Efficiency of solar wind energy coupling to the ionosphere
We present a statistical investigation into the variations of the ionospheric energy coupling efficiencies with the solar wind energy input, the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) clock angle and the solar wind dynamic pressure. The ionospheric energy coupling efficiencies are defined as the ratios...
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| Published in | Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics Vol. 117; no. A7; pp. np - n/a |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Washington, DC
Blackwell Publishing Ltd
01.07.2012
American Geophysical Union |
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| Abstract | We present a statistical investigation into the variations of the ionospheric energy coupling efficiencies with the solar wind energy input, the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) clock angle and the solar wind dynamic pressure. The ionospheric energy coupling efficiencies are defined as the ratios of the ionospheric energy deposition (namely auroral precipitation, Joule heating, and their total) to the solar wind energy input. We find that the ionospheric energy coupling efficiencies decrease exponentially with the solar wind energy input. Moreover, it is the same case under geomagnetic storm conditions. Our results also show that the energy coupling efficiencies are dependent on the IMF clock angle and almost independent of the solar wind dynamic pressure. These results will help us estimate and predict energy transfer from the solar wind to the thermosphere‐ionosphere system under extreme space weather conditions, particularly severe geomagnetic storms.
Key Points
The efficiencies decrease exponentially with the solar wind energy input
The efficiencies are dependent on the IMF clock angle
The efficiencies are almost independent of the solar wind dynamic pressure |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | We present a statistical investigation into the variations of the ionospheric energy coupling efficiencies with the solar wind energy input, the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) clock angle and the solar wind dynamic pressure. The ionospheric energy coupling efficiencies are defined as the ratios of the ionospheric energy deposition (namely auroral precipitation, Joule heating, and their total) to the solar wind energy input. We find that the ionospheric energy coupling efficiencies decrease exponentially with the solar wind energy input. Moreover, it is the same case under geomagnetic storm conditions. Our results also show that the energy coupling efficiencies are dependent on the IMF clock angle and almost independent of the solar wind dynamic pressure. These results will help us estimate and predict energy transfer from the solar wind to the thermosphere‐ionosphere system under extreme space weather conditions, particularly severe geomagnetic storms.
The efficiencies decrease exponentially with the solar wind energy input
The efficiencies are dependent on the IMF clock angle
The efficiencies are almost independent of the solar wind dynamic pressure We present a statistical investigation into the variations of the ionospheric energy coupling efficiencies with the solar wind energy input, the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) clock angle and the solar wind dynamic pressure. The ionospheric energy coupling efficiencies are defined as the ratios of the ionospheric energy deposition (namely auroral precipitation, Joule heating, and their total) to the solar wind energy input. We find that the ionospheric energy coupling efficiencies decrease exponentially with the solar wind energy input. Moreover, it is the same case under geomagnetic storm conditions. Our results also show that the energy coupling efficiencies are dependent on the IMF clock angle and almost independent of the solar wind dynamic pressure. These results will help us estimate and predict energy transfer from the solar wind to the thermosphere‐ionosphere system under extreme space weather conditions, particularly severe geomagnetic storms. Key Points The efficiencies decrease exponentially with the solar wind energy input The efficiencies are dependent on the IMF clock angle The efficiencies are almost independent of the solar wind dynamic pressure We present a statistical investigation into the variations of the ionospheric energy coupling efficiencies with the solar wind energy input, the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) clock angle and the solar wind dynamic pressure. The ionospheric energy coupling efficiencies