Overview of the Current State of Gallium Arsenide-Based Solar Cells

As widely-available silicon solar cells, the development of GaAs-based solar cells has been ongoing for many years. Although cells on the gallium arsenide basis today achieve the highest efficiency of all, they are not very widespread. They have particular specifications that make them attractive, e...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published inMaterials Vol. 14; no. 11; p. 3075
Main Authors Papež, Nikola, Dallaev, Rashid, Ţălu, Ştefan, Kaštyl, Jaroslav
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Basel MDPI AG 04.06.2021
MDPI
Subjects
Arsenic
Border patrol
Chemical elements
Efficiency
Gallium arsenide
Intermetallic compounds
Molecular beam epitaxy
Photovoltaic cells
Prices
Radiation
Review
Silicon
Solar cells
Unmanned aerial vehicles
Online AccessGet full text

Cover

Abstract As widely-available silicon solar cells, the development of GaAs-based solar cells has been ongoing for many years. Although cells on the gallium arsenide basis today achieve the highest efficiency of all, they are not very widespread. They have particular specifications that make them attractive, especially for certain areas. Thanks to their durability under challenging conditions, it is possible to operate them in places where other solar cells have already undergone significant degradation. This review summarizes past, present, and future uses of GaAs photovoltaic cells. It examines advances in their development, performance, and various current implementations and modifications.
AbstractList As widely-available silicon solar cells, the development of GaAs-based solar cells has been ongoing for many years. Although cells on the gallium arsenide basis today achieve the highest efficiency of all, they are not very widespread. They have particular specifications that make them attractive, especially for certain areas. Thanks to their durability under challenging conditions, it is possible to operate them in places where other solar cells have already undergone significant degradation. This review summarizes past, present, and future uses of GaAs photovoltaic cells. It examines advances in their development, performance, and various current implementations and modifications.As widely-available silicon solar cells, the development of GaAs-based solar cells has been ongoing for many years. Although cells on the gallium arsenide basis today achieve the highest efficiency of all, they are not very widespread. They have particular specifications that make them attractive, especially for certain areas. Thanks to their durability under challenging conditions, it is possible to operate them in places where other solar cells have already undergone significant degradation. This review summarizes past, present, and future uses of GaAs photovoltaic cells. It examines advances in their development, performance, and various current implementations and modifications.
As widely-available silicon solar cells, the development of GaAs-based solar cells has been ongoing for many years. Although cells on the gallium arsenide basis today achieve the highest efficiency of all, they are not very widespread. They have particular specifications that make them attractive, especially for certain areas. Thanks to their durability under challenging conditions, it is possible to operate them in places where other solar cells have already undergone significant degradation. This review summarizes past, present, and future uses of GaAs photovoltaic cells. It examines advances in their development, performance, and various current implementations and modifications.
Author Dallaev, Rashid
Ţălu, Ştefan
Kaštyl, Jaroslav
Papež, Nikola
AuthorAffiliation 1 Department of Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Technická 2848/8, 61600 Brno, Czech Republic; nikola.papez@vutbr.cz (N.P.); xdalla03@stud.feec.vutbr.cz (R.D.)
3 Central European Institute of Technology, Purkyňova 656/123, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic; jaroslav.kastyl@ceitec.vutbr.cz
2 Directorate of Research, Development and Innovation Management (DMCDI), Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Constantin Daicoviciu Street, No. 15, 400020 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 1 Department of Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Technická 2848/8, 61600 Brno, Czech Republic; nikola.papez@vutbr.cz (N.P.); xdalla03@stud.feec.vutbr.cz (R.D.)
