A trait-based framework for predicting foodborne pathogen risk from wild birds

Recent foodborne illness outbreaks have heightened pressures on growers to deter wildlife from farms, jeopardizing conservation efforts. However, it remains unclear which species, particularly birds, pose the greatest risk to food safety. Using >11,000 pathogen tests and 1565 bird surveys coverin...

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Published inEcological applications Vol. 32; no. 2; p. e2523
Main Authors Smith, Olivia M, Olimpi, Elissa M, Navarro-Gonzalez, Nora, Cornell, Kevin A, Frishkoff, Luke O, Northfield, Tobin D, Bowles, Timothy M, Edworthy, Max, Eilers, Johnna, Fu, Zhen, Garcia, Karina, Gonthier, David J, Jones, Matthew S, Kennedy, Christina M, Latimer, Christopher E, Owen, Jeb P, Sato, Chika, Taylor, Joseph M, Wilson-Rankin, Erin E, Snyder, William E, Karp, Daniel S
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published United States 01.03.2022
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Abstract Recent foodborne illness outbreaks have heightened pressures on growers to deter wildlife from farms, jeopardizing conservation efforts. However, it remains unclear which species, particularly birds, pose the greatest risk to food safety. Using >11,000 pathogen tests and 1565 bird surveys covering 139 bird species from across the western United States, we examined the importance of 11 traits in mediating wild bird risk to food safety. We tested whether traits associated with pathogen exposure (e.g., habitat associations, movement, and foraging strategy) and pace-of-life (clutch size and generation length) mediated foodborne pathogen prevalence and proclivities to enter farm fields and defecate on crops. Campylobacter spp. were the most prevalent enteric pathogen (8.0%), while Salmonella and Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) were rare (0.46% and 0.22% prevalence, respectively). We found that several traits related to pathogen exposure predicted pathogen prevalence. Specifically, Campylobacter and STEC-associated virulence genes were more often detected in species associated with cattle feedlots and bird feeders, respectively. Campylobacter was also more prevalent in species that consumed plants and had longer generation lengths. We found that species associated with feedlots were more likely to enter fields and defecate on crops. Our results indicated that canopy-foraging insectivores were less likely to deposit foodborne pathogens on crops, suggesting growers may be able to promote pest-eating birds and birds of conservation concern (e.g., via nest boxes) without necessarily compromising food safety. As such, promoting insectivorous birds may represent a win-win-win for bird conservation, crop production, and food safety. Collectively, our results suggest that separating crop production from livestock farming may be the best way to lower food safety risks from birds. More broadly, our trait-based framework suggests a path forward for co-managing wildlife conservation and food safety risks in farmlands by providing a strategy for holistically evaluating the food safety risks of wild animals, including under-studied species.
AbstractList Recent foodborne illness outbreaks have heightened pressures on growers to deter wildlife from farms, jeopardizing conservation efforts. However, it remains unclear which species, particularly birds, pose the greatest risk to food safety. Using >11,000 pathogen tests and 1565 bird surveys covering 139 bird species from across the western United States, we examined the importance of 11 traits in mediating wild bird risk to food safety. We tested whether traits associated with pathogen exposure (e.g., habitat associations, movement, and foraging strategy) and pace-of-life (clutch size and generation length) mediated foodborne pathogen prevalence and proclivities to enter farm fields and defecate on crops. Campylobacter spp. were the most prevalent enteric pathogen (8.0%), while Salmonella and Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) were rare (0.46% and 0.22% prevalence, respectively). We found that several traits related to pathogen exposure predicted pathogen prevalence. Specifically, Campylobacter and STEC-associated virulence genes were more often detected in species associated with cattle feedlots and bird feeders, respectively. Campylobacter was also more prevalent in species that consumed plants and had longer generation lengths. We found that species associated with feedlots were more likely to enter fields and defecate on crops. Our results indicated that canopy-foraging insectivores were less likely to deposit foodborne pathogens on crops, suggesting growers may be able to promote pest-eating birds and birds of conservation concern (e.g., via nest boxes) without necessarily compromising food safety. As such, promoting insectivorous birds may represent a win-win-win for bird conservation, crop production, and food safety. Collectively, our results suggest that separating crop production from livestock farming may be the best way to lower food safety risks from birds. More broadly, our trait-based framework suggests a path forward for co-managing wildlife conservation and food safety risks in farmlands by providing a strategy for holistically evaluating the food safety risks of wild animals, including under-studied species.
Author Snyder, William E
Gonthier, David J
Taylor, Joseph M
Cornell, Kevin A
Eilers, Johnna
Jones, Matthew S
Kennedy, Christina M
Olimpi, Elissa M
Latimer, Christopher E
Sato, Chika
Wilson-Rankin, Erin E
Garcia, Karina
Fu, Zhen
Owen, Jeb P
Karp, Daniel S
Navarro-Gonzalez, Nora
Smith, Olivia M
Northfield, Tobin D
Edworthy, Max
Frishkoff, Luke O
Bowles, Timothy M
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  organization: Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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  organization: Centre for Tropical Environmental Sustainability Science, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
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  organization: Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
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  organization: Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
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  organization: Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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  organization: Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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  organization: Department of Entomology, Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Wenatchee, Washington, USA
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  organization: Global Protect Oceans, Lands and Waters Program, The Nature Conservancy, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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  organization: Global Protect Oceans, Lands and Waters Program, The Nature Conservancy, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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  organization: Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
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  organization: Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
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  surname: Karp
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  organization: Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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Keywords feedlot
food safety
wild birds
Campylobacter spp
Salmonella spp
Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli
species traits
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Snippet Recent foodborne illness outbreaks have heightened pressures on growers to deter wildlife from farms, jeopardizing conservation efforts. However, it remains...
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StartPage e2523
SubjectTerms Animals
Animals, Wild
Birds
Cattle
Farms
Salmonella
Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli
United States
Title A trait-based framework for predicting foodborne pathogen risk from wild birds
URI https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34921463
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