Reefscapes of fear: predation risk and reef hetero‐geneity interact to shape herbivore foraging behaviour

Predators can exert strong direct and indirect effects on ecological communities by intimidating their prey. The nature of predation risk effects is often context dependent, but in some ecosystems these contingencies are often overlooked. Risk effects are often not uniform across landscapes or among...

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Published inThe Journal of animal ecology Vol. 85; no. 1; pp. 146 - 156
Main Authors Catano, Laura B, Rojas, Maria C, Malossi, Ryan J, Peters, Joseph R, Heithaus, Michael R, Fourqurean, James W, Burkepile, Deron E, Fryxell, John
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published England Blackwell Scientific Publ 2016
Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Subjects
Animal behavior
Animals
Bass - physiology
coral reef
Coral Reefs
ecosystems
Fear
fearfulness
field experimentation
Fish
Fishes - physiology
Florida
Food Chain
foraging
herbivores
Herbivory
landscape of fear
landscapes
Marine
Marine ecology
Mycteroperca bonaci
non‐consumptive effects
Predation
predators
Predatory Behavior
predator–prey interactions
risk
risk effects
risk reduction
rugosity
Florida
ASW, USA, Florida, Florida Keys
rugosity
coral reef
non-consumptive effects
predator-prey interactions
risk effects
landscape of fear
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Abstract Predators can exert strong direct and indirect effects on ecological communities by intimidating their prey. The nature of predation risk effects is often context dependent, but in some ecosystems these contingencies are often overlooked. Risk effects are often not uniform across landscapes or among species. Indeed, they can vary widely across gradients of habitat complexity and with different prey escape tactics. These context dependencies may be especially important for ecosystems such as coral reefs that vary widely in habitat complexity and have species‐rich predator and prey communities. With field experiments using predator decoys of the black grouper (Mycteroperca bonaci), we investigated how reef complexity interacts with predation risk to affect the foraging behaviour and herbivory rates of large herbivorous fishes (e.g. parrotfishes and surgeonfishes) across four coral reefs in the Florida Keys (USA). In both high and low complexity areas of the reef, we measured how herbivory changed with increasing distance from the predator decoy to examine how herbivorous fishes reconcile the conflicting demands of avoiding predation vs. foraging within a reefscape context. We show that with increasing risk, herbivorous fishes consumed dramatically less food (ca. 90%) but fed at a faster rate when they did feed (ca. 26%). Furthermore, we show that fishes foraging closest to the predator decoy were 40% smaller than those that foraged at further distances. Thus, smaller individuals showed muted response to predation risk compared to their larger counterparts, potentially due to their decreased risk to predation or lower reproductive value (i.e. the asset protection principle). Habitat heterogeneity mediated risk effects differently for different species of herbivores, with predation risk more strongly suppressing herbivore feeding in more complex areas and for individuals at higher risk of predation. Predators appear to create a reefscape of fear that changes the size structure of herbivores towards smaller individuals, increases individual feeding rates, but suppresses overall amounts of primary producers consumed, potentially altering patterns of herbivory, an ecosystem process critical for healthy coral reefs.
AbstractList 1. Predators can exert strong direct and indirect effects on ecological communities by intimidating their prey. The nature of predation risk effects is often context dependent, but in some ecosystems these contingencies are often overlooked. 2. Risk effects are often not uniform across landscapes or among species. Indeed, they can vary widely across gradients of habitat complexity and with different prey escape tactics. These context dependencies may be especially important for ecosystems such as coral reefs that vary widely in habitat complexity and have species-rich predator and prey communities. 3. With field experiments using predator decoys of the black grouper (Mycteroperca bonaci), we investigated how reef complexity interacts with predation risk to affect the foraging behaviour and herbivory rates of large herbivorous fishes (e.g. parrotfishes and surgeonfishes) across four coral reefs in the Florida Keys (USA). In both high and low complexity areas of the reef, we measured how herbivory changed with increasing distance from the predator decoy to examine how herbivorous fishes reconcile the conflicting demands of avoiding predation vs. foraging within a reefscape context. 4. We show that with increasing risk, herbivorous fishes consumed dramatically less food (ca. 90%) but fed at a faster rate when they did feed (ca. 26%). Furthermore, we show that fishes foraging closest to the predator decoy were 40% smaller than those that foraged at further distances. Thus, smaller individuals showed muted response to predation risk compared to their larger counterparts, potentially due to their decreased risk to predation or lower reproductive value (i.e. the asset protection principle). Habitat heterogeneity mediated risk effects differently for different species of herbivores, with predation risk more strongly suppressing herbivore feeding in more complex areas and for individuals at higher risk of predation. 5. Predators appear to create a reefscape of fear that changes the size structure of herbivores towards smaller individuals, increases individual feeding rates, but suppresses overall amounts of primary producers consumed, potentially altering patterns of herbivory, an ecosystem process critical for healthy coral reefs. The authors take a novel approach to address how predation risk and coral reef structural complexity interact to influence foraging by important herbivores. They examine prey behavioral responses to risk using fibreglass predator decoys anchored to the reef, building a new level of understanding of risk effects in these systems.
