Microstructural Constituents and Mechanical Properties of Low-Density Fe-Cr-Ni-Mn-Al-C Stainless Steels

Metallic material concepts associated with the sustainable and efficient use of resources are currently the subject of intensive research. Al addition to steel offers advantages in view of lightweight, durability, and efficient use of high-Fe scrap from the Al industry. In the present work, Al was a...

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Published inMaterials Vol. 15; no. 15; p. 5121
Main Authors Scherbring, Steffen, Chen, Guanghui, Veltel, Bastian, Bartzsch, Gert, Richter, Julia, Vollmer, Malte, Blankenburg, Malte, Shyamal, Saikat, Volkova, Olena, Niendorf, Thomas, Lienert, Ulrich, Sahu, Puspendu, Mola, Javad
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Basel MDPI AG 23.07.2022
MDPI
Subjects
Alloy systems
Aluminum
Chromium
Cooling
Corrosion resistance
Deformation
Density
Dilatometry
Duplex stainless steels
Ferrite
Intermetallic compounds
Iron constituents
Manganese
Mechanical properties
Microstructure
Nickel
Room temperature
Solidification
Stainless steel
Steel scrap
Sustainable materials
Temperature
X-ray diffraction
Yield stress
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Abstract Metallic material concepts associated with the sustainable and efficient use of resources are currently the subject of intensive research. Al addition to steel offers advantages in view of lightweight, durability, and efficient use of high-Fe scrap from the Al industry. In the present work, Al was added to Fe-12Cr-(9,12)Ni-3Mn-0.3C-xAl (x = 0.1–6) (wt.%) stainless steels to assess its influence on microstructure and mechanical properties. According to density measurements based on Archimedes’ principle, densities were between 7.70 and 7.08 g/cm3. High-energy X-ray diffraction estimations of the lattice parameter indicated that nearly 31% of density reduction was caused by the lattice expansion associated with Al addition. Depending on Al concentration, austenitic and duplex matrix microstructures were obtained at room temperature. In the presence of up to 3 wt.% Al, the microstructure remained austenitic. At the same time, strength and hardness were slightly enhanced. Al addition in higher quantities resulted in the formation of duplex matrix microstructures with enhanced yield strength but reduced ductility compared to the austenitic alloys. Due to the ready formation of B2-(Ni,Fe)Al intermetallics in the ferrite phase of the present alloy system, the increase in strength due to the presence of ferrite was more pronounced compared to standard duplex stainless steels. The occurrence of B2 intermetallics was implied by dilatometry measurements and confirmed by electron microscopy examinations and high-energy X-ray diffraction measurements.
AbstractList Metallic material concepts associated with the sustainable and efficient use of resources are currently the subject of intensive research. Al addition to steel offers advantages in view of lightweight, durability, and efficient use of high-Fe scrap from the Al industry. In the present work, Al was added to Fe-12Cr-(9,12)Ni-3Mn-0.3C-xAl (x = 0.1–6) (wt.%) stainless steels to assess its influence on microstructure and mechanical properties. According to density measurements based on Archimedes’ principle, densities were between 7.70 and 7.08 g/cm 3 . High-energy X-ray diffraction estimations of the lattice parameter indicated that nearly 31% of density reduction was caused by the lattice expansion associated with Al addition. Depending on Al concentration, austenitic and duplex matrix microstructures were obtained at room temperature. In the presence of up to 3 wt.% Al, the microstructure remained austenitic. At the same time, strength and hardness were slightly enhanced. Al addition in higher quantities resulted in the formation of duplex matrix microstructures with enhanced yield strength but reduced ductility compared to the austenitic alloys. Due to the ready formation of B2-(Ni,Fe)Al intermetallics in the ferrite phase of the present alloy system, the increase in strength due to the presence of ferrite was more pronounced compared to standard duplex stainless steels. The occurrence of B2 intermetallics was implied by dilatometry measurements and confirmed by electron microscopy examinations and high-energy X-ray diffraction measurements.
Metallic material concepts associated with the sustainable and efficient use of resources are currently the subject of intensive research. Al addition to steel offers advantages in view of lightweight, durability, and efficient use of high-Fe scrap from the Al industry. In the present work, Al was added to Fe-12Cr-(9,12)Ni-3Mn-0.3C-xAl (x = 0.1–6) (wt.%) stainless steels to assess its influence on microstructure and mechanical properties. According to density measurements based on Archimedes’ principle, densities were between 7.70 and 7.08 g/cm3. High-energy X-ray diffraction estimations of the lattice parameter indicated that nearly 31% of density reduction was caused by the lattice expansion associated with Al addition. Depending on Al concentration, austenitic and duplex matrix microstructures were obtained at room temperature. In the presence of up to 3 wt.% Al, the microstructure remained austenitic. At the same time, strength and hardness were slightly enhanced. Al addition in higher quantities resulted in the formation of duplex matrix microstructures with enhanced yield strength but reduced ductility compared to the austenitic alloys. Due to the ready formation of B2-(Ni,Fe)Al intermetallics in the ferrite phase of the present alloy system, the increase in strength due to the presence of ferrite was more pronounced compared to standard duplex stainless steels. The occurrence of B2 intermetallics was implied by dilatometry measurements and confirmed by electron microscopy examinations and high-energy X-ray diffraction measurements.