are defined as the ratios of the ionospheric energy deposition (namely auroral precipitation, Joule heating, and their total) to the solar wind energy input. We find that the ionospheric energy coupling efficiencies decrease exponentially with the solar wind energy input. Moreover, it is the same case under geomagnetic storm conditions. Our results also show that the energy coupling efficiencies are dependent on the IMF clock angle and almost independent of the solar wind dynamic pressure. These results will help us estimate and predict energy transfer from the solar wind to the thermosphere-ionosphere system under extreme space weather conditions, particularly severe geomagnetic storms. Key Points * The efficiencies decrease exponentially with the solar wind energy input * The efficiencies are dependent on the IMF clock angle * The efficiencies are almost independent of the solar wind dynamic pressure |
| Author | Emery, Barbara A. Wang, Yi Guo, Jianpeng Feng, Xueshang |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Jianpeng surname: Guo fullname: Guo, Jianpeng email: jpguo@spaceweather.ac.cn, jpguo@spaceweather.ac.cn organization: SIGMA Weather Group, State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, CSSAR, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China – sequence: 2 givenname: Xueshang surname: Feng fullname: Feng, Xueshang organization: SIGMA Weather Group, State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, CSSAR, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China – sequence: 3 givenname: Barbara A. surname: Emery fullname: Emery, Barbara A. organization: High Altitude Observatory, NCAR, Boulder, Colorado, USA – sequence: 4 givenname: Yi surname: Wang fullname: Wang, Yi organization: SIGMA Weather Group, State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, CSSAR, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China |
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| Keywords | Interplanetary magnetic field efficiency atmospheric precipitation energy transfer wind energy ionosphere North America solar wind Energy deposition coupling extreme value warming storms Dynamic pressure |
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| References | Akasofu, S.-I. (1981), Energy coupling between the solar wind and the magnetosphere, Space Sci. Rev., 28, 121-190, doi:10.1007/BF00218810. Tanskanen, E., T. I. Pulkkinen, H. E. J. Koskinen, and J. A. Slavin (2002), Substorm energy budget during low and high solar activity: 1997 and 1999 compared, J. Geophys. Res., 107(A6), 1086, doi:10.1029/2001JA900153. Turner, N. E., W. D. Cramer, S. K. Earles, and B. A. Emery (2009), Geoefficiency and energy partitioning in CIR-driven and CME-driven storms, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 71, 1023-1031, doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2009.02.005. Guo, J., X. Feng, J. M. Forbes, J. Lei, J. Zhang, and C. Tan (2010), On the relationship between thermosphere density and solar wind parameters during intense geomagnetic storms, J. Geophys. Res., 115, A12335, doi:10.1029/2010JA015971. Kan, J. R., and L. C. Lee (1979), Energy coupling and the solar wind dynamo, Geophys. Res. Lett., 6, 577-580, doi:10.1029/GL006i007p00577. Nakai, H., and Y. Kamide (1999), Solar cycle variations in the storm-substorm relationship, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 22,695-22,700, doi:10.1029/1999JA900278. Koskinen, H. E. J., and E. Tanskanen (2002), Magnetospheric energy budget and the epsilon parameter, J. Geophys. Res., 107(A11), 1415, doi:10.1029/2002JA009283. Emery, B. A., I. G. Richardson, D. S. Evans, R. J. Rich, and W. Xu (2009), Solar wind structure sources and periodicities of global electron hemispheric power over three solar cycles, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 71, 1157-1175, doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2008.08.005. Lu, G., et al. (1998), Global energy deposition during the January 1997 magnetic cloud event, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 11,685-11,694, doi:10.1029/98JA00897. Wang, H., and H. Lühr (2007), Seasonal-longitudinal variation of substorm occurrence frequency: Evidence for ionospheric control, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L07104, doi:10.1029/2007GL029423. Zhang, J., et al. (2007), Solar and interplanetary sources of major geomagnetic storms (Dst ≤ −100 nT) during 1996-2005, J. Geophys. Res., 112, A10102, doi:10.1029/2007JA012321. Knipp, D. J., et al. (1998), An overview of the early November 1993 geomagnetic storm, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 26,197-26,220, doi:10.1029/98JA00762. Wygant, J. R., R. B. Torbert, and F. S. Mozer (1983), Comparison of S3-3 polar cap potential drops with the interplanetary magnetic field and models of magnetopause reconnection, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 5727-5735, doi:10.1029/JA088iA07p05727. Palmroth, M., N. Partamies, J. Polvi, T. I. Pulkkinen, D. J. McComas, R. J. Barnes, P. Stauning, C. W. Smith, H. J. Singer, and R. Vainio (2007), Solar wind-magnetosphere coupling efficiency for solar wind pressure impulses, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L11101, doi:10.1029/2006GL029059. Shue, J.