Covariate-adjusted response adaptive designs incorporating covariates with and without treatment interactions

The covariate-adjusted response adaptive (CARA) design has been shown to be better than traditional designs in terms of both ethics and efficiency. However, its mechanism for allocating subjects makes certain stochastic processes such as allocated response sequences very complicated. Consequently, t...

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Published inCanadian journal of statistics Vol. 43; no. 4; pp. 534 - 553
Main Author Zhu, Hongjian
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Ottawa Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.12.2015
Statistical Society of Canada/Société statistique du Canada
Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
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ISSN0319-5724
1708-945X
DOI10.1002/cjs.11260

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Abstract The covariate-adjusted response adaptive (CARA) design has been shown to be better than traditional designs in terms of both ethics and efficiency. However, its mechanism for allocating subjects makes certain stochastic processes such as allocated response sequences very complicated. Consequently, the validation of statistical inference is usually challenging, and few theoretical results have been obtained. In this paper we systematically solve some fundamental problems for statistical inference with CARA designs. First, we obtain the conditional independence and distribution of allocated response sequences, which is the basis for further theoretical investigation. Second, we propose a new family of CARA designs, which is extensively applicable. We more importantly provide a framework for new CARA designs with unified asymptotic results for statistical inference. The numerical results demonstrate the advantages of the proposed CARA designs. Our findings are crucial in understanding the CARA design as well as its development and application. La supériorité des plans d'expérience adaptatifs dont la réponse est ajustée par des covariables (ARAC) a été démontrée tant au plan de l'éthique que de l'efficacité. Les mécanismes d'attribution des sujets rendent toutefois très complexes les processus stochastiques comme les séquences de réponses attribuées. Par conséquent, la validation de l'inférence statistique est un véritable défi et peu de résultats théoriques ont été obtenus. L'auteur aborde de façon systématique quelques problèmes liés aux plans ARAC et les résout. Il montre d'abord l'indépendance conditionnelle des séquences de réponses attribuées et détermine leur distribution, ce qui le mène à d'autres problèmes théoriques. Il propose alors une nouvelle famille de plans ARAC largement applicables et développe un cadre dans lequel il élabore une théorie asymptotique unifiée pour l'inférence statistique. L'auteur présente des résultats numériques démontrant l'avantage des plans ARAC proposés. Ces conclusions permettent une meilleure compréhension des plans ARAC et contribuent à leur développement et à leur utilisation.
AbstractList The covariate-adjusted response adaptive (CARA) design has been shown to be better than traditional designs in terms of both ethics and efficiency. However, its mechanism for allocating subjects makes certain stochastic processes such as allocated response sequences very complicated. Consequently, the validation of statistical inference is usually challenging, and few theoretical results have been obtained. In this paper we systematically solve some fundamental problems for statistical inference with CARA designs. First, we obtain the conditional independence and distribution of allocated response sequences, which is the basis for further theoretical investigation. Second, we propose a new family of CARA designs, which is extensively applicable. We more importantly provide a framework for new CARA designs with unified asymptotic results for statistical inference. The numerical results demonstrate the advantages of the proposed CARA designs. Our findings are crucial in understanding the CARA design as well as its development and application. / La superiorite des plans d'experience adaptatifs dont la reponse est ajustee par des covariables (ARAC) a ete demontree tant au plan de l'ethique que de l'efficacite. Les mecanismes d'attribution des sujets rendent toutefois tres complexes les processus stochastiques comme les sequences de reponses attribuees. Par consequent, la validation de l'inference statistique est un veritable defi et peu de resultats theoriques ont ete obtenus. L'auteur aborde de facon systematique quelques problemes lies aux plans ARAC et les resout. Il montre d'abord l'independance conditionnelle des sequences de reponses attribuees et determine leur distribution, ce qui le mene a d'autres problemes theoriques. Il propose alors une nouvelle famille de plans ARAC largement applicables et developpe un cadre dans lequel il elabore une theorie asymptotique unifiee pour l'inference statistique. L'auteur presente des resultats numeriques demontrant l'avantage des plans ARAC proposes. Ces conclusions permettent une meilleure comprehension des plans ARAC et contribuent a leur developpement et a leur utilisation. [web URL: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cjs.11260/abstract]
The covariate‐adjusted response adaptive (CARA) design has been shown to be better than traditional designs in terms of both ethics and efficiency. However, its mechanism for allocating subjects makes certain stochastic processes such as allocated response sequences very complicated. Consequently, the validation of statistical inference is usually challenging, and few theoretical results have been obtained. In this paper we systematically solve some fundamental problems for statistical inference with CARA designs. First, we obtain the conditional independence and distribution of allocated response sequences, which is the basis for further theoretical investigation. Second, we propose a new family of CARA designs, which is extensively applicable. We more importantly provide a framework for new CARA designs with unified asymptotic results for statistical inference. The numerical results demonstrate the advantages of the proposed CARA designs. Our findings are crucial in understanding the CARA design as well as its development and application. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 43: 534–553; 2015 © 2015 Statistical Society of Canada Résumé La supériorité des plans d'expérience adaptatifs dont la réponse est ajustée par des covariables (ARAC) a été démontrée tant au plan de l’éthique que de l'efficacité. Les mécanismes d'attribution des sujets rendent toutefois très complexes les processus stochastiques comme les séquences de réponses attribuées. Par conséquent, la validation de l'inférence statistique est un véritable défi et peu de résultats théoriques ont été obtenus. L'auteur aborde de façon systématique quelques problèmes liés aux plans ARAC et les résout. Il montre d'abord l'indépendance conditionnelle des séquences de réponses attribuées et détermine leur distribution, ce qui le mène à d'autres problèmes théoriques. Il propose alors une nouvelle famille de plans ARAC largement applicables et développe un cadre dans lequel il élabore une théorie asymptotique unifiée pour l'inférence statistique. L'auteur présente des résultats numériques démontrant l'avantage des plans ARAC proposés. Ces conclusions permettent une meilleure compréhension des plans ARAC et contribuent à leur développement et à leur utilisation. La revue canadienne de statistique 43: 534–553; 2015 © 2015 Société statistique du Canada