Metallic material concepts associated with the sustainable and efficient use of resources are currently the subject of intensive research. Al addition to steel offers advantages in view of lightweight, durability, and efficient use of high-Fe scrap from the Al industry. In the present work, Al was added to Fe-12Cr-(9,12)Ni-3Mn-0.3C-xAl (x = 0.1-6) (wt.%) stainless steels to assess its influence on microstructure and mechanical properties. According to density measurements based on Archimedes' principle, densities were between 7.70 and 7.08 g/cm3. High-energy X-ray diffraction estimations of the lattice parameter indicated that nearly 31% of density reduction was caused by the lattice expansion associated with Al addition. Depending on Al concentration, austenitic and duplex matrix microstructures were obtained at room temperature. In the presence of up to 3 wt.% Al, the microstructure remained austenitic. At the same time, strength and hardness were slightly enhanced. Al addition in higher quantities resulted in the formation of duplex matrix microstructures with enhanced yield strength but reduced ductility compared to the austenitic alloys. Due to the ready formation of B2-(Ni,Fe)Al intermetallics in the ferrite phase of the present alloy system, the increase in strength due to the presence of ferrite was more pronounced compared to standard duplex stainless steels. The occurrence of B2 intermetallics was implied by dilatometry measurements and confirmed by electron microscopy examinations and high-energy X-ray diffraction measurements.Metallic material concepts associated with the sustainable and efficient use of resources are currently the subject of intensive research. Al addition to steel offers advantages in view of lightweight, durability, and efficient use of high-Fe scrap from the Al industry. In the present work, Al was added to Fe-12Cr-(9,12)Ni-3Mn-0.3C-xAl (x = 0.1-6) (wt.%) stainless steels to assess its influence on microstructure and mechanical properties. According to density measurements based on Archimedes' principle, densities were between 7.70 and 7.08 g/cm3. High-energy X-ray diffraction estimations of the lattice parameter indicated that nearly 31% of density reduction was caused by the lattice expansion associated with Al addition. Depending on Al concentration, austenitic and duplex matrix microstructures were obtained at room temperature. In the presence of up to 3 wt.% Al, the microstructure remained austenitic. At the same time, strength and hardness were slightly enhanced. Al addition in higher quantities resulted in the formation of duplex matrix microstructures with enhanced yield strength but reduced ductility compared to the austenitic alloys. Due to the ready formation of B2-(Ni,Fe)Al intermetallics in the ferrite phase of the present alloy system, the increase in strength due to the presence of ferrite was more pronounced compared to standard duplex stainless steels. The occurrence of B2 intermetallics was implied by dilatometry measurements and confirmed by electron microscopy examinations and high-energy X-ray diffraction measurements.
Author Shyamal, Saikat
Veltel, Bastian
Blankenburg, Malte
Richter, Julia
Lienert, Ulrich
Chen, Guanghui
Volkova, Olena
Sahu, Puspendu
Scherbring, Steffen
Vollmer, Malte
Bartzsch, Gert
Mola, Javad
Niendorf, Thomas
AuthorAffiliation 4 Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Photon Science, 22607 Hamburg, Germany; malte.blankenburg@desy.de (M.B.); ulrich.lienert@desy.de (U.L.)
1 Materials Design and Structural Integrity Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Computer Sciences, Osnabrück University of Applied Sciences, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany; steffen.scherbring@hs-osnabrueck.de (S.S.); chenguanghui@wust.edu.cn (G.C.); baveltel@gmail.com (B.V.)
3 Institute of Materials Engineering—Metallic Materials, University of Kassel, 34125 Kassel, Germany; julia.richter@uni-kassel.de (J.R.); vollmer@uni-kassel.de (M.V.); niendorf@uni-kassel.de (T.N.)
2 Institute of Iron and Steel Technology, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, 09599 Freiberg, Germany; gert.bartzsch@iest.tu-freiberg.de (G.B.); volkova@iest.tu-freiberg.de (O.V.)
5 Department of Physics, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India; saikat.shyamal923@gmail.com (S.S.); psahu74@gmail.com (P.S.)
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 2 Institute of Iron and Steel Technology, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, 09599 Freiberg, Germany; gert.bartzsch@iest.tu-freiberg.de (G.B.); volkova@iest.tu-freiberg.de (O.V.)
– name: 4 Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Photon Science, 22607 Hamburg, Germany; malte.blankenburg@desy.de (M.B.); ulrich.lienert@desy.de (U.L.)
– name: 3 Institute of Materials Engineering—Metallic Materials, University of Kassel, 34125 Kassel, Germany; julia.richter@uni-kassel.de (J.R.); vollmer@uni-kassel.de (M.V.); niendorf@uni-kassel.de (T.N.)
– name: 5 Department of Physics, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India; saikat.shyamal923@gmail.com (S.S.); psahu74@gmail.com (P.S.)
– name: 1 Materials Design and Structural Integrity Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Computer Sciences, Osnabrück University of Applied Sciences, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany; steffen.scherbring@hs-osnabrueck.de (S.S.); chenguanghui@wust.edu.cn (G.C.); baveltel@gmail.com (B.V.)
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Snippet Metallic material concepts associated with the sustainable and efficient use of resources are currently the subject of intensive research. Al addition to steel...
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SubjectTerms Alloy systems
Aluminum
Chromium
Cooling
Corrosion resistance
Deformation
Density
Dilatometry
Duplex stainless steels
Ferrite
Intermetallic compounds
Iron constituents
Manganese
Mechanical properties
Microstructure
Nickel
Room temperature
Solidification
Stainless steel
Steel scrap
Sustainable materials
Temperature
X-ray diffraction
Yield stress
Title Microstructural Constituents and Mechanical Properties of Low-Density Fe-Cr-Ni-Mn-Al-C Stainless Steels
URI https://www.proquest.com/docview/2700746063
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2696010658
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC9332424
Volume 15
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