Relationships between above‐ground plant traits and carbon cycling in tundra plant communities

The trait composition and trait diversity of plant communities are globally applicable predictors of ecosystem functioning. Yet, it is unclear how plant traits influence carbon cycling. This is an important question in the tundra where vegetation shifts are occurring across the entire biome, and whe...

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Bibliographic Details
Published inThe Journal of ecology Vol. 110; no. 3; pp. 700 - 716
Main Authors Happonen, Konsta, Virkkala, Anna‐Maria, Kemppinen, Julia, Niittynen, Pekka, Luoto, Miska
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Oxford Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.03.2022
Subjects
Air temperature
Alpine
Arctic
biodiversity
Carbon
Carbon cycle
Carbon dioxide
carbon sinks
Decomposers
Dry matter
Dry matter content
Ecological function
Economics
ecosystem functions and services
ecosystem respiration
Ecosystems
Environmental changes
Finland
Fluxes
functional traits
Height
Herbivores
leaf dry matter content
Leaves
Observational studies
Organic carbon
Photosynthesis
Plant communities
Plant diversity
plant height
Soil
Soil moisture
soil organic carbon
Soil temperature
soil water
Stocks
Taiga & tundra
Tundra
Variability
Finland
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN0022-0477
1365-2745
DOI10.1111/1365-2745.13832

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Abstract The trait composition and trait diversity of plant communities are globally applicable predictors of ecosystem functioning. Yet, it is unclear how plant traits influence carbon cycling. This is an important question in the tundra where vegetation shifts are occurring across the entire biome, and where soil organic carbon stocks are large and vulnerable to environmental change. To study how plant traits affect carbon cycling in the tundra, we built a model that explained carbon cycling (above‐ground and soil organic carbon stocks, and photosynthetic and respiratory fluxes) with abiotic conditions (air temperature and soil moisture), and the averages and within‐community variabilities of three above‐ground traits: plant height, leaf dry matter content (LDMC) and SLA. These functional parameters were represented by abundance‐weighted means and standard deviations of species traits. The data were collected from an observational study setting from northern Finland. The explanatory power of the models was relatively high, but a large part of variation in soil organic carbon stocks remained unexplained. Average plant height was the strongest predictor of all carbon cycling variables except soil carbon stocks. Communities of larger plants were associated with larger CO2 fluxes and above‐ground carbon stocks. Communities with fast leaf economics (i.e. high SLA and low LDMC) had higher photosynthesis, ecosystem respiration and soil organic carbon stocks. Within‐community variability in plant height, SLA and LDMC affected ecosystem functions differently. Variability in SLA and LDMC increased CO2 fluxes and soil organic carbon stocks, while variability in height increased the above‐ground carbon stock. The contributions of within‐community trait variability metrics to ecosystem functioning within the study area were about as important as those of average SLA and LDMC. Synthesis. Plant height, SLA and LDMC have clear effects on tundra carbon cycling. The importance of within‐community trait variability highlights a potentially important mechanism controlling the vast tundra carbon pools that should be better recognized. More research on root traits and decomposer communities is needed to understand the below‐ground mechanisms regulating carbon cycling in the tundra. Yhteenveto Kasviyhteisöjen toiminnallista koostumusta ja toiminnallista monimuotoisutta voidaan käyttää ennustamaan ekosysteemien toimintaa. Ei kuitenkaan tiedetä tarkasti, miten kasvien toiminnalliset ominaisuudet vaikuttavat hiilenkiertoon. Tarkempi tieto kasvien toiminnallisten ominaisuuksien ja hiilenkierron välisestä yhteydestä voisi auttaa ennustamaan meneillään olevan tundran kasvillisuusmuutoksen seurauksia. Tämä on tärkeää, sillä tundran maaperään on sitoutunut suuri hiilivarasto, joka on herkkä ympäristömuutoksille. Mallinsimme hiilenkiertoa (maanpäällistä hiilivarastoa, maaperän orgaanista hiilivarastoa, yhteyttämistä ja ekosysteemin hengitystä) abioottisten muuttujien (ilmanlämpötilan ja maaperän kosteuden) ja kasviyhteisön toiminnallisten