-H., and Y. Kamide (2001), Effects of solar wind density on auroral electrojets, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 2181-2184, doi:10.1029/2000GL012858. Palmroth, M., P. Janhunen, T. I. Pulkkinen, and H. E. J. Koskinen (2004), Ionospheric energy input as a function of solar wind parameters: Global MHD simulation results, Ann. Geophys., 22, 549-566, doi:10.5194/angeo-22-549-2004. Newell, P. T., T. Sotirelis, K. Liou, C.-I. Meng, and F. J. Rich (2007), A nearly universal solar wind-magnetosphere coupling function inferred from 10 magnetospheric state variables, J. Geophys. Res., 112, A01206, doi:10.1029/2006JA012015. Pulkkinen, T. I., N. Partamies, R. L. McPherron, M. Henderson, G. D. Reeves, M. F. Thomsen, and H. J. Singer (2007), Comparative statistical analysis of storm time activations and sawtooth events, J. Geophys. Res., 112, A01205, doi:10.1029/2006JA012024. Knipp, D. J., W. K. Tobiska, and B. A. Emery (2004), Direct and indirect thermospheric heating sources for solar cycles 21-23, Sol. Phys., 224, 495-505, doi:10.1007/s11207-005-6393-4. Boudouridis, A., E. Zesta, L. R. Lyons, P. C. Anderson, and D. Lummerzheim (2005), Enhanced solar wind geoeffectiveness after a sudden increase in dynamic pressure during southward IMF orientation, J. Geophys. Res., 110, A05214, doi:10.1029/2004JA010704. Nagatsuma, T. (2006), Diurnal, semiannual, and solar cycle variations of solar wind-magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling, J. Geophys. Res., 111, A09202, doi:10.1029/2005JA011122. Codrescu, M. V., T. J. Fuller-Rowell, R. G. Roble, and D. S. Evans (1997), Medium energy particle precipitation influences on the mesosphere and lower thermosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 102(A9), 19,977-19,987, doi:10.1029/97JA01728. Emery, B. A., V. Coumans, D. S. Evans, G. A. Germany, M. S. Greer, E. Holeman, K. Kadinsky-Cade, R. J. Rich, and W. Xu (2008), Seasonal, Kp, solar wind, and solar flux variations in long-term single-pass satellite estimates of electron and ion auroral hemispheric power, J. Geophys. Res., 113, A06311, doi:10.1029/2007JA012866. Fang, X., M. W. Liemohn, J. U. Kozyra, D. S. Evans, A. D. DeJong, and B. A. Emery (2007), Global 30-240 keV proton precipitation in the 17-18 April 2002 geomagnetic storms: 1. Patterns, J. Geophys. Res., 112, A05301, doi:10.1029/2006JA011867. Kivelson, M. G., and A. J. Ridley (2008), Saturation of the polar cap potential: Inference from Alfvén wing arguments, J. Geophys. Res., 113, A05214, doi:10.1029/2007JA012302. Perreault, P., and S.-I. Akasofu (1978), A study of geomagnetic storms, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 54, 547-573, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1978.tb05494.x. Guo, J., X. Feng, B. A. Emery, J. Zhang, C. Xiang, F. Shen, and W. Song (2011), Energy transfer during intense geomagnetic storms driven by interplanetary coronal mass ejections and their sheath regions, J. Geophys. Res., 116, A05106, doi:10.1029/2011JA016490. Turner, N. E., D. N. Baker, T. I. Pulkkinen, J. L. Roeder, J. F. Fennell, and V. K. Jordanova (2001), Energy content in the storm time ring current, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 19,149-19,156, doi:10.1029/2000JA003025. Mac-Mahon, R. M., and W. D. Gonzalez (1997), Energetics during the main phase of geomagnetic superstorms, J. Geophys. Res., 102(A7), 14,199-14,207, doi:10.1029/97JA01151. 1997; 102 2011; 116 2004; 22 2007; 112 2004; 224 2005; 110 1978; 54 2009; 71 2010; 115 2000; 118 1979; 6 2002; 107 2006 1981; 28 1998; 103 2001; 28 2008; 113 1999; 104 2007; 34 2006; 111 2001; 106 1983; 88 e_1_2_6_32_1 e_1_2_6_10_1 e_1_2_6_31_1 e_1_2_6_30_1 e_1_2_6_19_1 e_1_2_6_13_1 e_1_2_6_14_1 e_1_2_6_11_1 e_1_2_6_12_1 e_1_2_6_17_1 e_1_2_6_18_1 e_1_2_6_15_1 e_1_2_6_16_1 e_1_2_6_21_1 e_1_2_6_20_1 e_1_2_6_9_1 e_1_2_6_8_1 e_1_2_6_5_1 e_1_2_6_4_1 e_1_2_6_7_1 e_1_2_6_6_1 e_1_2_6_25_1 e_1_2_6_24_1 e_1_2_6_3_1 e_1_2_6_23_1 e_1_2_6_2_1 e_1_2_6_22_1 e_1_2_6_29_1 e_1_2_6_28_1 e_1_2_6_27_1 e_1_2_6_26_1 |
