value (13.8 MJ/day). For the wild pandas, the me...
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| Published in | Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science) Vol. 349; no. 6244; pp. 171 - 174 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Washington
American Association for the Advancement of Science
10.07.2015
The American Association for the Advancement of Science |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | The carnivoran giant panda has a specialized bamboo diet, to which its alimentary tract is poorly adapted. Measurements of daily energy expenditure across five captive and three wild pandas averaged 5.2 megajoules (MJ)/day, only 37.7% of the predicted value (13.8 MJ/day). For the wild pandas, the mean was 6.2 MJ/day, or 45% of the mammalian expectation. Pandas achieve this exceptionally low expenditure in part by reduced sizes of several vital organs and low physical activity. In addition, circulating levels of thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) averaged 46.9 and 64%, respectively, of the levels expected for a eutherian mammal of comparable size. A giant panda–unique mutation in the DUOX2 gene, critical for thyroid hormone synthesis, might explain these low thyroid hormone levels. A combination of morphological, behavioral, physiological, and genetic adaptations, leading to low energy expenditure, likely enables giant pandas to survive on a bamboo diet. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Pandas are members of the order Carnivora but are entirely herbivorous, living almost exclusively on bamboo. Unlike most other herbivorous species, however, their digestive tract has not evolved the long twists and turns that facilitate the slower digestion necessary for cellulose-rich plants. Nie
et al.
measured energy expenditure in both wild and captive pandas, which was extremely low, relative to other mammals. The pandas' thyroid hormone levels are also a fraction of the mammalian norm.
Science
, this issue p.
171
Morphological, behavioral, physiological, and genetic adaptations allow pandas to survive on their low-energy bamboo diet.
The carnivoran giant panda has a specialized bamboo diet, to which its alimentary tract is poorly adapted. Measurements of daily energy expenditure across five captive and three wild pandas averaged 5.2 megajoules (MJ)/day, only 37.7% of the predicted value (13.8 MJ/day). For the wild pandas, the mean was 6.2 MJ/day, or 45% of the mammalian expectation. Pandas achieve this exceptionally low expenditure in part by reduced sizes of several vital organs and low physical activity. In addition, circulating levels of thyroid hormones thyroxine (T
4
) and triiodothyronine (T
3
) averaged 46.9 and 64%, respectively, of the levels expected for a eutherian mammal of comparable size. A giant panda–unique mutation in the
DUOX2
gene, critical for thyroid hormone synthesis, might explain these low thyroid hormone levels. A combination of morphological, behavioral, physiological, and genetic adaptations, leading to low energy expenditure, likely enables giant pandas to survive on a bamboo diet. The carnivoran giant panda has a specialized bamboo diet, to which its alimentary tract is poorly adapted. Measurements of daily energy expenditure across five captive and three wild pandas averaged 5.2 megajoules (MJ)/day, only 37.7% of the predicted value (13.8 MJ/day). For the wild pandas, the mean was 6.2 MJ/day, or 45% of the mammalian expectation. Pandas achieve this exceptionally low expenditure in part by reduced sizes of several vital organs and low physical activity. In addition, circulating levels of thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) averaged 46.9 and 64%, respectively, of the levels expected for a eutherian mammal of comparable size. A giant panda–unique mutation in the DUOX2 gene, critical for thyroid hormone synthesis, might explain these low thyroid hormone levels. A combination of morphological, behavioral, physiological, and genetic adaptations, leading to low energy expenditure, likely enables giant pandas to survive on a bamboo diet. Pandas are members of the order Carnivora but are entirely herbivorous, living almost exclusively on bamboo. Unlike most other herbivorous species, however, their digestive tract has not evolved the long twists and turns that facilitate the slower digestion necessary for cellulose-rich plants. Nie et al. measured energy expenditure in both wild and captive pandas, which was extremely low, relative to other