The mass of the Milky Way out to 100 kpc using halo stars

ABSTRACT We use a distribution function analysis to estimate the mass of the Milky Way (MW) out to 100 kpc using a large sample of halo stars. These stars are compiled from the literature, and the vast majority (${\sim } 98{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$) have 6D phase-space information. We pay particular atte...

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Published inMonthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Vol. 501; no. 4; pp. 5964 - 5972
Main Authors Deason, Alis J, Erkal, Denis, Belokurov, Vasily, Fattahi, Azadeh, Gómez, Facundo A, Grand, Robert J J, Pakmor, Rüdiger, Xue, Xiang-Xiang, Liu, Chao, Yang, Chengqun, Zhang, Lan, Zhao, Gang
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LanguageEnglish
Published Oxford University Press 01.03.2021
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Abstract ABSTRACT We use a distribution function analysis to estimate the mass of the Milky Way (MW) out to 100 kpc using a large sample of halo stars. These stars are compiled from the literature, and the vast majority (${\sim } 98{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$) have 6D phase-space information. We pay particular attention to systematic effects, such as the dynamical influence of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), and the effect of unrelaxed substructure. The LMC biases the (pre-LMC infall) halo mass estimates towards higher values, while realistic stellar haloes from cosmological simulations tend to underestimate the true halo mass. After applying our method to the MW data, we find a mass within 100 kpc of M (<100 kpc) = 6.07 ± 0.29 (stat.) ± 1.21 (sys.) × 1011 M⊙. For this estimate, we have approximately corrected for the reflex motion induced by the LMC using the Erkal et al. model, which assumes a rigid potential for the LMC and MW. Furthermore, stars that likely belong to the Sagittarius stream are removed, and we include a 5 per cent systematic bias, and a 20 per cent systematic uncertainty based on our tests with cosmological simulations. Assuming the mass–concentration relation for Navarro–Frenk–White haloes, our mass estimate favours a total (pre-LMC infall) MW mass of M200c = 1.01 ± 0.24 × 1012 M⊙, or (post-LMC infall) mass of M200c = 1.16 ± 0.24 × 1012 M⊙ when a 1.5 × 1011 M⊙ mass of a rigid LMC is included.
AbstractList ABSTRACT We use a distribution function analysis to estimate the mass of the Milky Way (MW) out to 100 kpc using a large sample of halo stars. These stars are compiled from the literature, and the vast majority (${\sim } 98{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$) have 6D phase-space information. We pay particular attention to systematic effects, such as the dynamical influence of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), and the effect of unrelaxed substructure. The LMC biases the (pre-LMC infall) halo mass estimates towards higher values, while realistic stellar haloes from cosmological simulations tend to underestimate the true halo mass. After applying our method to the MW data, we find a mass within 100 kpc of M (<100 kpc) = 6.07 ± 0.29 (stat.) ± 1.21 (sys.) × 1011 M⊙. For this estimate, we have approximately corrected for the reflex motion induced by the LMC using the Erkal et al. model, which assumes a rigid potential for the LMC and MW. Furthermore, stars that likely belong to the Sagittarius stream are removed, and we include a 5 per cent systematic bias, and a 20 per cent systematic uncertainty based on our tests with cosmological simulations. Assuming the mass–concentration relation for Navarro–Frenk–White haloes, our mass estimate favours a total (pre-LMC infall) MW mass of M200c = 1.01 ± 0.24 × 1012 M⊙, or (post-LMC infall) mass of M200c = 1.16 ± 0.24 × 1012 M⊙ when a 1.5 × 1011 M⊙ mass of a rigid LMC is included.
We use a distribution function analysis to estimate the mass of the Milky Way (MW) out to 100 kpc using a large sample of halo stars. These stars are compiled from the literature, and the vast majority (${\sim } 98{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$) have 6D phase-space information. We pay particular attention to systematic effects, such as the dynamical influence of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), and the effect of unrelaxed substructure. The LMC biases the (pre-LMC infall) halo mass estimates towards higher values, while realistic stellar haloes from cosmological simulations tend to underestimate the true halo mass. After applying our method to the MW data, we find a mass within 100 kpc of M (<100 kpc) = 6.07 ± 0.29 (stat.) ± 1.21 (sys.) × 1011 M⊙. For this estimate, we have approximately corrected for the reflex motion induced by the LMC using the Erkal et al. model, which assumes a rigid potential for the LMC and MW. Furthermore, stars that likely belong to the Sagittarius stream are removed, and we include a 5 per cent systematic bias, and a 20 per cent systematic uncertainty based on our tests with cosmological simulations. Assuming the mass–concentration relation for Navarro–Frenk–White haloes, our mass estimate favours a total (pre-LMC infall) MW mass of M200c = 1.01 ± 0.24 × 1012 M⊙, or (post-LMC infall) mass of M200c = 1.16 ± 0.24 × 1012 M⊙ when a 1.5 × 1011 M⊙ mass of a rigid LMC is included.
Author Belokurov, Vasily
Grand, Robert J J
Liu, Chao
Yang, Chengqun
Zhang, Lan
Deason, Alis J
Pakmor, Rüdiger
Gómez, Facundo A
Erkal, Denis
Fattahi, Azadeh
Zhao, Gang
Xue, Xiang-Xiang
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Alis J
  orcidid: 0000-0001-6146-2645
  surname: Deason
  fullname: Deason, Alis J
  email: alis.j.deason@durham.ac.uk
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  givenname: Denis
  orcidid: 0000-0002-8448-5505
  surname: Erkal
  fullname: Erkal, Denis
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  givenname: Vasily
  orcidid: 0000-0002-0038-9584
  surname: Belokurov
  fullname: Belokurov, Vasily
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  givenname: Azadeh
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  surname: Fattahi
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  surname: Gómez
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  surname: Pakmor
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  givenname: Xiang-Xiang
  surname: Xue
  fullname: Xue, Xiang-Xiang
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  orcidid: 0000-0002-1802-6917
  surname: Liu
  fullname: Liu, Chao
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  givenname: Chengqun
  surname: Yang
  fullname: Yang, Chengqun
– sequence: 11
  givenname: Lan
  surname: Zhang
  fullname: Zhang, Lan
– sequence: 12
  givenname: Gang
  surname: Zhao
  fullname: Zhao, Gang
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Keywords Galaxy: halo
Galaxy: kinematics and dynamics
Local Group
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Snippet ABSTRACT We use a distribution function analysis to estimate the mass of the Milky Way (MW) out to 100 kpc using a large sample of halo stars. These stars are...
We use a distribution function analysis to estimate the mass of the Milky Way (MW) out to 100 kpc using a large sample of halo stars. These stars are compiled...
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Title The mass of the Milky Way out to 100 kpc using halo stars
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