– name: 2 Directorate of Research, Development and Innovation Management (DMCDI), Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Constantin Daicoviciu Street, No. 15, 400020 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
– name: 3 Central European Institute of Technology, Purkyňova 656/123, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic; jaroslav.kastyl@ceitec.vutbr.cz
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Nikola
  orcidid: 0000-0003-2297-2890
  surname: Papež
  fullname: Papež, Nikola
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Rashid
  orcidid: 0000-0002-6823-5725
  surname: Dallaev
  fullname: Dallaev, Rashid
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Ştefan
  orcidid: 0000-0003-1311-7657
  surname: Ţălu
  fullname: Ţălu, Ştefan
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Jaroslav
  orcidid: 0000-0001-8145-604X
  surname: Kaštyl
  fullname: Kaštyl, Jaroslav
BookMark eNptkU1LxDAQhoMofu7FX1DwIkI1300ughZdhYU9rJ5DtjvVSNusSbvivzfLKn5gLhkyz7wzb-YAbXe-A4SOCT5nTOOL1hJOCMOF2EL7RGuZE8359o94D41ifMHpMEYU1btoj_GUVQLvo3K6grBy8Jb5OuufISuHEKDrs1lve1g_jm3TuKHNrkKEzi0gv7YRFtnMNzZkJTRNPEI7tW0ijD7vQ_R4e_NQ3uWT6fi-vJrkFVOszyUHISmnC0YLxSRgMRc1prZWRGkpMGAuKS0IAyW0rQkTds4EEJtixaVgh-hyo7sc5i0sqjRmsI1ZBtfa8G68deZ3pnPP5smvjKLJvC6SwOmnQPCvA8TetC5WyYLtwA_RUMEVx1QTnNCTP-iLH0KX7CWKac1kgWWi8Iaqgo8xQG0ql_7N-XV_1xiCzXpJ5ntJqeTsT8nX_P_AH1ogj6w
CitedBy_id crossref_primary_10_1007_s00339_022_05978_z
crossref_primary_10_1063_5_0242683
crossref_primary_10_3390_app13137892
crossref_primary_10_1039_D4NR00857J
crossref_primary_10_1021_acsami_1c19236
crossref_primary_10_1088_1361_648X_ad40ed
crossref_primary_10_26565_2312_4334_2024_3_31
crossref_primary_10_1140_epjp_s13360_024_05304_x
crossref_primary_10_3390_en16010479
crossref_primary_10_1007_s41871_023_00209_2
crossref_primary_10_3390_en17143415
crossref_primary_10_17721_1812_5409_2021_3_26
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_matdes_2024_113505
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_rser_2022_113027
crossref_primary_10_3390_asi5040067
crossref_primary_10_15407_spqeo27_03_261
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_solener_2024_112587
crossref_primary_10_1063_5_0152173
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_physleta_2024_129817
crossref_primary_10_3390_aerospace10030247
crossref_primary_10_1007_s12633_024_03150_1
crossref_primary_10_1103_PhysRevB_107_125207
crossref_primary_10_3390_ma17051165
crossref_primary_10_1007_s43630_023_00500_7
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jclepro_2023_138662
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_optmat_2023_114407
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_solener_2022_03_040
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41578_025_00784_4
crossref_primary_10_1063_5_0153197
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_mssp_2024_109069
crossref_primary_10_3390_en16196862
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_rser_2023_113652
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_solener_2023_112176
crossref_primary_10_3390_ma15248774
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijft_2023_100303
crossref_primary_10_1002_er_8741
crossref_primary_10_7498_aps_72_20221860
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_progsolidstchem_2024_100463
crossref_primary_10_3390_ma14206096
crossref_primary_10_1364_OE_510976
crossref_primary_10_3390_ma15217621
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_nexres_2025_100172
crossref_primary_10_3390_mi15020204
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_optlaseng_2024_108786
crossref_primary_10_1155_2022_7272489
crossref_primary_10_1021_acsaem_3c00292
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_horiz_2025_100137
crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2025_3532163
crossref_primary_10_1088_1361_6641_ad8df7
crossref_primary_10_1002_advs_202400633
crossref_primary_10_1002_aesr_202400203
crossref_primary_10_1002_qua_27105
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ssc_2024_115623
crossref_primary_10_3390_ma16010401
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_solener_2023_112185
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_optmat_2024_115270
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_solener_2023_111810
crossref_primary_10_1007_s12034_023_02999_z