ominaisuuksien keskiarvojen ja keskihajontojen funktiona. Käytimme kolmea toiminnallista ominaisuutta yhteisöjen toiminnallisten mittarien laskemiseen: kasvien korkeutta, lehtien massaspesifistä pinta‐alaa (SLA) ja lehtien kuiva‐ainepitoisuutta (LDMC). Yhteisöjen ominaisuuskeskiarvot ja ‐keskihajonnat laskettiin painottamalla kunkin lajin ominaisuutta sen runsaudella. Aineisto kerättiin Kilpisjärven paljakalta. Mallien selityskyky oli suhteellisen korkea, mutta suuri osa maaperän orgaanisen hiilen varastosta jäi selittämättä. Kasvillisuuden keskikorkeus oli kaikkien hiilenkiertomuuttujien paitsi maaperän orgaanisen hiilen varastojen vahvin selittäjä. Korkeampi kasvillisuus näytti johtavan suurempiin hiilidioksidivoihin ja suurempiin maanpäällisiin hiilivarastoihin. Yhteisöissä, joissa lajeilla oli ‘nopeat’ lehtiominaisuudet (korkea SLA ja matala LDMC) oli korkeat hiilidioksidivuot ja maaperän orgaanisen hiilen varastot. Yhteisöjen sisäinen ominaisuushajonta vaikutti ekosystemitoimintoihin eri tavalla riipuen siitä, oliko kyse kasvien korkeuden vai lehtien ominaisuuksien hajonnasta. Yhteisönsisäinen vaihtelu SLA:ssa ja LDMC:ssä kasvatti hiilidioksidivoita ja maaperän hiilivarastoa, kun taas vaihtelevuus kasvien korkeudessa kasvatti maanpäällistä hiilivarastoa. Kasviyhteisöjen toiminnallisten ominaisuuksien keskihajonta selitti tutkimusalueen ekosysteemitoimintojen vaihtelusta suunnilleen yhtä suuren osan kuin yhteisöjen lehtiominaisuuksien keskiarvot. Synteesi. Kasvien korkeudella, SLA:lla ja LDMC:llä on selvä merkitys tundran hiilenkierrolle. Toiminnallisten ominaisuuksien keskiarvojen lisäksi myös yhteisöjen sisäinen ominaisuusvaihtelu on tärkeä tundran hiilenkiertoa säätelevä tekijä. Kasviyhteisöjen juuristojen ominaisuudet ja hajottajayhteisöjen toiminta ovat tärkeitä jatkotutkimuskohteita maaperän hiilen kierron tarkemman ymmärtämisen kannalta. Average plant height, average leaf traits, and the within‐community variabilities of height and leaf traits affect CO2 fluxes and carbon stocks in tundra plant communities. The importance of within‐community trait variability highlights a potentially important mechanism controlling the vast tundra carbon pools that should be better recognized.
AbstractList The trait composition and trait diversity of plant communities are globally applicable predictors of ecosystem functioning. Yet, it is unclear how plant traits influence carbon cycling. This is an important question in the tundra where vegetation shifts are occurring across the entire biome, and where soil organic carbon stocks are large and vulnerable to environmental change. To study how plant traits affect carbon cycling in the tundra, we built a model that explained carbon cycling (above‐ground and soil organic carbon stocks, and photosynthetic and respiratory fluxes) with abiotic conditions (air temperature and soil moisture), and the averages and within‐community variabilities of three above‐ground traits: plant height, leaf dry matter content (LDMC) and SLA. These functional parameters were represented by abundance‐weighted means and standard deviations of species traits. The data were collected from an observational study setting from northern Finland. The explanatory power of the models was relatively high, but a large part of variation in soil organic carbon stocks remained unexplained. Average plant height was the strongest predictor of all carbon cycling variables except soil carbon stocks. Communities of larger plants were associated with larger CO₂ fluxes and above‐ground carbon stocks. Communities with fast leaf economics (i.e. high SLA and low LDMC) had higher photosynthesis, ecosystem respiration and soil organic carbon stocks. Within‐community variability in plant height, SLA and LDMC affected ecosystem functions differently. Variability in SLA and LDMC increased CO₂ fluxes and soil organic carbon stocks, while variability in height increased the above‐ground carbon stock. The contributions of within‐community trait variability metrics to ecosystem functioning within the study area were about as important as those of average SLA and LDMC. Synthesis. Plant height, SLA and LDMC have clear effects on tundra carbon cycling. The importance of within‐community trait variability highlights a potentially important mechanism controlling the vast tundra carbon pools that should be better recognized. More research on root traits and decomposer communities is needed to understand the below‐ground mechanisms regulating carbon cycling in the tundra.