mammals. The pandas' thyroid hormone levels are also a fraction of the mammalian norm. Science, this issue p. 171 The carnivoran giant panda has a specialized bamboo diet, to which its alimentary tract is poorly adapted. Measurements of daily energy expenditure across five captive and three wild pandas averaged 5.2 megajoules (MJ)/day, only 37.7% of the predicted value (13.8 MJ/day). For the wild pandas, the mean was 6.2 MJ/day, or 45% of the mammalian expectation. Pandas achieve this exceptionally low expenditure in part by reduced sizes of several vital organs and low physical activity. In addition, circulating levels of thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) averaged 46.9 and 64%, respectively, of the levels expected for a eutherian mammal of comparable size. A giant panda-unique mutation in the DUOX2 gene, critical for thyroid hormone synthesis, might explain these low thyroid hormone levels. A combination of morphological, behavioral, physiological, and genetic adaptations, leading to low energy expenditure, likely enables giant pandas to survive on a bamboo diet. Laid-back bamboo eaterPandas are members of the order Carnivora but are entirely herbivorous, living almost exclusively on bamboo. Unlike most other herbivorous species, however, their digestive tract has not evolved the long twists and turns that facilitate the slower digestion necessary for cellulose-rich plants. Nie et al. measured energy expenditure in both wild and captive pandas, which was extremely low, relative to other mammals. The pandas' thyroid hormone levels are also a fraction of the mammalian norm.Science, this issue p. 171 The carnivoran giant panda has a specialized bamboo diet, to which its alimentary tract is poorly adapted. Measurements of daily energy expenditure across five captive and three wild pandas averaged 5.2 megajoules (MJ)/day, only 37.7% of the predicted value (13.8 MJ/day). For the wild pandas, the mean was 6.2 MJ/day, or 45% of the mammalian expectation. Pandas achieve this exceptionally low expenditure in part by reduced sizes of several vital organs and low physical activity. In addition, circulating levels of thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) averaged 46.9 and 64%, respectively, of the levels expected for a eutherian mammal of comparable size. A giant panda-unique mutation in the DUOX2 gene, critical for thyroid hormone synthesis, might explain these low thyroid hormone levels. A combination of morphological, behavioral, physiological, and genetic adaptations, leading to low energy expenditure, likely enables giant pandas to survive on a bamboo diet. |
| Author | Wu, Qi Hu, Yibo Speakman, John R. Yan, Li Zhang, Jinguo Hambly, Catherine Wang, Lu Wei, Wei Xia, Maohua Nie, Yonggang Wei, Fuwen Zhang, Chenglin |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Yonggang surname: Nie fullname: Nie, Yonggang – sequence: 2 givenname: John R. surname: Speakman fullname: Speakman, John R. – sequence: 3 givenname: Qi surname: Wu fullname: Wu, Qi – sequence: 4 givenname: Chenglin surname: Zhang fullname: Zhang, Chenglin – sequence: 5 givenname: Yibo surname: Hu fullname: Hu, Yibo – sequence: 6 givenname: Maohua surname: Xia fullname: Xia, Maohua – sequence: 7 givenname: Li surname: Yan fullname: Yan, Li – sequence: 8 givenname: Catherine surname: Hambly fullname: Hambly, Catherine – sequence: 9 givenname: Lu surname: Wang fullname: Wang, Lu – sequence: 10 givenname: Wei surname: Wei fullname: Wei, Wei – sequence: 11 givenname: Jinguo surname: Zhang fullname: Zhang, Jinguo – sequence: 12 givenname: Fuwen surname: Wei fullname: Wei, Fuwen |
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| Snippet | The carnivoran giant panda has a specialized bamboo diet, to which its alimentary tract is poorly adapted. Measurements of daily energy expenditure across five... Pandas are members of the order Carnivora but are entirely herbivorous, living almost exclusively on bamboo. Unlike most other herbivorous species, however,... Laid-back bamboo eaterPandas are members of the order Carnivora but are entirely herbivorous, living almost exclusively on bamboo. Unlike most other... |
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| SubjectTerms | Bamboo Cellulose Diet Diets Digestion Energy Energy efficiency Expenditures Flowers & plants Herbivores Hormones Low energy Mammals Pandas Thyroid Thyroid gland |
| Title | Exceptionally low daily energy expenditure in the bamboo-eating giant panda |
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