crossref_primary_10_1002_cben_202300002
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_nexres_2025_100143
Cites_doi 10.1016/j.solmat.2019.109984
10.7567/JJAP.55.04EA05
10.1002/pip.2568
10.1016/B978-185617390-2/50017-9
10.1117/12.2292673
10.1002/ese3.445
10.1016/j.solmat.2021.111022
10.1201/9781003069621-17
10.1002/pssr.200802186
10.1016/j.prostr.2020.01.151
10.1038/s41560-020-0598-5
10.1063/1.1368156
10.1039/B809257E
10.1016/j.solmat.2020.110398
10.1016/j.apsusc.2020.146766
10.1109/PVSC.2015.7356137
10.1063/1.5124184
10.1557/PROC-91-359
10.1016/j.nimb.2007.11.010
10.1109/WCPEC.2006.279831
10.1017/CBO9781139050463
10.1016/j.apsusc.2020.145329
10.12783/dteees/epee2017/18173
10.3390/ma14020461
10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.05.093
10.7551/mitpress/2551.001.0001
10.1016/j.actaastro.2019.12.032
10.1557/mrs.2012.225
10.1007/s10854-017-7422-4
10.1016/j.solener.2019.03.037
10.1007/s11214-017-0405-1
10.5028/jatm.v8i3.699
10.1016/0031-8914(67)90062-6
10.4271/981260
10.1109/JPHOTOV.2014.2299395
10.1016/j.ijleo.2020.165532
10.1051/e3sconf/20171603010
10.1017/CBO9780511623004
10.1016/j.renene.2016.10.014
10.1051/e3sconf/20171618004
10.1063/1.4732359
10.5772/intechopen.94365
10.1063/1.4822190
10.1016/j.solmat.2020.110653
10.1016/B0-12-176480-X/00332-6
10.1109/PVSC.2016.7749783
10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2021.116656
10.1016/j.rser.2018.03.114
10.1016/j.solmat.2021.110971
10.1109/PVSC.1996.563943
ContentType Journal Article
Copyright 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
2021 by the authors. 2021
Copyright_xml – notice: 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
– notice: 2021 by the authors. 2021
DBID AAYXX
CITATION
7SR
8FD
8FE
8FG
ABJCF
ABUWG
AFKRA
AZQEC
BENPR
BGLVJ
CCPQU
D1I
DWQXO
HCIFZ
JG9
KB.
PDBOC
PHGZM
PHGZT
PIMPY
PKEHL
PQEST
PQGLB
PQQKQ
PQUKI
PRINS
7X8
5PM
DOI 10.3390/ma14113075
DatabaseName CrossRef
Engineered Materials Abstracts
Technology Research Database
ProQuest SciTech Collection
ProQuest Technology Collection
Materials Science & Engineering Collection
ProQuest Central (Alumni)
ProQuest Central UK/Ireland
ProQuest Central Essentials
ProQuest Central
Technology Collection
ProQuest One Community College
ProQuest Materials Science Collection
ProQuest Central Korea
SciTech Premium Collection
Materials Research Database
Materials Science Database
Materials Science Collection
ProQuest Central Premium
ProQuest One Academic
Publicly Available Content Database
ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New)
ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)
ProQuest One Applied & Life Sciences
ProQuest One Academic
ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition
ProQuest Central China
MEDLINE - Academic
PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)
DatabaseTitle CrossRef
Publicly Available Content Database
Materials Research Database
Technology Collection
Technology Research Database
ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New)
ProQuest Central Essentials
Materials Science Collection
ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)
SciTech Premium Collection
ProQuest One Community College
ProQuest Central China
ProQuest Central
ProQuest One Applied & Life Sciences
Engineered Materials Abstracts
ProQuest Central Korea
Materials Science Database
ProQuest Central (New)
ProQuest Materials Science Collection
ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition
ProQuest Technology Collection
ProQuest SciTech Collection
ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition
Materials Science & Engineering Collection
ProQuest One Academic
ProQuest One Academic (New)
MEDLINE - Academic
DatabaseTitleList MEDLINE - Academic
CrossRef

Publicly Available Content Database
Database_xml – sequence: 1
  dbid: 8FG
  name: ProQuest Technology Collection
  url: https://search.proquest.com/technologycollection1
  sourceTypes: Aggregation Database
DeliveryMethod fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline Engineering
EISSN 1996-1944
ExternalDocumentID PMC8200097
10_3390_ma14113075
GroupedDBID 29M
2WC
2XV
53G
5GY
5VS
8FE
8FG
AADQD
AAFWJ
AAHBH
AAYXX
ABDBF
ABJCF
ACUHS
ADBBV
ADMLS
AENEX
AFKRA
AFZYC
ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS
AOIJS
BCNDV
BENPR
BGLVJ
CCPQU
CITATION
CZ9
D1I
E3Z
EBS
ESX
FRP
GX1
HCIFZ
HH5
HYE
I-F
IAO
ITC
KB.
KC.
