Responses of songbirds to aerial spraying of the microbial insecticide Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Foray 48B®) on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada
Use of bacterial insecticides containing Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Btk) is gaining popularity as an environmentally safe control measure against lepidopteran pests, but indirect effects on nontarget organisms through reduced prey base have received little attention. Aerial spraying of Bt...
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Published in | Environmental toxicology and chemistry Vol. 21; no. 8; pp. 1664 - 1672 |
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Main Authors | , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
Hoboken
Wiley Periodicals, Inc
01.08.2002
SETAC |
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Abstract | Use of bacterial insecticides containing Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Btk) is gaining popularity as an environmentally safe control measure against lepidopteran pests, but indirect effects on nontarget organisms through reduced prey base have received little attention. Aerial spraying of Btk (Foray 48B®) over a 12,803‐ha area on southeastern Vancouver Island (BC, Canada) in May to June 1999 as part of a gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) control program provided us with an opportunity to examine the responses of songbirds to spray application. To obtain an estimate of species richness and relative abundance, we conducted standard songbird point‐count surveys in Garry oak (Quercus garryana)‐dominated habitats in Btk‐sprayed and unsprayed areas in April to June 1999 and, one year after spraying, in 2000. These surveys revealed no patterns consistent with adverse effects of spraying on the relative abundance of adult birds or singing males for any of the species, whether examined individually or when combined into foraging guilds. An exception was the spotted towhee (Pipilo maculatus), which in 1999, but not in 2000, occurred at significantly lower numbers in sprayed plots after Btk treatment. Intensive searches of plots in sprayed and unsprayed areas revealed no differences in the numbers of songbird broods between the two areas for any of the species examined. |
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AbstractList | Use of bacterial insecticides containing Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Btk) is gaining popularity as an environmentally safe control measure against lepidopteran pests, but indirect effects on nontarget organisms through reduced prey base have received little attention. Aerial spraying of Btk (Foray 48B®) over a 12,803‐ha area on southeastern Vancouver Island (BC, Canada) in May to June 1999 as part of a gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) control program provided us with an opportunity to examine the responses of songbirds to spray application. To obtain an estimate of species richness and relative abundance, we conducted standard songbird point‐count surveys in Garry oak (Quercus garryana)‐dominated habitats in Btk‐sprayed and unsprayed areas in April to June 1999 and, one year after spraying, in 2000. These surveys revealed no patterns consistent with adverse effects of spraying on the relative abundance of adult birds or singing males for any of the species, whether examined individually or when combined into foraging guilds. An exception was the spotted towhee (Pipilo maculatus), which in 1999, but not in 2000, occurred at significantly lower numbers in sprayed plots after Btk treatment. Intensive searches of plots in sprayed and unsprayed areas revealed no differences in the numbers of songbird broods between the two areas for any of the species examined. Abstract Use of bacterial insecticides containing Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Btk) is gaining popularity as an environmentally safe control measure against lepidopteran pests, but indirect effects on nontarget organisms through reduced prey base have received little attention. Aerial spraying of Btk (Foray 48B®) over a 12,803‐ha area on southeastern Vancouver Island (BC, Canada) in May to June 1999 as part of a gypsy moth ( Lymantria dispar ) control program provided us with an opportunity to examine the responses of songbirds to spray application. To obtain an estimate of species richness and relative abundance, we conducted standard songbird point‐count surveys in Garry oak ( Quercus garryana )‐dominated habitats in Btk‐sprayed and unsprayed areas in April to June 1999 and, one year after spraying, in 2000. These surveys revealed no patterns consistent with adverse effects of spraying on the relative abundance of adult birds or singing males for any of the species, whether examined individually or when combined into foraging guilds. An exception was the spotted towhee ( Pipilo maculatus ), which in 1999, but not in 2000, occurred at significantly lower numbers in sprayed plots after Btk treatment. Intensive searches of plots in sprayed and unsprayed areas revealed no differences in the numbers of songbird broods between the two areas for any of the species examined. Use of bacterial insecticides containing Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Btk) is gaining popularity as an environmentally safe control measure against lepidopteran pests, but indirect effects on nontarget organisms through reduced prey base have received little attention. Aerial spraying of Btk (Foray 48B) over a 12,803-ha area on southeastern Vancouver Island (BC, Canada) in May to June 1999 as part of a gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) control program provided us with an opportunity