The trait composition and trait diversity of plant communities are globally applicable predictors of ecosystem functioning. Yet, it is unclear how plant traits influence carbon cycling. This is an important question in the tundra where vegetation shifts are occurring across the entire biome, and where soil organic carbon stocks are large and vulnerable to environmental change. To study how plant traits affect carbon cycling in the tundra, we built a model that explained carbon cycling (above‐ground and soil organic carbon stocks, and photosynthetic and respiratory fluxes) with abiotic conditions (air temperature and soil moisture), and the averages and within‐community variabilities of three above‐ground traits: plant height, leaf dry matter content (LDMC) and SLA. These functional parameters were represented by abundance‐weighted means and standard deviations of species traits. The data were collected from an observational study setting from northern Finland. The explanatory power of the models was relatively high, but a large part of variation in soil organic carbon stocks remained unexplained. Average plant height was the strongest predictor of all carbon cycling variables except soil carbon stocks. Communities of larger plants were associated with larger CO 2  fluxes and above‐ground carbon stocks. Communities with fast leaf economics (i.e. high SLA and low LDMC) had higher photosynthesis, ecosystem respiration and soil organic carbon stocks. Within‐community variability in plant height, SLA and LDMC affected ecosystem functions differently. Variability in SLA and LDMC increased CO 2  fluxes and soil organic carbon stocks, while variability in height increased the above‐ground carbon stock. The contributions of within‐community trait variability metrics to ecosystem functioning within the study area were about as important as those of average SLA and LDMC. Synthesis . Plant height, SLA and LDMC have clear effects on tundra carbon cycling. The importance of within‐community trait variability highlights a potentially important mechanism controlling the vast tundra carbon pools that should be better recognized. More research on root traits and decomposer communities is needed to understand the below‐ground mechanisms regulating carbon cycling in the tundra. Kasviyhteisöjen toiminnallista koostumusta ja toiminnallista monimuotoisutta voidaan käyttää ennustamaan ekosysteemien toimintaa. Ei kuitenkaan tiedetä tarkasti, miten kasvien toiminnalliset ominaisuudet vaikuttavat hiilenkiertoon. Tarkempi tieto kasvien toiminnallisten ominaisuuksien ja hiilenkierron välisestä yhteydestä voisi auttaa ennustamaan meneillään olevan tundran kasvillisuusmuutoksen seurauksia. Tämä on tärkeää, sillä tundran maaperään on sitoutunut suuri hiilivarasto, joka on herkkä ympäristömuutoksille. Mallinsimme hiilenkiertoa (maanpäällistä hiilivarastoa, maaperän orgaanista hiilivarastoa, yhteyttämistä ja ekosysteemin hengitystä) abioottisten muuttujien (ilmanlämpötilan ja maaperän kosteuden) ja kasviyhteisön toiminnallisten ominaisuuksien keskiarvojen ja keskihajontojen funktiona. Käytimme kolmea toiminnallista ominaisuutta yhteisöjen toiminnallisten mittarien laskemiseen: kasvien korkeutta, lehtien massaspesifistä pinta‐alaa (SLA) ja lehtien kuiva‐ainepitoisuutta (LDMC). Yhteisöjen ominaisuuskeskiarvot ja ‐keskihajonnat laskettiin painottamalla kunkin lajin ominaisuutta sen runsaudella. Aineisto kerättiin Kilpisjärven paljakalta. Mallien selityskyky oli suhteellisen korkea, mutta suuri osa maaperän orgaanisen hiilen varastosta jäi selittämättä. Kasvillisuuden keskikorkeus