KQ8
MK~
MODMG
M~E
OK1
OVT
P2P
PDBOC
PGMZT
PHGZM
PHGZT
PIMPY
PROAC
RPM
TR2
TUS
7SR
8FD
ABUWG
AZQEC
DWQXO
JG9
PKEHL
PQEST
PQGLB
PQQKQ
PQUKI
PRINS
7X8
5PM
ID FETCH-LOGICAL-c383t-64e56242d327836e05b5f02af8189650e04622713e859af135ab35e1aaf184653
IEDL.DBID BENPR
ISSN 1996-1944
IngestDate Thu Aug 21 18:32:52 EDT 2025
Fri Jul 11 12:31:05 EDT 2025
Fri Jul 25 12:05:04 EDT 2025
Tue Jul 01 03:41:39 EDT 2025
Thu Apr 24 22:54:10 EDT 2025
IsDoiOpenAccess true
IsOpenAccess true
IsPeerReviewed true
IsScholarly true
Issue 11
Language English
License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
LinkModel DirectLink
MergedId FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c383t-64e56242d327836e05b5f02af8189650e04622713e859af135ab35e1aaf184653
Notes ObjectType-Article-1
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
ObjectType-Feature-2
content type line 14
ObjectType-Review-3
content type line 23
ORCID 0000-0003-1311-7657
0000-0002-6823-5725
0000-0001-8145-604X
0000-0003-2297-2890
OpenAccessLink https://www.proquest.com/docview/2539936706?pq-origsite=%requestingapplication%
PMID 34199850
PQID 2539936706
PQPubID 2032366
ParticipantIDs pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_8200097
proquest_miscellaneous_2548402910
proquest_journals_2539936706
crossref_citationtrail_10_3390_ma14113075
crossref_primary_10_3390_ma14113075
ProviderPackageCode CITATION
AAYXX
PublicationCentury 2000
PublicationDate 20210604
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 2021-06-04
PublicationDate_xml – month: 6
  year: 2021
  text: 20210604
  day: 4
PublicationDecade 2020
PublicationPlace Basel
PublicationPlace_xml – name: Basel
PublicationTitle Materials
PublicationYear 2021
Publisher MDPI AG
MDPI
Publisher_xml – name: MDPI AG
– name: MDPI
References Rodziewicz (ref_13) 2016; 23
ref_14
Steiner (ref_51) 2015; 23
ref_58
ref_57
ref_11
ref_10
Huang (ref_25) 2020; 208
Slooff (ref_56) 2008; 2
Li (ref_12) 2021; 224
ref_17
ref_16
ref_15
ref_59
Sasaki (ref_45) 2013; Volume 1556
Sharma (ref_20) 2012; 1451
Kim (ref_24) 2019; 200
ref_60
Hu (ref_78) 2008; 266
Lauretta (ref_62) 2017; 212
ref_69
Warmann (ref_48) 2020; 170
ref_68
ref_23
ref_67
ref_66
ref_21
Devezas (ref_33) 2016; 8
Vurgaftman (ref_19) 2001; 89
ref_64
ref_63
Tu (ref_22) 1987; 91
ref_29
ref_28
Kasaeian (ref_44) 2018; 91
ref_27
Dallaev (ref_74) 2019; Volume 23
Yamaguchi (ref_7) 2016; 55
Li (ref_77) 2020; 223
ref_71
Toyota (ref_61) 2017; 16
ref_36
ref_35
Varshni (ref_18) 1967; 34
ref_34
Geisz (ref_8) 2020; 5
ref_32
ref_31
ref_75
Kayes (ref_30) 2014; 4
ref_73
Sobola (ref_76) 2017; 28
Arickx (ref_4) 2017; 16
ref_39
ref_38
Sobola (ref_70) 2018; 461
Gruginskie (ref_79) 2021; 223
ref_37
Habchi (ref_55) 2021; 192
Wiesenfarth (ref_52) 2019; Volume 2149
Widyolar (ref_54) 2017; 101
Sobola (ref_72) 2020; 527
ref_80
Awan (ref_53) 2019; 183
Cotal (ref_65) 2009; 2
Dallaev (ref_50) 2020; 510
ref_47
ref_46
ref_43
ref_41
ref_40
ref_1
Hagar (ref_26) 2020; 215
ref_3
ref_2
ref_49
Darbe (ref_9) 2019; 7
ref_5
Smith (ref_42) 2012; 37
ref_6
References_xml – volume: 200
  start-page: 109984
  year: 2019
  ident: ref_24
  article-title: 1080 nm InGaAs laser power converters grown by MOCVD using InAlGaAs metamorphic buffer layers
  publication-title: Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells
  doi: 10.1016/j.solmat.2019.109984
– volume: 55
  start-page: 04EA05
  year: 2016
  ident: ref_7
  article-title: Recent results for concentrator photovoltaics in Japan
  publication-title: Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.