Summary Predators can exert strong direct and indirect effects on ecological communities by intimidating their prey. The nature of predation risk effects is often context dependent, but in some ecosystems these contingencies are often overlooked. Risk effects are often not uniform across landscapes or among species. Indeed, they can vary widely across gradients of habitat complexity and with different prey escape tactics. These context dependencies may be especially important for ecosystems such as coral reefs that vary widely in habitat complexity and have species-rich predator and prey communities. With field experiments using predator decoys of the black grouper (Mycteroperca bonaci), we investigated how reef complexity interacts with predation risk to affect the foraging behaviour and herbivory rates of large herbivorous fishes (e.g. parrotfishes and surgeonfishes) across four coral reefs in the Florida Keys (USA). In both high and low complexity areas of the reef, we measured how herbivory changed with increasing distance from the predator decoy to examine how herbivorous fishes reconcile the conflicting demands of avoiding predation vs. foraging within a reefscape context. We show that with increasing risk, herbivorous fishes consumed dramatically less food (ca. 90%) but fed at a faster rate when they did feed (ca. 26%). Furthermore, we show that fishes foraging closest to the predator decoy were 40% smaller than those that foraged at further distances. Thus, smaller individuals showed muted response to predation risk compared to their larger counterparts, potentially due to their decreased risk to predation or lower reproductive value (i.e. the asset protection principle). Habitat heterogeneity mediated risk effects differently for different species of herbivores, with predation risk more strongly suppressing herbivore feeding in more complex areas and for individuals at higher risk of predation. Predators appear to create a reefscape of fear that changes the size structure of herbivores towards smaller individuals, increases individual feeding rates, but suppresses overall amounts of primary producers consumed, potentially altering patterns of herbivory, an ecosystem process critical for healthy coral reefs.
Predators can exert strong direct and indirect effects on ecological communities by intimidating their prey. The nature of predation risk effects is often context dependent, but in some ecosystems these contingencies are often overlooked. Risk effects are often not uniform across landscapes or among species. Indeed, they can vary widely across gradients of habitat complexity and with different prey escape tactics. These context dependencies may be especially important for ecosystems such as coral reefs that vary widely in habitat complexity and have species-rich predator and prey communities. With field experiments using predator decoys of the black grouper (Mycteroperca bonaci), we investigated how reef complexity interacts with predation risk to affect the foraging behaviour and herbivory rates of large herbivorous fishes (e.g. parrotfishes and surgeonfishes) across four coral reefs in the Florida Keys (USA). In both high and low complexity areas of the reef, we measured how herbivory changed with increasing distance from the predator decoy to examine how herbivorous fishes reconcile the conflicting demands of avoiding predation vs. foraging within a reefscape context. We show that with increasing risk, herbivorous fishes consumed dramatically less food (ca. 90%) but fed at a faster rate when they did feed (ca. 26%). Furthermore, we show that fishes foraging closest to the predator decoy were 40% smaller than those that foraged at further distances. Thus, smaller individuals showed muted response to predation risk compared to their larger counterparts, potentially due to their decreased risk to predation or lower reproductive value (i.e. the asset protection principle). Habitat heterogeneity mediated risk effects differently for different species of herbivores, with predation risk more strongly suppressing herbivore feeding in more complex areas and for individuals at higher risk of predation. Predators appear to create a reefscape of fear that changes the size structure of herbivores towards smaller individuals, increases individual feeding rates, but suppresses overall amounts of primary producers consumed, potentially altering patterns of herbivory, an ecosystem process critical for healthy coral reefs.
Summary Predators can exert strong direct and indirect effects on ecological communities by intimidating their prey. The nature of predation risk effects is often context dependent, but in some ecosystems these contingencies are often overlooked. Risk effects are often not uniform across landscapes or among species. Indeed, they can vary widely across gradients of habitat complexity and with different prey escape tactics. These context dependencies may be especially important for ecosystems such as coral reefs that vary widely in habitat complexity and have species‐rich predator and prey communities. With field experiments using predator decoys of the black grouper (Mycteroperca bonaci), we investigated how reef complexity interacts with predation risk to affect the foraging behaviour and herbivory rates of large herbivorous fishes (e.g. parrotfishes and surgeonfishes) across four coral reefs in the Florida Keys (USA). In both high and low complexity areas of the reef, we measured how herbivory changed with increasing distance from the predator decoy to examine how herbivorous fishes reconcile the conflicting demands of avoiding predation vs. foraging within a reefscape context. We show that with increasing risk, herbivorous fishes consumed dramatically less food (ca. 90%) but fed at a faster rate when they did feed (ca. 26%). Furthermore, we show that fishes foraging closest to the predator decoy were 40% smaller than those that foraged at further distances. Thus, smaller individuals showed muted response to predation risk compared to their larger counterparts, potentially due to their decreased risk to predation or lower reproductive value (i.e. the asset protection principle). Habitat heterogeneity mediated risk effects differently for different species of herbivores, with predation risk more strongly suppressing herbivore feeding in more complex areas and for individuals at higher risk of predation. Predators appear to create a reefscape of fear that changes the size structure of herbivores towards smaller individuals, increases individual feeding rates, but suppresses overall amounts of primary producers consumed, potentially altering patterns of herbivory, an ecosystem process critical for healthy coral reefs. The authors take a novel approach to address how predation risk and coral reef structural complexity interact to influence foraging by important herbivores. They examine prey behavioral responses to risk using fibreglass predator decoys anchored to the reef, building a new level of understanding of risk effects in these systems.