oli kaikkien hiilenkiertomuuttujien paitsi maaperän orgaanisen hiilen varastojen vahvin selittäjä. Korkeampi kasvillisuus näytti johtavan suurempiin hiilidioksidivoihin ja suurempiin maanpäällisiin hiilivarastoihin. Yhteisöissä, joissa lajeilla oli ‘nopeat’ lehtiominaisuudet (korkea SLA ja matala LDMC) oli korkeat hiilidioksidivuot ja maaperän orgaanisen hiilen varastot. Yhteisöjen sisäinen ominaisuushajonta vaikutti ekosystemitoimintoihin eri tavalla riipuen siitä, oliko kyse kasvien korkeuden vai lehtien ominaisuuksien hajonnasta. Yhteisönsisäinen vaihtelu SLA:ssa ja LDMC:ssä kasvatti hiilidioksidivoita ja maaperän hiilivarastoa, kun taas vaihtelevuus kasvien korkeudessa kasvatti maanpäällistä hiilivarastoa. Kasviyhteisöjen toiminnallisten ominaisuuksien keskihajonta selitti tutkimusalueen ekosysteemitoimintojen vaihtelusta suunnilleen yhtä suuren osan kuin yhteisöjen lehtiominaisuuksien keskiarvot. Synteesi . Kasvien korkeudella, SLA:lla ja LDMC:llä on selvä merkitys tundran hiilenkierrolle. Toiminnallisten ominaisuuksien keskiarvojen lisäksi myös yhteisöjen sisäinen ominaisuusvaihtelu on tärkeä tundran hiilenkiertoa säätelevä tekijä. Kasviyhteisöjen juuristojen ominaisuudet ja hajottajayhteisöjen toiminta ovat tärkeitä jatkotutkimuskohteita maaperän hiilen kierron tarkemman ymmärtämisen kannalta.
The trait composition and trait diversity of plant communities are globally applicable predictors of ecosystem functioning. Yet, it is unclear how plant traits influence carbon cycling. This is an important question in the tundra where vegetation shifts are occurring across the entire biome, and where soil organic carbon stocks are large and vulnerable to environmental change.To study how plant traits affect carbon cycling in the tundra, we built a model that explained carbon cycling (above‐ground and soil organic carbon stocks, and photosynthetic and respiratory fluxes) with abiotic conditions (air temperature and soil moisture), and the averages and within‐community variabilities of three above‐ground traits: plant height, leaf dry matter content (LDMC) and SLA. These functional parameters were represented by abundance‐weighted means and standard deviations of species traits. The data were collected from an observational study setting from northern Finland.The explanatory power of the models was relatively high, but a large part of variation in soil organic carbon stocks remained unexplained. Average plant height was the strongest predictor of all carbon cycling variables except soil carbon stocks. Communities of larger plants were associated with larger CO2 fluxes and above‐ground carbon stocks. Communities with fast leaf economics (i.e. high SLA and low LDMC) had higher photosynthesis, ecosystem respiration and soil organic carbon stocks.Within‐community variability in plant height, SLA and LDMC affected ecosystem functions differently. Variability in SLA and LDMC increased CO2 fluxes and soil organic carbon stocks, while variability in height increased the above‐ground carbon stock. The contributions of within‐community trait variability metrics to ecosystem functioning within the study area were about as important as those of average SLA and LDMC.Synthesis. Plant height, SLA and LDMC have clear effects on tundra carbon cycling. The importance of within‐community trait variability highlights a potentially important mechanism controlling the vast tundra carbon pools that should be better recognized. More research on root traits and decomposer communities is needed to understand the below‐ground mechanisms regulating carbon cycling in the tundra.