  doi: 10.7567/JJAP.55.04EA05
– volume: 23
  start-page: 1323
  year: 2015
  ident: ref_51
  article-title: FLATCON® CPV module with 36.7% efficiency equipped with four-junction solar cells
  publication-title: Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl.
  doi: 10.1002/pip.2568
– ident: ref_49
– ident: ref_5
– ident: ref_57
  doi: 10.1016/B978-185617390-2/50017-9
– ident: ref_71
  doi: 10.1117/12.2292673
– volume: 7
  start-page: 2572
  year: 2019
  ident: ref_9
  article-title: Simulation and partial prototyping of an eight-junction holographic spectrum-splitting photovoltaic module
  publication-title: Energy Sci. Eng.
  doi: 10.1002/ese3.445
– ident: ref_68
– volume: 224
  start-page: 111022
  year: 2021
  ident: ref_12
  article-title: 1 MeV electron and 10 MeV proton irradiation effects on inverted metamorphic GaInP/GaAs/InGaAs triple junction solar cell
  publication-title: Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells
  doi: 10.1016/j.solmat.2021.111022
– ident: ref_16
– ident: ref_23
  doi: 10.1201/9781003069621-17
– ident: ref_39
– volume: 2
  start-page: 257
  year: 2008
  ident: ref_56
  article-title: A luminescent solar concentrator with 7.1% power conversion efficiency
  publication-title: Phys. Status Solidi RRL Rapid Res. Lett.
  doi: 10.1002/pssr.200802186
– ident: ref_1
– ident: ref_35
– ident: ref_58
– volume: Volume 23
  start-page: 595
  year: 2019
  ident: ref_74
  article-title: Microstructural investigation of defects in photovoltaic cells by the electron beam-induced current method
  publication-title: Procedia Structural Integrity
  doi: 10.1016/j.prostr.2020.01.151
– volume: 5
  start-page: 326
  year: 2020
  ident: ref_8
  article-title: Six-junction III–V solar cells with 47.1% conversion efficiency under 143 Suns concentration
  publication-title: Nat. Energy
  doi: 10.1038/s41560-020-0598-5
– volume: 89
  start-page: 5815
  year: 2001
  ident: ref_19
  article-title: Band parameters for III-V compound semiconductors and their alloys
  publication-title: J. Appl. Phys.
  doi: 10.1063/1.1368156
– volume: 2
  start-page: 174
  year: 2009
  ident: ref_65
  article-title: III-V multijunction solar cells for concentrating photovoltaics
  publication-title: Energy Environ. Sci.
  doi: 10.1039/B809257E
– ident: ref_41
– volume: 208
  start-page: 110398
  year: 2020
  ident: ref_25
  article-title: Flexible four-junction inverted metamorphic AlGaInP/AlGaAs/ In0.17Ga0.83As/In0.47Ga0.53As solar cell
  publication-title: Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells
  doi: 10.1016/j.solmat.2020.110398
– ident: ref_38
– volume: 527
  start-page: 146766
  year: 2020
  ident: ref_72
  article-title: Effect of gamma radiation on properties and performance of GaAs based solar cells
  publication-title: Appl. Surf. Sci.
  doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2020.146766
– ident: ref_17
– ident: ref_59
– ident: ref_31
  doi: 10.1109/PVSC.2015.7356137
– volume: Volume 2149
  start-page: 030007
  year: 2019
  ident: ref_52
  article-title: FLATCON® CPV module technology: A new design based on the evaluation of 10 years of outdoor measurement data
  publication-title: AIP Conference Proceedings
  doi: 10.1063/1.5124184
– volume: 91
  start-page: 359
  year: 1987
  ident: ref_22
  article-title: Lattice-Matched Gaas/Ca 0.45 Sr 0.55 F 2/Ge(100) Heterostrucuures Grown By Molecular Beam Epitaxy
  publication-title: MRS Proc.