to examine the responses of songbirds to spray application. To obtain an estimate of species richness and relative abundance, we conducted standard songbird point-count surveys in Garry oak (Quercus garryana)-dominated habitats in Btk-sprayed and unsprayed areas in April to June 1999 and, one year after spraying, in 2000. These surveys revealed no patterns consistent with adverse effects of spraying on the relative abundance of adult birds or singing males for any of the species, whether examined individually or when combined into foraging guilds. An exception was the spotted towhee (Pipilo maculatus), which in 1999, but not in 2000, occurred at significantly lower numbers in sprayed plots after Btk treatment. Intensive searches of plots in sprayed and unsprayed areas revealed no differences in the numbers of songbird broods between the two areas for any of the species examined. Use of bacterial insecticides containing Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Btk) is gaining popularity as an environmentally safe control measure against lepidopteran pests, but indirect effects on nontarget organisms through reduced prey base have received little attention. Aerial spraying of Btk (Foray 48B super(R)) over a 12,803-ha area on southeastern Vancouver Island (BC, Canada) in May to June 1999 as part of a gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) control program provided us with an opportunity to examine the responses of songbirds to spray application. To obtain an estimate of species richness and relative abundance, we conducted standard songbird point-count surveys in Garry oak (Quercus garryana)-dominated habitats in Btk-sprayed and unsprayed areas in April to June 1999 and, one year after spraying, in 2000. These surveys revealed no patterns consistent with adverse effects of spraying on the relative abundance of adult birds or singing males for any of the species, whether examined individually or when combined into foraging guilds. An exception was the spotted towhee (Pipilo maculatus), which in 1999, but not in 2000, occurred at significantly lower numbers in sprayed plots after Btk treatment. Intensive searches of plots in sprayed and unsprayed areas revealed no differences in the numbers of songbird broods between the two areas for any of the species examined. At 14 sprayed and 14 reference sites in Garry oak-dominated habitats on Vancouver Island, BC, Canada, songbirds were surveyed immediately before spraying of the Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki preparation, Foray 48B super( registered ), and at intervals after spraying to elucidate the effects of the pesticide application on species richness, relative abundance, and territory maintenance. A commercial preparation was used for each of three aerial pesticide applications in the spring of 1999. The mean number of species/study plot was found to be similar between treatment and reference plots during surveys before and after spray application in 1999 and in two areas in 2000. In addition, the mean number of adult birds/plot was similar in sprayed and reference areas for four of the five species for which sufficient data were obtained. Variation in relative abundance of birds was affected by site, especially in 2000, with a significant site effect noted for four of the five species. Similar results were found in terms of territory maintenance patterns, while no differences were found in the numbers of broods between sprayed and reference areas for individual species or when species were combined into foraging guilds. |
Author | Ovaska, Kristiina Sopuck, Lennart Whittington, Bruce |
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Cites_doi | 10.1002/etc.5620121113 10.1016/S0959-8049(96)00244-4 10.1002/etc.5620110907 10.2307/1311652 10.1046/j.1365-2664.1998.00298.x 10.1139/z88-107 10.2307/1369605 10.2307/1938747 10.1007/BF00540122 10.2307/3809663 10.2307/2404391 10.1126/science.1057487 10.2737/PSW-GTR-149 |
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Keywords | Chemical spray deposition Toxicity Insecta Bacillaceae Spatial variation Biological productivity Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki Pest Bacillales Bacteria Biopesticide Aves Species richness Ecological abundance Lymantriidae Interspecific comparison Vertebrata Animal community Arthropoda Lepidoptera Air pollution Invertebrata Non target organism Food supply Microbial insecticide Lymantria dispar |
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References_xml | – start-page: 315 year: 1995 end-page: 325 – volume: I start-page: 505 year: 1995 end-page: 519 – volume: 46 start-page: 164 year: 1980 end-page: 170 article-title: Test of a hypothesis of territory regulation in an insectivorous bird by experimentally increasing prey abundance publication-title: Oecologia – volume: 27 start-page: 983 year: 1990 end-page: 1000 article-title: Sublethal effects of fenitrothion on forest passerines publication-title: J Appl Ecol – year: 1966 – volume: 95 start-page: 616 year: 1993 end-page: 624 article-title: Dietary shifts among songbirds from a diflubenzuron‐treated forest publication-title: Condor – volume: 12 start-page: 2059 year: 1993 end-page: 2064 article-title: Bird fat reductions in forests treated with Dimilin publication-title: Environ Toxicol Chem – year: 2001 – year: 1996 – year: 2000 – start-page: 255 year: 1993 end-page: 267 – year: 1954 – start-page: 161 year: 1995 end-page: 168 – volume: 35 start-page: 185 year: 1998 end-page: 194 article-title: Reproduction and nest behavior of Tennessee warblers ( ) in forests treated with Lepidoptera‐specific insecticides publication-title: J Appl Ecol – volume: 66 start-page: 720 year: 1988 end-page: 728 article-title: Food availability for forest birds: Effects of prey distribution and abundance on bird foraging publication-title: Can J Zool – volume: 93 start-page: 692 year: 1976 end-page: 707 article-title: Effects of a low‐persistence insecticide on forest bird populations publication-title: Auk – volume: 11 start-page: 1271 year: 1992 end-page: 1280 article-title: Effects of forest spraying with two application rates of cypermethrin on food supply and on breeding success of the blue tit ( ) publication-title: Environ Toxicol Chem – year: 1988 – volume: 291 start-page: 2598 year: 2001 end-page: 2600 article-title: Energetic and fitness costs of mismatching resource supply and demand in seasonally breeding birds publication-title: Science – volume: 73 start-page: 357 year: 1992 end-page: 372 article-title: Results of experimental and natural food reductions for breeding black‐throated Blue Warblers publication-title: Ecology – year: 1997 – volume: 42 start-page: 112 year: 1992 end-page: 122 article-title: Insecticidal promise of : Facts and mysteries about a successful biopesticide publication-title: BioScience – volume: 54 start-page: 486 year: 1990 end-page: 493 article-title: Effect of diflubenzuron application on eastern deciduous forest birds publication-title: J Wildl Manag – year: 1993 – year: 1999 – start-page: 255 volume-title: Bacillus Thuringiensis, an Environmental Biopesticide: Theory and Practice year: 1993 ident: e_1_2_6_3_2 contributor: fullname: Bernhard K – ident: e_1_2_6_27_2 – ident: e_1_2_6_24_2 doi: 10.1002/etc.5620121113 – volume-title: The Birder's Handbook. A Field Guide to the Natural History of North American Birds year: 1988 ident: e_1_2_6_17_2 contributor: fullname: Ehrlich PR – volume-title: Nontarget Lepidoptera on southern Vancouver Island: Field assessments during a gypsy moth eradication program involving three aerial applications of Btk, Addendum 2000 year: 2001 ident: e_1_2_6_12_2 contributor: fullname: Boulton TJ – ident: e_1_2_6_19_2 doi: 10.1016/S0959-8049(96)00244-4 – ident: e_1_2_6_26_2 doi: 10.1002/etc.5620110907 – ident: e_1_2_6_2_2 doi: 10.2307/1311652 – ident: e_1_2_6_23_2 doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2664.1998.00298.x – volume-title: Nontarget Lepidoptera on southern Vancouver Island: Field assessments during a gypsy moth eradication program involving three aerial applications of Btk year: 2000 ident: e_1_2_6_13_2 contributor: fullname: Boulton TJ – ident: e_1_2_6_7_2 doi: 10.1139/z88-107 – volume-title: Inventory methods for forest and grassland songbirds. Standard components of British Columbia's biodiversity, No 15, Ver 2.0 year: 1999 ident: e_1_2_6_16_2 contributor: fullname: Resource Inventory Committee (RIC) – start-page: 505 volume-title: Bacillus Thuringiensis Biotechnology and Environmental Benefits year: 1995 ident: e_1_2_6_6_2 contributor: fullname: Burgess NM – ident: e_1_2_6_18_2 – ident: e_1_2_6_22_2 doi: 10.2307/1369605 – start-page: 315 volume-title: Forest Insect Pests in Canada year: 1995 ident: e_1_2_6_4_2 contributor: fullname: Van Frankenhuyzen K – ident: e_1_2_6_14_2 doi: 10.2307/1938747 – volume: 93 start-page: 692 year: 1976 ident: e_1_2_6_25_2 article-title: Effects of a low‐persistence insecticide on forest bird populations publication-title: Auk contributor: fullname: Moulding JD – ident: e_1_2_6_11_2 – ident: e_1_2_6_20_2 doi: 10.1007/BF00540122 – volume-title: Natural Regulation of Animal Numbers year: 1954 ident: e_1_2_6_9_2 contributor: fullname: Lack D – ident: e_1_2_6_21_2 doi: 10.2307/3809663 – volume-title: Environmental report and current status of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki use for control of forest and agricultural insect pests year: 1993 ident: e_1_2_6_5_2 contributor: fullname: Otvos IS – ident: e_1_2_6_28_2 doi: 10.2307/2404391 – ident: e_1_2_6_8_2 doi: 10.1126/science.1057487 – volume-title: The Birds of Canada year: 1966 ident: e_1_2_6_10_2 contributor: fullname: Godfrey WE – ident: e_1_2_6_15_2 doi: 10.2737/PSW-GTR-149 |
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Snippet | Use of bacterial insecticides containing Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Btk) is gaining popularity as an environmentally safe control measure against... Abstract Use of bacterial insecticides containing Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Btk) is gaining popularity as an environmentally safe control measure... At 14 sprayed and 14 reference sites in Garry oak-dominated habitats on Vancouver Island, BC, Canada, songbirds were surveyed immediately before spraying of... |
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SubjectTerms | Animal, plant and microbial ecology Animals Applied ecology Aves Bacillus thuringiensis Bacillus thuringiensis - pathogenicity Biological and medical sciences British Columbia Data Collection Ecotoxicology, biological effects of pollution Effects of pollution and side effects of pesticides on vertebrates Environmental Exposure Environmental Monitoring Female Foray 48B Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Gpsy moth Insect Control Male Population Dynamics Songbirds Songbirds Food supply Vocalization, Animal |
Title | Responses of songbirds to aerial spraying of the microbial insecticide Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Foray 48B®) on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada |
URI | https://api.istex.fr/ark:/67375/WNG-1TVKLPWS-D/fulltext.pdf https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002%2Fetc.5620210818 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12152767 https://search.proquest.com/docview/14622152 https://search.proquest.com/docview/18622377 |
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