| References_xml | – reference: Tanskanen, E., T. I. Pulkkinen, H. E. J. Koskinen, and J. A. Slavin (2002), Substorm energy budget during low and high solar activity: 1997 and 1999 compared, J. Geophys. Res., 107(A6), 1086, doi:10.1029/2001JA900153. – reference: Turner, N. E., W. D. Cramer, S. K. Earles, and B. A. Emery (2009), Geoefficiency and energy partitioning in CIR-driven and CME-driven storms, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 71, 1023-1031, doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2009.02.005. – reference: Emery, B. A., I. G. Richardson, D. S. Evans, R. J. Rich, and W. Xu (2009), Solar wind structure sources and periodicities of global electron hemispheric power over three solar cycles, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 71, 1157-1175, doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2008.08.005. – reference: Knipp, D. J., W. K. Tobiska, and B. A. Emery (2004), Direct and indirect thermospheric heating sources for solar cycles 21-23, Sol. Phys., 224, 495-505, doi:10.1007/s11207-005-6393-4. – reference: Zhang, J., et al. (2007), Solar and interplanetary sources of major geomagnetic storms (Dst ≤ −100 nT) during 1996-2005, J. Geophys. Res., 112, A10102, doi:10.1029/2007JA012321. – reference: Kivelson, M. G., and A. J. Ridley (2008), Saturation of the polar cap potential: Inference from Alfvén wing arguments, J. Geophys. Res., 113, A05214, doi:10.1029/2007JA012302. – reference: Perreault, P., and S.-I. Akasofu (1978), A study of geomagnetic storms, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 54, 547-573, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1978.tb05494.x. – reference: Fang, X., M. W. Liemohn, J. U. Kozyra, D. S. Evans, A. D. DeJong, and B. A. Emery (2007), Global 30-240 keV proton precipitation in the 17-18 April 2002 geomagnetic storms: 1. Patterns, J. Geophys. Res., 112, A05301, doi:10.1029/2006JA011867. – reference: Lu, G., et al. (1998), Global energy deposition during the January 1997 magnetic cloud event, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 11,685-11,694, doi:10.1029/98JA00897. – reference: Nakai, H., and Y. Kamide (1999), Solar cycle variations in the storm-substorm relationship, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 22,695-22,700, doi:10.1029/1999JA900278. – reference: Akasofu, S.-I. (1981), Energy coupling between the solar wind and the magnetosphere, Space Sci. Rev., 28, 121-190, doi:10.1007/BF00218810. – reference: Guo, J., X. Feng, J. M. Forbes, J. Lei, J. Zhang, and C. Tan (2010), On the relationship between thermosphere density and solar wind parameters during intense geomagnetic storms, J. Geophys. Res., 115, A12335, doi:10.1029/2010JA015971. – reference: Knipp, D. J., et al. (1998), An overview of the early November 1993 geomagnetic storm, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 26,197-26,220, doi:10.1029/98JA00762. – reference: Emery, B. A., V. Coumans, D. S. Evans, G. A. Germany, M. S. Greer, E. Holeman, K. Kadinsky-Cade, R. J. Rich, and W. Xu (2008), Seasonal, Kp, solar wind, and solar flux variations in long-term single-pass satellite estimates of electron and ion auroral hemispheric power, J. Geophys. Res., 113, A06311, doi:10.1029/2007JA012866. – reference: Palmroth, M., P. Janhunen, T. I. Pulkkinen, and H. E. J. Koskinen (2004), Ionospheric energy input as a function of solar wind parameters: Global MHD simulation results, Ann. Geophys., 22, 549-566, doi:10.5194/angeo-22-549-2004. – reference: Turner, N. E., D. N. Baker, T. I. Pulkkinen, J. L. Roeder, J. F. Fennell, and V. K. Jordanova (2001), Energy content in the storm time ring current, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 19,149-19,156, doi:10.1029/2000JA003025. – reference: Mac-Mahon, R. M., and W. D. Gonzalez (1997), Energetics during the main phase of geomagnetic superstorms, J. Geophys. Res., 102(A7), 14,199-14,207, doi:10.1029/97JA01151. – reference: Guo, J., X. Feng, B. A. Emery, J. Zhang, C. Xiang, F. Shen, and W. Song (2011), Energy transfer during intense geomagnetic storms driven by interplanetary coronal mass ejections and their sheath regions, J. Geophys. 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| Snippet | We present a statistical investigation into the variations of the ionospheric energy coupling efficiencies with the solar wind energy input, the interplanetary... |
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| SubjectTerms | coupling efficiency Earth sciences Earth, ocean, space Exact sciences and technology extreme space weather ionospheric dissipation solar wind energy input |
| Title | Efficiency of solar wind energy coupling to the ionosphere |
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