  doi: 10.1557/PROC-91-359
– volume: 266
  start-page: 267
  year: 2008
  ident: ref_78
  article-title: A study on the degradation of GaAs/Ge solar cells irradiated by <200 keV protons
  publication-title: Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms
  doi: 10.1016/j.nimb.2007.11.010
– ident: ref_28
– ident: ref_11
  doi: 10.1109/WCPEC.2006.279831
– ident: ref_3
– ident: ref_69
  doi: 10.1017/CBO9781139050463
– ident: ref_34
– volume: 510
  start-page: 145329
  year: 2020
  ident: ref_50
  article-title: Performance analysis of GaAs based solar cells under gamma irradiation
  publication-title: Appl. Surf. Sci.
  doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2020.145329
– ident: ref_47
– ident: ref_14
  doi: 10.12783/dteees/epee2017/18173
– ident: ref_73
  doi: 10.3390/ma14020461
– volume: 461
  start-page: 212
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_70
  article-title: Degradation analysis of GaAs solar cells at thermal stress
  publication-title: Appl. Surf. Sci.
  doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.05.093
– ident: ref_66
  doi: 10.7551/mitpress/2551.001.0001
– volume: 170
  start-page: 443
  year: 2020
  ident: ref_48
  article-title: An ultralight concentrator photovoltaic system for space solar power harvesting
  publication-title: Acta Astronaut.
  doi: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2019.12.032
– volume: 37
  start-page: 794
  year: 2012
  ident: ref_42
  article-title: Alta Devices moves out of the lab and into the valley
  publication-title: MRS Bull.
  doi: 10.1557/mrs.2012.225
– ident: ref_40
– volume: 28
  start-page: 15370
  year: 2017
  ident: ref_76
  article-title: Micromorphology investigation of GaAs solar cells: Case study on statistical surface roughness parameters
  publication-title: J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron.
  doi: 10.1007/s10854-017-7422-4
– ident: ref_37
– ident: ref_63
– volume: 183
  start-page: 551
  year: 2019
  ident: ref_53
  article-title: Design and comparative analysis of photovoltaic and parabolic trough based CSP plants
  publication-title: Sol. Energy
  doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2019.03.037
– volume: 212
  start-page: 925
  year: 2017
  ident: ref_62
  article-title: OSIRIS-REx: Sample Return from Asteroid (101955) Bennu
  publication-title: Space Sci. Rev.
  doi: 10.1007/s11214-017-0405-1
– ident: ref_21
– volume: 8
  start-page: 249
  year: 2016
  ident: ref_33
  article-title: High-altitude platforms—Present situation and technology trends
  publication-title: J. Aerosp. Technol. Manag.
  doi: 10.5028/jatm.v8i3.699
– volume: 34
  start-page: 149
  year: 1967
  ident: ref_18
  article-title: Temperature dependence of the energy gap in semiconductors
  publication-title: Physica
  doi: 10.1016/0031-8914(67)90062-6
– ident: ref_27
  doi: 10.4271/981260
– volume: 4
  start-page: 729
  year: 2014
  ident: ref_30
  article-title: Flexible thin-film tandem solar cells with >30% efficiency
  publication-title: IEEE J. Photovolt.
  doi: 10.1109/JPHOTOV.2014.2299395
– volume: 223
  start-page: 165532
  year: 2020
  ident: ref_77
  article-title: Theoretical simulation of the degradation on GaAs sub-cell with different defects induced by 1MeV electron irradiation
  publication-title: Optik
  doi: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2020.165532
– volume: 16
  start-page: 03010
  year: 2017
  ident: ref_4
  article-title: The Next Generation of Germanium Substrates: ExpogerTM
  publication-title: E3S Web Conf.
  doi: 10.1051/e3sconf/20171603010
– ident: ref_67
  doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511623004
– ident: ref_6
– volume: 101
  start-page: 1379
  year: 2017
  ident: ref_54
  article-title: Design, simulation and experimental characterization of a novel parabolic trough hybrid solar photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) collector
  publication-title: Renew. Energy
  doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2016.10.014
– ident: ref_75
– volume: 16
  start-page: 18004
  year: 2017
  ident: ref_61
  article-title: On-Orbit Operations of A Power System For Japan’s Venus Explorer Akatsuki
  publication-title: E3S Web Conf.
