A comparison of methods used to count the elephant population of the Addo Elephant National Park, South Africa
Evaluation of alternative techniques used to estimate elephant population sizes is important in order to assess the accuracy of the results obtained, upon which management decisions may be based. Data from annual helicopter surveys carried out in the Addo Elephant National Park (1978–97) are compare...
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Published in | African journal of ecology Vol. 39; no. 2; pp. 140 - 145 |
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Main Authors | , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
Oxford, UK
Blackwell Science Ltd
01.06.2001
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Abstract | Evaluation of alternative techniques used to estimate elephant population sizes is important in order to assess the accuracy of the results obtained, upon which management decisions may be based. Data from annual helicopter surveys carried out in the Addo Elephant National Park (1978–97) are compared with registration counts obtained from intensive ground surveys in which all elephants within the park are individually known. On average, total population size estimated in aerial surveys is 8.0% lower than registration counts (n1997 = 251), aerial calf (< 1 year) counts are 48.8% lower than registration counts, and aerial carcass counts are 50% below the total number of deaths documented in ground surveys. Registration counts provide more accurate demographic data than aerial surveys, the results of which are shown to vary widely and unpredictably, thus compromising their value. Where population estimates rely exclusively on aerial surveys, replicate counts are recommended in order to generate confidence intervals.
Résumé
Il est important de faire l'évaluation des diverses techniques utilisées pour estimer la taille des populations d'éléphants afin de connaître l'exactitude des résultats obtenus et de pouvoir se baser sur eux pour les décisions en matière de gestion. On compare les données obtenues par les contrôles annuels par hélicoptère menés au Addo Elephant National Park (1978–1997) avec les dénombrements enregistrés obtenus par les surveillances intensives au sol, grâce auxquelles tous les éléphants du parc sont connus individuellement. En moyenne, l'estimation totale de la taille de la population est de 8% inférieure aux dénombrements enregistrés (n1997= 251), le comptage aérien des jeunes (< 1 an) est de 48,8% plus bas que les comptages enregistrés et les comptages aériens des carcasses sont inférieurs de moitié au nombre total des morts dénombrés lors des contrôles au sol. Les comptages enregistrés fournissent des données démographiques plus exactes que les comptages aériens dont les résultats s'avèrent très variables et imprévisibles, ce qui compromet leur fiabilité. Là où les estimations de population se basent uniquement sur des contrôles aériens, on recommande de refaire des dénombrements pour générer des intervalles de confiance. |
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AbstractList | Abstract
Evaluation of alternative techniques used to estimate elephant population sizes is important in order to assess the accuracy of the results obtained, upon which management decisions may be based. Data from annual helicopter surveys carried out in the Addo Elephant National Park (1978–97) are compared with registration counts obtained from intensive ground surveys in which all elephants within the park are individually known. On average, total population size estimated in aerial surveys is 8.0% lower than registration counts (
n
1997
= 251), aerial calf (< 1 year) counts are 48.8% lower than registration counts, and aerial carcass counts are 50% below the total number of deaths documented in ground surveys. Registration counts provide more accurate demographic data than aerial surveys, the results of which are shown to vary widely and unpredictably, thus compromising their value. Where population estimates rely exclusively on aerial surveys, replicate counts are recommended in order to generate confidence intervals.
Résumé
Il est important de faire l'évaluation des diverses techniques utilisées pour estimer la taille des populations d'éléphants afin de connaître l'exactitude des résultats obtenus et de pouvoir se baser sur eux pour les décisions en matière de gestion. On compare les données obtenues par les contrôles annuels par hélicoptère menés au Addo Elephant National Park (1978–1997) avec les dénombrements enregistrés obtenus par les surveillances intensives au sol, grâce auxquelles tous les éléphants du parc sont connus individuellement. En moyenne, l'estimation totale de la taille de la population est de 8% inférieure aux dénombrements enregistrés (
n
1997