Summary Predators can exert strong direct and indirect effects on ecological communities by intimidating their prey. The nature of predation risk effects is often context dependent, but in some ecosystems these contingencies are often overlooked. Risk effects are often not uniform across landscapes or among species. Indeed, they can vary widely across gradients of habitat complexity and with different prey escape tactics. These context dependencies may be especially important for ecosystems such as coral reefs that vary widely in habitat complexity and have species‐rich predator and prey communities. With field experiments using predator decoys of the black grouper ( Mycteroperca bonaci ), we investigated how reef complexity interacts with predation risk to affect the foraging behaviour and herbivory rates of large herbivorous fishes (e.g. parrotfishes and surgeonfishes) across four coral reefs in the Florida Keys (USA). In both high and low complexity areas of the reef, we measured how herbivory changed with increasing distance from the predator decoy to examine how herbivorous fishes reconcile the conflicting demands of avoiding predation vs. foraging within a reefscape context. We show that with increasing risk, herbivorous fishes consumed dramatically less food (ca. 90%) but fed at a faster rate when they did feed (ca. 26%). Furthermore, we show that fishes foraging closest to the predator decoy were 40% smaller than those that foraged at further distances. Thus, smaller individuals showed muted response to predation risk compared to their larger counterparts, potentially due to their decreased risk to predation or lower reproductive value (i.e. the asset protection principle). Habitat heterogeneity mediated risk effects differently for different species of herbivores, with predation risk more strongly suppressing herbivore feeding in more complex areas and for individuals at higher risk of predation. Predators appear to create a reefscape of fear that changes the size structure of herbivores towards smaller individuals, increases individual feeding rates, but suppresses overall amounts of primary producers consumed, potentially altering patterns of herbivory, an ecosystem process critical for healthy coral reefs.
Author Catano, Laura B
Rojas, Maria C
Malossi, Ryan J
Peters, Joseph R
Burkepile, Deron E
Heithaus, Michael R
Fryxell, John
Fourqurean, James W
Author_xml – sequence: 1
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  fullname: Heithaus, Michael R
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  fullname: Fourqurean, James W
– sequence: 7
  fullname: Burkepile, Deron E
– sequence: 8
  fullname: Fryxell, John
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26332988$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Issue 1
Keywords rugosity
coral reef
non-consumptive effects
predator-prey interactions
risk effects
landscape of fear
Language English
License 2015 The Authors. Journal of Animal Ecology © 2015 British Ecological Society.
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References 1997; 114
2010a; 176
2007; 104
1993; 67
2012; 168
2004; 7
1993; 63
2009; 276
2008; 105
2015b
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2007; 78
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2002; 83
2005; 145
2000; 57
1965; 150
2009; 90
2005; 74
2003; 4
2008; 24
2003; 84
2014; 123
2007; 17
2010a; 91
2011; 1
2010; 79
2006; 16
2009
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2013a; 3
1989; 24
2011; 6
2007; 329
2012; 32
2008; 360
2014; 511
2006; 311
1987; 68
2009; 78
2011; 109
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2015a; 10
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1967; 5
1997; 78
2013b; 4
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Snippet Predators can exert strong direct and indirect effects on ecological communities by intimidating their prey. The nature of predation risk effects is often...
Summary Predators can exert strong direct and indirect effects on ecological communities by intimidating their prey. The nature of predation risk effects is...
Summary Predators can exert strong direct and indirect effects on ecological communities by intimidating their prey. The nature of predation risk effects is...
1. Predators can exert strong direct and indirect effects on ecological communities by intimidating their prey. The nature of predation risk effects is often...
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StartPage 146
SubjectTerms Animal behavior
Animals
Bass - physiology
coral reef
Coral Reefs
ecosystems
Fear
fearfulness
field experimentation
Fish
Fishes - physiology
Florida
Food Chain
foraging
herbivores
Herbivory
landscape of fear
landscapes
Marine
Marine ecology
Mycteroperca bonaci
non‐consumptive effects
Predation
predators
Predatory Behavior
predator–prey interactions
risk
risk effects
risk reduction
rugosity
Title Reefscapes of fear: predation risk and reef hetero‐geneity interact to shape herbivore foraging behaviour
URI https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111%2F1365-2656.12440
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26332988
https://www.proquest.com/docview/1757513666
https://search.proquest.com/docview/1760872536
https://search.proquest.com/docview/1776663430
Volume 85
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