  doi: 10.1051/e3sconf/20171618004
– volume: 1451
  start-page: 18
  year: 2012
  ident: ref_20
  article-title: MOVPE and MBE growth of semiconductor thin films
  publication-title: AIP Conf. Proc.
  doi: 10.1063/1.4732359
– ident: ref_2
– ident: ref_80
  doi: 10.5772/intechopen.94365
– volume: Volume 1556
  start-page: 22
  year: 2013
  ident: ref_45
  article-title: Development of InGaP/GaAs/InGaAs inverted triple junction concentrator solar cells
  publication-title: AIP Conference Proceedings
  doi: 10.1063/1.4822190
– ident: ref_46
– volume: 215
  start-page: 110653
  year: 2020
  ident: ref_26
  article-title: Multi-junction solar cells by Intermetallic Bonding and interconnect of Dissimilar Materials: GaAs/Si
  publication-title: Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells
  doi: 10.1016/j.solmat.2020.110653
– ident: ref_15
– ident: ref_64
– ident: ref_10
  doi: 10.1016/B0-12-176480-X/00332-6
– ident: ref_36
– ident: ref_43
– ident: ref_60
– volume: 23
  start-page: 9
  year: 2016
  ident: ref_13
  article-title: Photovoltaics: Solar energy resources and the possibility of their use
  publication-title: Ecol. Chem. Eng. S
– ident: ref_32
  doi: 10.1109/PVSC.2016.7749783
– volume: 192
  start-page: 116656
  year: 2021
  ident: ref_55
  article-title: Performance study of a new hybrid parabolic trough collector system integrated with hybrid tubular thermoelectric generator
  publication-title: Appl. Therm. Eng.
  doi: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2021.116656
– volume: 91
  start-page: 193
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_44
  article-title: A review on parabolic trough/Fresnel based photovoltaic thermal systems
  publication-title: Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.
  doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2018.03.114
– volume: 223
  start-page: 110971
  year: 2021
  ident: ref_79
  article-title: Proton irradiation induced GaAs solar cell performance degradation simulations using a physics-based model
  publication-title: Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells
  doi: 10.1016/j.solmat.2021.110971
– ident: ref_29
  doi: 10.1109/PVSC.1996.563943
SSID ssj0000331829
Score 2.5277748
SecondaryResourceType review_article
Snippet As widely-available silicon solar cells, the development of GaAs-based solar cells has been ongoing for many years. Although cells on the gallium arsenide...
SourceID pubmedcentral
proquest
crossref
SourceType Open Access Repository
Aggregation Database
Enrichment Source
Index Database
StartPage 3075
SubjectTerms Arsenic
Border patrol
Chemical elements
Efficiency
Gallium arsenide
Intermetallic compounds
Molecular beam epitaxy
Photovoltaic cells
Prices
Radiation
Review
Silicon
Solar cells
Unmanned aerial vehicles
Title Overview of the Current State of Gallium Arsenide-Based Solar Cells
URI https://www.proquest.com/docview/2539936706
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2548402910
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC8200097