= 251), le comptage aérien des jeunes (< 1 an) est de 48,8% plus bas que les comptages enregistrés et les comptages aériens des carcasses sont inférieurs de moitié au nombre total des morts dénombrés lors des contrôles au sol. Les comptages enregistrés fournissent des données démographiques plus exactes que les comptages aériens dont les résultats s'avèrent très variables et imprévisibles, ce qui compromet leur fiabilité. Là où les estimations de population se basent uniquement sur des contrôles aériens, on recommande de refaire des dénombrements pour générer des intervalles de confiance. Evaluation of alternative techniques used to estimate elephant population sizes is important in order to assess the accuracy of the results obtained, upon which management decisions may be based. Data from annual helicopter surveys carried out in the Addo Elephant National Park (1978-97) are compared with registration counts obtained from intensive ground surveys in which all elephants within the park are individually known. On average, total population size estimated in aerial surveys is 8.0% lower than registration counts (n sub(1997) = 251), aerial calf (< 1 year) counts are 48.8% lower than registration counts, and aerial carcass counts are 50% below the total number of deaths documented in ground surveys. Registration counts provide more accurate demographic data than aerial surveys, the results of which are shown to vary widely and unpredictably, thus compromising their value. Where population estimates rely exclusively on aerial surveys, replicate counts are recommended in order to generate confidence intervals. Evaluation of alternative techniques used to estimate elephant population sizes is important in order to assess the accuracy of the results obtained, upon which management decisions may be based. Data from annual helicopter surveys carried out in the Addo Elephant National Park (1978–97) are compared with registration counts obtained from intensive ground surveys in which all elephants within the park are individually known. On average, total population size estimated in aerial surveys is 8.0% lower than registration counts (n1997 = 251), aerial calf (< 1 year) counts are 48.8% lower than registration counts, and aerial carcass counts are 50% below the total number of deaths documented in ground surveys. Registration counts provide more accurate demographic data than aerial surveys, the results of which are shown to vary widely and unpredictably, thus compromising their value. Where population estimates rely exclusively on aerial surveys, replicate counts are recommended in order to generate confidence intervals. Résumé Il est important de faire l'évaluation des diverses techniques utilisées pour estimer la taille des populations d'éléphants afin de connaître l'exactitude des résultats obtenus et de pouvoir se baser sur eux pour les décisions en matière de gestion. On compare les données obtenues par les contrôles annuels par hélicoptère menés au Addo Elephant National Park (1978–1997) avec les dénombrements enregistrés obtenus par les surveillances intensives au sol, grâce auxquelles tous les éléphants du parc sont connus individuellement. En moyenne, l'estimation totale de la taille de la population est de 8% inférieure aux dénombrements enregistrés (n1997= 251), le comptage aérien des jeunes (< 1 an) est de 48,8% plus bas que les comptages enregistrés et les comptages aériens des carcasses sont inférieurs de moitié au nombre total des morts dénombrés lors des contrôles au sol. Les comptages enregistrés fournissent des données démographiques plus exactes que les comptages aériens dont les résultats s'avèrent très variables et imprévisibles, ce qui compromet leur fiabilité. Là où les estimations de population se basent uniquement sur des contrôles aériens, on recommande de refaire des dénombrements pour générer des intervalles de confiance. |
Author | Hall-Martin, A. J. Whitehouse, A. M. Knight, M. H. |
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Cites_doi | 10.1017/S0030605300028830 10.2307/3800067 10.1111/j.1365-2028.1991.tb01001.x 10.1046/j.1365-3008.2000.00093.x |
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References | Whitehouse, A.M. & Hall-Martin, A.J. (2000) Elephants in the Addo Elephant National Park, South Africa: reconstruction of the population's history. Oryx. 34, 46-55. Caughley, G. (1974) Bias in aerial survey. J. Wildl. Manag. 38, 921-933. Jachmann, H. (1991) Evaluation of four survey methods for estimating elephant densities. Afr. J. Ecol. 29, 188-195. Hall-Martin, A.J. (1980) Elephant survivors. Oryx 15, 355-362. Moss, C. (1988) Elephant Memories. Fontana, Glasgow. Kerley, G.I.H., Knight, M.H., De Kock, M. (1995) Desertification of subtropical thicket in the Eastern Cape, South Africa: are there alternatives? EMA 37, 211-230. Caughley, G. & Sinclair, A.R.E. (1994) Wildlife Ecology and Management. Blackwell, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Archibald, E.E.A. (1955) An ecological survey of the Addo Elephant National Park. J. Sth. Afr. Bot. 20, 137-154. Low, A.B. & Rebelo A.G. (1996) Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. A Companion to the Vegetation Map of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Pretoria. 1974; 38 1996 1980; 15 1991; 29 1994 1972 1955; 20 1995; 37 2000; 34 1988 e_1_2_7_6_1 e_1_2_7_4_1 e_1_2_7_9_1 Caughley G. (e_1_2_7_5_1) 1994 e_1_2_7_8_1 Kerley G.I.H. (e_1_2_7_11_1) 1995; 37 Archibald E.E.A. (e_1_2_7_2_1) 1955; 20 Whitehouse A.M. (e_1_2_7_15_1) 2000; 34 Low A.B. (e_1_2_7_12_1) 1996 Mbugua S. (e_1_2_7_13_1) 1996 Douglas‐Hamilton I. (e_1_2_7_7_1) 1996 Jachmann H. (e_1_2_7_10_1) 1996 Barnes R.F.W. (e_1_2_7_3_1) 1996 Moss C. (e_1_2_7_14_1) 1988 |
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Title | A comparison of methods used to count the elephant population of the Addo Elephant National Park, South Africa |
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