Phase variable genes of Campylobacter jejuni exhibit high mutation rates and specific mutational patterns but mutability is not the major determinant of population structure during host colonization
Phase variation of surface structures occurs in diverse bacterial species due to stochastic, high frequency, reversible mutations. Multiple genes of Campylobacter jejuni are subject to phase variable gene expression due to mutations in polyC/G tracts. A modal length of nine repeats was detected for...
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| Published in | Nucleic acids research Vol. 40; no. 13; pp. 5876 - 5889 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
England
Oxford University Press
01.07.2012
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| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0305-1048 1362-4962 1362-4962 |
| DOI | 10.1093/nar/gks246 |
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| Abstract | Phase variation of surface structures occurs in diverse bacterial species due to stochastic, high frequency, reversible mutations. Multiple genes of Campylobacter jejuni are subject to phase variable gene expression due to mutations in polyC/G tracts. A modal length of nine repeats was detected for polyC/G tracts within C. jejuni genomes. Switching rates for these tracts were measured using chromosomally-located reporter constructs and high rates were observed for cj1139 (G8) and cj0031 (G9). Alteration of the cj1139 tract from G8 to G11 increased mutability 10-fold and changed the mutational pattern from predominantly insertions to mainly deletions. Using a multiplex PCR, major changes were detected in 'on/off' status for some phase variable genes during passage of C. jejuni in chickens. Utilization of observed switching rates in a stochastic, theoretical model of phase variation demonstrated links between mutability and genetic diversity but could not replicate observed population diversity. We propose that modal repeat numbers have evolved in C. jejuni genomes due to molecular drivers associated with the mutational patterns of these polyC/G repeats, rather than by selection for particular switching rates, and that factors other than mutational drift are responsible for generating genetic diversity during host colonization by this bacterial pathogen. |
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| AbstractList | Phase variation of surface structures occurs in diverse bacterial species due to stochastic, high frequency, reversible mutations. Multiple genes of Campylobacter jejuni are subject to phase variable gene expression due to mutations in polyC/G tracts. A modal length of nine repeats was detected for polyC/G tracts within C. jejuni genomes. Switching rates for these tracts were measured using chromosomally-located reporter constructs and high rates were observed for cj1139 (G8) and cj0031 (G9). Alteration of the cj1139 tract from G8 to G11 increased mutability 10-fold and changed the mutational pattern from predominantly insertions to mainly deletions. Using a multiplex PCR, major changes were detected in 'on/off' status for some phase variable genes during passage of C. jejuni in chickens. Utilization of observed switching rates in a stochastic, theoretical model of phase variation demonstrated links between mutability and genetic diversity but could not replicate observed population diversity. We propose that modal repeat numbers have evolved in C. jejuni genomes due to molecular drivers associated with the mutational patterns of these polyC/G repeats, rather than by selection for particular switching rates, and that factors other than mutational drift are responsible for generating genetic diversity during host colonization by this bacterial pathogen. Phase variation of surface structures occurs in diverse bacterial species due to stochastic, high frequency, reversible mutations. Multiple genes of Campylobacter jejuni are subject to phase variable gene expression due to mutations in polyC/G tracts. A modal length of nine repeats was detected for polyC/G tracts within C. jejuni genomes. Switching rates for these tracts were measured using chromosomally-located reporter constructs and high rates were observed for cj1139 (G8) and cj0031 (G9). Alteration of the cj1139 tract from G8 to G11 increased mutability 10-fold and changed the mutational pattern from predominantly insertions to mainly deletions. Using a multiplex PCR, major changes were detected in ‘on/off’ status for some phase variable genes during passage of C. jejuni in chickens. Utilization of observed switching rates in a stochastic, theoretical model of phase variation demonstrated links between mutability and genetic diversity but could not replicate observed population diversity. We propose that modal repeat numbers have evolved in C. jejuni genomes due to molecular drivers associated with the mutational patterns of these polyC/G repeats, rather than by selection for particular switching rates, and that factors other than mutational drift are responsible for generating genetic diversity during host colonization by this bacterial pathogen. Phase variation of surface structures occurs in diverse bacterial species due to stochastic, high frequency, reversible mutations. Multiple genes of Campylobacter jejuni are subject to phase variable gene expression due to mutations in polyC/G tracts. A modal length of nine repeats was detected for polyC/G tracts within C. jejuni genomes. Switching rates for these tracts were measured using chromosomally-located reporter constructs and high