The covariate-adjusted response adaptive (CARA) design has been shown to be better than traditional designs in terms of both ethics and efficiency. However, its mechanism for allocating subjects makes certain stochastic processes such as allocated response sequences very complicated. Consequently, the validation of statistical inference is usually challenging, and few theoretical results have been obtained. In this paper we systematically solve some fundamental problems for statistical inference with CARA designs. First, we obtain the conditional independence and distribution of allocated response sequences, which is the basis for further theoretical investigation. Second, we propose a new family of CARA designs, which is extensively applicable. We more importantly provide a framework for new CARA designs with unified asymptotic results for statistical inference. The numerical results demonstrate the advantages of the proposed CARA designs. Our findings are crucial in understanding the CARA design as well as its development and application. La supériorité des plans d'expérience adaptatifs dont la réponse est ajustée par des covariables (ARAC) a été démontrée tant au plan de l'éthique que de l'efficacité. Les mécanismes d'attribution des sujets rendent toutefois très complexes les processus stochastiques comme les séquences de réponses attribuées. Par conséquent, la validation de l'inférence statistique est un véritable défi et peu de résultats théoriques ont été obtenus. L'auteur aborde de façon systématique quelques problèmes liés aux plans ARAC et les résout. Il montre d'abord l'indépendance conditionnelle des séquences de réponses attribuées et détermine leur distribution, ce qui le mène à d'autres problèmes théoriques. Il propose alors une nouvelle famille de plans ARAC largement applicables et développe un cadre dans lequel il élabore une théorie asymptotique unifiée pour l'inférence statistique. L'auteur présente des résultats numériques démontrant l'avantage des plans ARAC proposés. Ces conclusions permettent une meilleure compréhension des plans ARAC et contribuent à leur développement et à leur utilisation.
The covariate-adjusted response adaptive (CARA) design has been shown to be better than traditional designs in terms of both ethics and efficiency. However, its mechanism for allocating subjects makes certain stochastic processes such as allocated response sequences very complicated. Consequently, the validation of statistical inference is usually challenging, and few theoretical results have been obtained. In this paper we systematically solve some fundamental problems for statistical inference with CARA designs. First, we obtain the conditional independence and distribution of allocated response sequences, which is the basis for further theoretical investigation. Second, we propose a new family of CARA designs, which is extensively applicable. We more importantly provide a framework for new CARA designs with unified asymptotic results for statistical inference. The numerical results demonstrate the advantages of the proposed CARA designs. Our findings are crucial in understanding the CARA design as well as its development and application. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 43: 534-553; 2015Original Abstract: Resume La superiorite des plans d'experience adaptatifs dont la reponse est ajustee par des covariables (ARAC) a ete demontree tant au plan de l'ethique que de l'efficacite. Les mecanismes d'attribution des sujets rendent toutefois tres complexes les processus stochastiques comme les sequences de reponses attribuees. Par consequent, la validation de l'inference statistique est un veritable defi et peu de resultats theoriques ont ete obtenus. L'auteur aborde de facon systematique quelques problemes lies aux plans ARAC et les resout. Il montre d'abord l'independance conditionnelle des sequences de reponses attribuees et determine leur distribution, ce qui le mene a d'autres problemes theoriques. Il propose alors une nouvelle famille de plans ARAC largement applicables et developpe un cadre dans lequel il elabore une theorie asymptotique unifiee pour l'inference statistique. L'auteur presente des resultats numeriques demontrant l'avantage des plans ARAC proposes. Ces conclusions permettent une meilleure comprehension des plans ARAC et contribuent a leur developpement et a leur utilisation. La revue canadienne de statistique 43: 534-553; 2015 [copy 2015 Societe statistique du Canada
Author Zhu, Hongjian
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  organization: Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas School of Public Health at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, U.S.A
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Snippet The covariate-adjusted response adaptive (CARA) design has been shown to be better than traditional designs in terms of both ethics and efficiency. However,...
The covariate‐adjusted response adaptive (CARA) design has been shown to be better than traditional designs in terms of both ethics and efficiency. However,...
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SubjectTerms 62G10
Adaptive design
Asymptotic methods
Asymptotic properties
clinical trial
covariate profile
Design engineering
Ethics
Inference
Mathematical models
MSC 2010: Primary 60F15
Numerical analysis
Probability distribution
response sequence
secondary 60F05
Statistical inference
Statistics
Stochastic models
Stochastic processes
Studies
Validation studies
Title Covariate-adjusted response adaptive designs incorporating covariates with and without treatment interactions
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https://www.jstor.org/stable/26380001
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https://www.proquest.com/docview/1800482232
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