Real-Time Implementation of a Frequency Shifter for Enhancement of Heart Sounds Perception on VLIW DSP Platform

• Published in: Electronics (Basel) Vol. 12; no. 20; p. 4359
• Main Authors: Muto, Vincenzo, Andreozzi, Emilio, Cappelli, Carmela, Centracchio, Jessica, Di Meo, Gennaro, Esposito, Daniele, Bifulco, Paolo, De Caro, Davide
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Basel MDPI AG 01.10.2023
• Subjects: Algorithms; Auscultation; Cardiovascular diseases; Diagnosis; Digital signal processing; Digital signal processors; Emergency medical care; Energy dissipation; FIR filters; Fourier transforms; Frequency shift; Frequency shifters; Frequency synthesizers; Heart; Helicopters; Hilbert transformation; Human subjects; Libraries; Methods; Microprocessors; Noise; Perception; Perceptions; Random noise; Rapid prototyping; Real time operation; Sensors; Signal processing; Sound; Sound recordings; Sounds; Statistical analysis; Trigonometric functions; Very Low Frequencies; Wavelet transforms; Italy
• DOI: 10.3390/electronics12204359
• ISSN: 2079-9292

Auscultation of heart sounds is important to perform cardiovascular assessment. External noises may limit heart sound perception. In addition, heart sound bandwidth is concentrated at very low frequencies, where the human ear has poor sensitivity. Therefore, the acoustic perception of the operator can be significantly improved by shifting the heart sound spectrum toward higher frequencies. This study proposes a real-time frequency shifter based on the Hilbert transform. Key system components are the Hilbert transformer implemented as a Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filter, and a Direct Digital Frequency Synthesizer (DDFS), which allows agile modification of the frequency shift. The frequency shifter has been implemented on a VLIW Digital Signal Processor (DSP) by devising a novel piecewise quadratic approximation technique for efficient DDFS implementation. The performance has been compared with other DDFS implementations both considering piecewise linear technique and sine/cosine standard library functions of the DSP. Piecewise techniques allow a more than 50% reduction in execution time compared to the DSP library. Piecewise quadratic technique also allows a more than 50% reduction in total required memory size in comparison to the piecewise linear. The theoretical analysis of the dynamic power dissipation exhibits a more than 20% reduction using piecewise techniques with respect to the DSP library. The real-time operation has been also verified on the DSK6713 rapid prototyping board by Texas Instruments C6713 DSP. Audiologic tests have also been performed to assess the actual improvement of heart sound perception. To this aim, heart sound recordings were corrupted by additive white Gaussian noise, crowded street noise, and helicopter noise, with different signal-to-noise ratios. All recordings were collected from public databases. Statistical analyses of the audiological test results confirm that the proposed approach provides a clear improvement in heartbeat perception in noisy environments.