Arterialization and anomalous vein wall remodeling in varicose veins is associated with upregulated FoxC2-Dll4 pathway
Varicose veins of lower extremities are a heritable common disorder. Mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis are still vague. Structural failures such as valve weakness and wall dilatation in saphenous vein result in venous retrograde flow in lower extremities of body. Reflux of blood leads to distal...
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Published in | Laboratory investigation Vol. 96; no. 4; pp. 399 - 408 |
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Main Authors | , , , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
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New York
Elsevier Inc
01.04.2016
Nature Publishing Group US Nature Publishing Group |
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Abstract | Varicose veins of lower extremities are a heritable common disorder. Mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis are still vague. Structural failures such as valve weakness and wall dilatation in saphenous vein result in venous retrograde flow in lower extremities of body. Reflux of blood leads to distal high venous pressure resulting in distended veins. In an earlier study, we observed a positive association between c.-512C>T FoxC2 gene polymorphism and upregulated FoxC2 expression in varicose vein specimens. FoxC2 overexpression in vitro in venous endothelial cells resulted in the elevated mRNA expression of arterial endothelial markers such as Delta-like ligand 4 (Dll4) and Hairy/enhancer-of-split related with YRPW motif protein 2 (Hey2). We hypothesized that an altered FoxC2-Dll4 signaling underlies saphenous vein wall remodeling in patients with varicose veins. Saphenous veins specimens were collected from 22 patients with varicose veins and 20 control subjects who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting. Tissues were processed for paraffin embedding and sections were immunostained for Dll4, Hey2, EphrinB2, α-SMA, Vimentin, and CD31 antigens and examined under microscope. These observations were confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR and western blot analysis. An examination of varicose vein tissue specimens by immunohistochemistry indicated an elevated expression of Notch pathway components, such as Dll4, Hey2, and EphrinB2, and smooth muscle markers, which was further confirmed by gene and protein expression analyses. We conclude that the molecular alterations in Dll4-Hey2 signaling are associated with smooth muscle cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia in varicose veins. Our observations substantiate a significant role for altered FoxC2-Dll4 signaling in structural alterations of saphenous veins in patients with varicose veins. |
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AbstractList | Varicose veins of lower extremities are a heritable common disorder. Mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis are still vague. Structural failures such as valve weakness and wall dilatation in saphenous vein result in venous retrograde flow in lower extremities of body. Reflux of blood leads to distal high venous pressure resulting in distended veins. In an earlier study, we observed a positive association between c.-512C>T FoxC2 gene polymorphism and upregulated FoxC2 expression in varicose vein specimens. FoxC2 overexpression in vitro in venous endothelial cells resulted in the elevated mRNA expression of arterial endothelial markers such as Delta-like ligand 4 (Dll4) and Hairy/enhancer-of-split related with YRPW motif protein 2 (Hey2). We hypothesized that an altered FoxC2-Dll4 signaling underlies saphenous vein wall remodeling in patients with varicose veins. Saphenous veins specimens were collected from 22 patients with varicose veins and 20 control subjects who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting. Tissues were processed for paraffin embedding and sections were immunostained for Dll4, Hey2, EphrinB2, α-SMA, Vimentin, and CD31 antigens and examined under microscope. These observations were confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR and western blot analysis. An examination of varicose vein tissue specimens by immunohistochemistry indicated an elevated expression of Notch pathway components, such as Dll4, Hey2, and EphrinB2, and smooth muscle markers, which was further confirmed by gene and protein expression analyses. We conclude that the molecular alterations in Dll4-Hey2 signaling are associated with smooth muscle cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia in varicose veins. Our observations substantiate a significant role for altered FoxC2-Dll4 signaling in structural alterations of saphenous veins in patients with varicose veins. Varicose veins of lower extremities are a heritable common disorder. Mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis are still vague. Structural failures such as valve weakness and wall dilatation in saphenous vein result in venous retrograde flow in lower extremities of body. Reflux of blood leads to distal high venous pressure resulting in distended veins. In an earlier study, we observed a positive association between c.