Volume 14
hasFullText 1
inHoldings 1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
link http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwfV1LS8NAEB60XvQgPrFaS0QvHoLJJtsmJ9FiWwQf-IDewm52goU0rbbVv-9Mu32BeEuySxZmdue1M98AXEjUCoVCVyqPS3KUdJWItStMpo2f-nFa59rhh8da-z2878iODbgNbVrlTCZOBLXppxwjvxIMocpoY7XrwafLXaP4dtW20FiHDRLBUVSCjdu7x-eXeZTFC2jPiniKSxqQf3_VU37ok-DmxMJlTbQwL1eTI5e0TXMHtq2Z6NxM-boLa1jswdYSeOA-NJ6--Zzjj9PPHDLjHAu15EzsR_7YUnneHffoL0MsugbdW1JZxnllb9ZpYJ4PD-C9effWaLu2JYKbkis5cmshSq7oMAF3yKihJ7XMPKEy0rsxGVvItaaCHE-MZKwyP5BKBxJ9Rc8RQ6kdQqnoF3gEjokx0EZmpi5T8tFSFWsUns5UPQrDTIoyXM7Ik6QWL5zbVuQJ-Q1MymRByjKcz-cOpigZf86qzKic2JMyTBZ8LcPZfJj2OF9cqAL7Y54Tkh8qyLIpQ32FO_PVGCV7daTofkzQsiMxKVY5_n_xE9gUnK3C8ZWwAqXR1xhPydwY6SqsR81W1e4semt1_F8ow9io
linkProvider ProQuest
linkToHtml http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwtV1Lb9swDCba7rD2MOyJeks7DdsOOxixZSuJD0OxZkuTpe0OS4DcXMmi0QCu0y3Jgv2p_saSjp0HMOzWm2EJEkBRIj-J_AjwQaHRKDW6SnuckqOVq2VkXGlTY_3Ej5Im5w5fXDa6w_D7SI124K7KheGwyupMLA5qO0n4jrwumUKV2cYaJ7e_XK4axa-rVQmNpVr08e-CINv0c-8rre9HKTvfBu2uW1YVcBNCYzO3EaLipAgbcJGJBnrKqNSTOiXTFZG_gpyuKQm7YUtFOvUDpU2g0Nf03WI2Mhp3Fx6FAVlyzkzvnK3udLyAdoiMliyo1O7Vb7Qf-mQmOIxx0-6tndntUMwN29Z5Ck9Kp1R8WWrRM9jB_DkcbFAVvoD2jz98quBCTFJBTqMoiZ1E4a3yzzOdZeP5DY0yxXxs0T0lA2nFT8bOoo1ZNn0JwwcR1SvYyyc5HoKwEQbGqtQ2VUKIMNGRQemZVDdbYZgq6cCnSjxxUrKTc5GMLCaUwqKM16J04P2q7-2Sk-OfvWqVlONyX07jtRY58G7VTDuKn0l0jpM59wkJ9Uryoxxobq3Oajbm5N5uycfXBTd3SxapMa__P_lbeNwdXJzH573L_hvYlxwnwzc7YQ32Zr_neESOzswcF9ol4Oqh1fkeFbgPhA
linkToPdf http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwtV3db9MwED-NTkLwMAFjotsYRowHHqImTtw0Dwht3crGoEz7kPqW2fFZq5Slg7ZM_Gv8ddy1ST-kaW97i2LLls5n3_3su98B7Co0GqVGT2mfU3K08rRMjCetMzbIgiSLOXf4R7d5dBl966neCvyrcmE4rLI6EycHtR1kfEfekEyhymxjzYYrwyJODzpfbn95XEGKX1qrchpTFTnBv3cE34afjw9orT9K2Tm8aB95ZYUBLyNkNvKaESpOkLAhF5xooq-Mcr7UjsxYQr4LcuqmJByHLZVoF4RKm1BhoOm7xcxkNO4TWI0ZFdVgdf-we3o2u-HxQ9ovMplyooZh4jdudBAFZDQ4qHHRCs5d2-XAzAVL13kBa6WLKvamOvUSVrB4Bc8XiAvXof3zD58xeCcGTpALKUqaJzHxXfnnV53n_fENjTLEom_R2ydzacU5I2nRxjwfvobLRxHWBtSKQYFvQNgEQ2OVs7HKCB9mOjEofeN03Ioip2QdPlXiSbOSq5xLZuQpYRYWZToXZR0-zPreThk67u21XUk5LXfpMJ3rVB3ez5ppf_GjiS5wMOY-EWFgSV5VHeKl1ZnNxgzdyy1F_3rC1N2Sk0SZzYcnfwdPSZXT78fdky14Jjlohq95om2ojX6P8S15PSOzU6qXgKvH1uj_M9EVFg
openUrl ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Overview+of+the+Current+State+of+Gallium+Arsenide-Based+Solar+Cells&rft.jtitle=Materials&rft.au=Pape%C5%BE%2C+Nikola&rft.au=Rashid+Dallaev&rft.au=%C5%A2%C4%83lu%2C+%C5%9Etefan&rft.au=Ka%C5%A1tyl%2C+Jaroslav&rft.date=2021-06-04&rft.pub=MDPI+AG&rft.eissn=1996-1944&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=11&rft.spage=3075&rft_id=info:doi/10.3390%2Fma14113075&rft.externalDBID=HAS_PDF_LINK
thumbnail_l http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=1996-1944&client=summon
thumbnail_m http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=1996-1944&client=summon
thumbnail_s http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=1996-1944&client=summon