The trait composition and trait diversity of plant communities are globally applicable predictors of ecosystem functioning. Yet, it is unclear how plant traits influence carbon cycling. This is an important question in the tundra where vegetation shifts are occurring across the entire biome, and where soil organic carbon stocks are large and vulnerable to environmental change. To study how plant traits affect carbon cycling in the tundra, we built a model that explained carbon cycling (above‐ground and soil organic carbon stocks, and photosynthetic and respiratory fluxes) with abiotic conditions (air temperature and soil moisture), and the averages and within‐community variabilities of three above‐ground traits: plant height, leaf dry matter content (LDMC) and SLA. These functional parameters were represented by abundance‐weighted means and standard deviations of species traits. The data were collected from an observational study setting from northern Finland. The explanatory power of the models was relatively high, but a large part of variation in soil organic carbon stocks remained unexplained. Average plant height was the strongest predictor of all carbon cycling variables except soil carbon stocks. Communities of larger plants were associated with larger CO2 fluxes and above‐ground carbon stocks. Communities with fast leaf economics (i.e. high SLA and low LDMC) had higher photosynthesis, ecosystem respiration and soil organic carbon stocks. Within‐community variability in plant height, SLA and LDMC affected ecosystem functions differently. Variability in SLA and LDMC increased CO2 fluxes and soil organic carbon stocks, while variability in height increased the above‐ground carbon stock. The contributions of within‐community trait variability metrics to ecosystem functioning within the study area were about as important as those of average SLA and LDMC. Synthesis. Plant height, SLA and LDMC have clear effects on tundra carbon cycling. The importance of within‐community trait variability highlights a potentially important mechanism controlling the vast tundra carbon pools that should be better recognized. More research on root traits and decomposer communities is needed to understand the below‐ground mechanisms regulating carbon cycling in the tundra. Yhteenveto Kasviyhteisöjen toiminnallista koostumusta ja toiminnallista monimuotoisutta voidaan käyttää ennustamaan ekosysteemien toimintaa. Ei kuitenkaan tiedetä tarkasti, miten kasvien toiminnalliset ominaisuudet vaikuttavat hiilenkiertoon. Tarkempi tieto kasvien toiminnallisten ominaisuuksien ja hiilenkierron välisestä yhteydestä voisi auttaa ennustamaan meneillään olevan tundran kasvillisuusmuutoksen seurauksia. Tämä on tärkeää, sillä tundran maaperään on sitoutunut suuri hiilivarasto, joka on herkkä ympäristömuutoksille. Mallinsimme hiilenkiertoa (maanpäällistä hiilivarastoa, maaperän orgaanista hiilivarastoa, yhteyttämistä ja ekosysteemin hengitystä) abioottisten muuttujien (ilmanlämpötilan ja maaperän kosteuden) ja kasviyhteisön toiminnallisten ominaisuuksien keskiarvojen ja keskihajontojen funktiona. Käytimme kolmea toiminnallista ominaisuutta yhteisöjen toiminnallisten mittarien laskemiseen: kasvien korkeutta, lehtien massaspesifistä pinta‐alaa (SLA) ja lehtien kuiva‐ainepitoisuutta (LDMC). Yhteisöjen ominaisuuskeskiarvot ja ‐keskihajonnat laskettiin painottamalla kunkin lajin ominaisuutta sen runsaudella. Aineisto kerättiin Kilpisjärven paljakalta. Mallien selityskyky oli suhteellisen korkea, mutta suuri osa maaperän orgaanisen hiilen varastosta jäi selittämättä. Kasvillisuuden keskikorkeus oli kaikkien hiilenkiertomuuttujien paitsi maaperän orgaanisen hiilen varastojen vahvin selittäjä. Korkeampi kasvillisuus näytti johtavan suurempiin hiilidioksidivoihin ja suurempiin