-512C>T FoxC2 gene polymorphism and upregulated FoxC2 expression in varicose vein specimens. FoxC2 overexpression in vitro in venous endothelial cells resulted in the elevated mRNA expression of arterial endothelial markers such as Delta-like ligand 4 (Dll4) and Hairy/enhancer-of-split related with YRPW motif protein 2 (Hey2). We hypothesized that an altered FoxC2-Dll4 signaling underlies saphenous vein wall remodeling in patients with varicose veins. Saphenous veins specimens were collected from 22 patients with varicose veins and 20 control subjects who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting. Tissues were processed for paraffin embedding and sections were immunostained for Dll4, Hey2, EphrinB2, α -SMA, Vimentin, and CD31 antigens and examined under microscope. These observations were confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR and western blot analysis. An examination of varicose vein tissue specimens by immunohistochemistry indicated an elevated expression of Notch pathway components, such as Dll4, Hey2, and EphrinB2, and smooth muscle markers, which was further confirmed by gene and protein expression analyses. We conclude that the molecular alterations in Dll4-Hey2 signaling are associated with smooth muscle cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia in varicose veins. Our observations substantiate a significant role for altered FoxC2-Dll4 signaling in structural alterations of saphenous veins in patients with varicose veins. |
Author | C Kartha, Chandrasekharan S Ramegowda, Kalpana Suresh, Aarcha Lakkappa, Ravi Kumar B Kamalapurkar, Giridhar Surendran, Sumi Radhakrishnan, N Binil Raj, S S |
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BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26808710$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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Copyright | 2016 United States & Canadian Academy of Pathology United States & Canadian Academy of Pathology 2016 Copyright Nature Publishing Group Apr 2016 |
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An study publication-title: J Pathol doi: 10.1002/path.819 contributor: fullname: Henin – volume: 43 start-page: 14 year: 2010 end-page: 18 ident: CR17 article-title: A novel missense mutation and two microrearrangements in the FOXC2 gene of three families with lymphedema-distichiasis syndrome publication-title: Lymphology contributor: fullname: Jeunemaitre – volume: 37 start-page: 123 year: 2001 end-page: 135 ident: CR14 article-title: Smooth muscle changes in varicose veins: an ultrastructural study publication-title: J Smooth Muscle Res doi: 10.1540/jsmr.37.123 contributor: fullname: Eid – volume: 28 start-page: 281 year: 2005 end-page: 290 ident: CR23 article-title: Histological assessment of the long saphenous vein in normal and varicose veins publication-title: Egyptian J Histology contributor: fullname: Elsharaw – volume: 444 start-page: 1083 year: 2006 end-page: 1087 ident: CR20 article-title: Inhibition of Dll4 signalling inhibits tumour growth by deregulating angiogenesis publication-title: Nature doi: 10.1038/nature05313 contributor: fullname: Wu – volume: 78 start-page: 298 year: 1981 end-page: 302 ident: CR12 article-title: Vascular smooth muscle cells differ from other smooth muscle cells: predominance of vimentin filaments and a specific alpha-type actin publication-title: Proc Natl Acad Sci USA doi: 10.1073/pnas.78.1.298 contributor: fullname: Winter – volume: 127 start-page: 669 year: 2010 end-page: 674 ident: CR2 article-title: Heritability of chronic venous disease publication-title: Hum Genet doi: 10.1007/s00439-010-0812-9 contributor: fullname: Wolf – volume: 20 start-page: 318 year: 1994 end-page: 326 ident: CR1 article-title: Importance of the familial factor in varicose disease. Clinical study of 134 families publication-title: J Dermatol Surg Oncol doi: 10.1111/j.1524-4725.1994.tb01631.x contributor: fullname: Baud – volume: 294 start-page: 458 year: 2006 end-page: 470 ident: CR18 article-title: The forkhead transcription factors, Foxc1 and Foxc2, are required for arterial specification and lymphatic sprouting during vascular development publication-title: Dev Biol doi: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.03.035 contributor: fullname: Nakano – volume: 93 start-page: 741 year: 1998 end-page: 753 ident: CR26 article-title: Molecular distinction and angiogenic interaction between embryonic arteries and veins revealed by ephrin-B2 and its receptor Eph-B4 publication-title: Cell doi: 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81436-1 contributor: fullname: Anderson – volume: 57 start-page: 537 year: 2005 end-page: 544 ident: CR28 article-title: Altered expression patterns of EphrinB2 and EphB2 in human umbilical vessels and congenital venous malformations publication-title: Pediatr Res doi: 10.1203/01.PDR.0000155761.70710.C4 contributor: fullname: Wilkinson – volume: 4 start-page: 403 year: 1999 end-page: 414 ident: CR27 article-title: Symmetrical mutant phenotypes of the receptor EphB4 and its specific transmembrane ligand ephrin-B2 in cardiovascular development publication-title: Mol Cell doi: 10.1016/S1097-2765(00)80342-1 contributor: fullname: Chen – volume: 27 start-page: 77 year: 2012 end-page: 81 ident: CR4 article-title: Epidemiological study on varicose veins in Budapest publication-title: Phlebology doi: 10.1258/phleb.2011.010063 contributor: fullname: Bihari – volume: 3 start-page: e2401 year: 2008 ident: CR8 article-title: Foxc transcription factors directly regulate Dll4 and Hey2 expression by interacting with the VEGF-Notch signalling pathways in endothelial cells publication-title: PLoS One doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002401 contributor: fullname: Kume – volume: 24 start-page: 2069 year: 2004 end-page: 2074 ident: CR22 article-title: Transcription factor CHF1/Hey2 regulates neointimal formation and vascular smooth muscle proliferation and migration publication-title: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol doi: 10.1161/01.ATV.0000143936.77094.a4 contributor: fullname: Chen – volume: 18 start-page: 2474 year: 2004 end-page: 2478 ident: CR25 article-title: Dosage-sensitive requirement for mouse Dll4 in artery development publication-title: Genes Dev doi: 10.1101/gad.1239004 contributor: fullname: Benedito – volume: 24 start-page: 1838 year: 2010 end-page: 1851 ident: CR13 article-title: Vimentin induces changes in cell shape, motility, and adhesion during the epithelial to mesenchymal transition publication-title: FASEB J doi: 10.1096/fj.09-151639 contributor: fullname: Goldman – volume: 2014 start-page: 368082 year: 2014 ident: CR29 article-title: Notch1 and 4 signalling responds to an increasing vascular wall shear stress in a rat model of arteriovenous malformations publication-title: Biomed Res Int contributor: fullname: Hu – volume: 16 start-page: 848 year: 2010 end-page: 856 ident: CR7 article-title: Delta-like ligand 4 plays a critical role in pericyte/vascular smooth muscle cell formation during vasculogenesis and tumor vessel expansion in Ewing's sarcoma publication-title: Clin Cancer Res doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-1299 contributor: fullname: Guan – volume: 195 start-page: 119 year: 2003 end-page: 129 ident: CR16 article-title: CD31 (PECAM-1)-bright cells derived from AC133-positive cells in human peripheral blood as endothelial-precursor cells publication-title: J Cell Physiol doi: 10.1002/jcp.10229 contributor: fullname: Oshizawa – volume: 109 start-page: 4753 year: 2007 end-page: 4760 ident: CR21 article-title: Inhibition of Dll4-mediated signalling induces proliferation of immature vessels and results in poor tissue perfusion publication-title: Blood doi: 10.1182/blood-2006-12-063933 contributor: fullname: Kumar – volume: 20 start-page: 318 year: 1994 ident: 10.1038/labinvest.2015.167_bib1 article-title: Importance of the familial factor in varicose disease. 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Snippet | Varicose veins of lower extremities are a heritable common disorder. Mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis are still vague. Structural failures such as valve... |
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SubjectTerms | 13/1 13/51 14/63 38/90 631/1647/2017/2003 692/699/75/593/1920 82 82/51 82/80 Actins - genetics Actins - metabolism Adult Aged Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors - genetics Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors - metabolism Blotting, Western Ephrin-B2 - genetics Ephrin-B2 - metabolism Female Forkhead Transcription Factors - genetics Forkhead Transcription Factors - metabolism Humans Immunohistochemistry Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins - genetics Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins - metabolism Laboratory Medicine Male Medicine Medicine & Public Health Membrane Proteins - genetics Membrane Proteins - metabolism Middle Aged Muscle, Smooth - metabolism Neovascularization, Pathologic - genetics Neovascularization, Pathologic - metabolism Pathology Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 - genetics Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 - metabolism Repressor Proteins - genetics Repressor Proteins - metabolism research-article Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction Saphenous Vein - metabolism Saphenous Vein - pathology Saphenous Vein - physiopathology Signal Transduction - genetics Up-Regulation - genetics Varicose Veins - genetics Varicose Veins - metabolism Vascular Remodeling - genetics Young Adult |
Title | Arterialization and anomalous vein wall remodeling in varicose veins is associated with upregulated FoxC2-Dll4 pathway |
URI | https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/labinvest.2015.167 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1038/labinvest.2015.167 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26808710 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1775636986 https://search.proquest.com/docview/1776087232 |
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