maanpäällisiin hiilivarastoihin. Yhteisöissä, joissa lajeilla oli ‘nopeat’ lehtiominaisuudet (korkea SLA ja matala LDMC) oli korkeat hiilidioksidivuot ja maaperän orgaanisen hiilen varastot. Yhteisöjen sisäinen ominaisuushajonta vaikutti ekosystemitoimintoihin eri tavalla riipuen siitä, oliko kyse kasvien korkeuden vai lehtien ominaisuuksien hajonnasta. Yhteisönsisäinen vaihtelu SLA:ssa ja LDMC:ssä kasvatti hiilidioksidivoita ja maaperän hiilivarastoa, kun taas vaihtelevuus kasvien korkeudessa kasvatti maanpäällistä hiilivarastoa. Kasviyhteisöjen toiminnallisten ominaisuuksien keskihajonta selitti tutkimusalueen ekosysteemitoimintojen vaihtelusta suunnilleen yhtä suuren osan kuin yhteisöjen lehtiominaisuuksien keskiarvot. Synteesi. Kasvien korkeudella, SLA:lla ja LDMC:llä on selvä merkitys tundran hiilenkierrolle. Toiminnallisten ominaisuuksien keskiarvojen lisäksi myös yhteisöjen sisäinen ominaisuusvaihtelu on tärkeä tundran hiilenkiertoa säätelevä tekijä. Kasviyhteisöjen juuristojen ominaisuudet ja hajottajayhteisöjen toiminta ovat tärkeitä jatkotutkimuskohteita maaperän hiilen kierron tarkemman ymmärtämisen kannalta. Average plant height, average leaf traits, and the within‐community variabilities of height and leaf traits affect CO2 fluxes and carbon stocks in tundra plant communities. The importance of within‐community trait variability highlights a potentially important mechanism controlling the vast tundra carbon pools that should be better recognized.
Author Happonen, Konsta
Luoto, Miska
Kemppinen, Julia
Niittynen, Pekka
Virkkala, Anna‐Maria
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Konsta
  orcidid: 0000-0002-3164-8868
  surname: Happonen
  fullname: Happonen, Konsta
  email: konsta.happonen@gmail.com
  organization: University of Helsinki
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Anna‐Maria
  orcidid: 0000-0003-4877-2918
  surname: Virkkala
  fullname: Virkkala, Anna‐Maria
  email: avirkkala@woodwellclimate.org
  organization: Woodwell Climate Research Center
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Julia
  orcidid: 0000-0001-7521-7229
  surname: Kemppinen
  fullname: Kemppinen, Julia
  organization: University of Helsinki
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Pekka
  orcidid: 0000-0002-7290-029X
  surname: Niittynen
  fullname: Niittynen, Pekka
  organization: University of Helsinki
– sequence: 5
  givenname: Miska
  orcidid: 0000-0001-6203-5143
  surname: Luoto
  fullname: Luoto, Miska
  organization: University of Helsinki
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SSID ssj0006750
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Snippet The trait composition and trait diversity of plant communities are globally applicable predictors of ecosystem functioning. Yet, it is unclear how plant traits...
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SubjectTerms Air temperature
Alpine
Arctic
biodiversity
Carbon
Carbon cycle
Carbon dioxide
carbon sinks
Decomposers
Dry matter
Dry matter content
Ecological function
Economics
ecosystem functions and services
ecosystem respiration
Ecosystems
Environmental changes
Finland
Fluxes
functional traits
Height
Herbivores
leaf dry matter content
Leaves
Observational studies
Organic carbon
Photosynthesis
Plant communities
Plant diversity
plant height
Soil
Soil moisture
soil organic carbon
Soil temperature
soil water
Stocks
Taiga & tundra
Tundra
Variability
Title Relationships between above‐ground plant traits and carbon cycling in tundra plant communities
URI https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111%2F1365-2745.13832
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2638054891
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2648835830
Volume 110
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