rates were observed for cj1139 (G8) and cj0031 (G9). Alteration of the cj1139 tract from G8 to G11 increased mutability 10-fold and changed the mutational pattern from predominantly insertions to mainly deletions. Using a multiplex PCR, major changes were detected in 'on/off' status for some phase variable genes during passage of C. jejuni in chickens. Utilization of observed switching rates in a stochastic, theoretical model of phase variation demonstrated links between mutability and genetic diversity but could not replicate observed population diversity. We propose that modal repeat numbers have evolved in C. jejuni genomes due to molecular drivers associated with the mutational patterns of these polyC/G repeats, rather than by selection for particular switching rates, and that factors other than mutational drift are responsible for generating genetic diversity during host colonization by this bacterial pathogen.Phase variation of surface structures occurs in diverse bacterial species due to stochastic, high frequency, reversible mutations. Multiple genes of Campylobacter jejuni are subject to phase variable gene expression due to mutations in polyC/G tracts. A modal length of nine repeats was detected for polyC/G tracts within C. jejuni genomes. Switching rates for these tracts were measured using chromosomally-located reporter constructs and high rates were observed for cj1139 (G8) and cj0031 (G9). Alteration of the cj1139 tract from G8 to G11 increased mutability 10-fold and changed the mutational pattern from predominantly insertions to mainly deletions. Using a multiplex PCR, major changes were detected in 'on/off' status for some phase variable genes during passage of C. jejuni in chickens. Utilization of observed switching rates in a stochastic, theoretical model of phase variation demonstrated links between mutability and genetic diversity but could not replicate observed population diversity. We propose that modal repeat numbers have evolved in C. jejuni genomes due to molecular drivers associated with the mutational patterns of these polyC/G repeats, rather than by selection for particular switching rates, and that factors other than mutational drift are responsible for generating genetic diversity during host colonization by this bacterial pathogen. |
| Author | Grossier, Jean-Philippe Tretyakov, Michael V. Manchev, Vladimir T. Anjum, Awais Bayliss, Christopher D. Jones, Michael A. Bidmos, Fadil A. Barrow, Paul A. Wooldridge, Karl G. Richards, Rebecca L . Ketley, Julian M. |
| AuthorAffiliation | 1 Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, 2 School of Molecular Medical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, 3 School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonnington, LE12 5RD and 4 Department of Mathematics, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 1 Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, 2 School of Molecular Medical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, 3 School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonnington, LE12 5RD and 4 Department of Mathematics, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Christopher D. surname: Bayliss fullname: Bayliss, Christopher D. organization: Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, 2School of Molecular Medical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, 3School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonnington, LE12 5RD and 4Department of Mathematics, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK – sequence: 2 givenname: Fadil A. surname: Bidmos fullname: Bidmos, Fadil A. organization: Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, 2School of Molecular Medical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, 3School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonnington, LE12 5RD and 4Department of Mathematics, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK – sequence: 3 givenname: Awais surname: Anjum fullname: Anjum, Awais organization: Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, 2School of Molecular Medical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, 3School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonnington, LE12 5RD and 4Department of Mathematics, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK – sequence: 4 givenname: Vladimir T. surname: Manchev fullname: Manchev, Vladimir T. organization: Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, 2School of Molecular Medical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, 3School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonnington, LE12 5RD and 4Department of Mathematics, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK – sequence: 5 givenname: Rebecca L . surname: Richards fullname: Richards, Rebecca L . organization: Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, 2School of Molecular Medical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, 3School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonnington, LE12 5RD and 4Department of Mathematics, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK – sequence: 6 givenname: Jean-Philippe surname: Grossier fullname: Grossier, Jean-Philippe organization: Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, 2School of Molecular Medical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, 3School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonnington, LE12 5RD and 4Department of Mathematics, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK – sequence: 7 givenname: Karl G. surname: Wooldridge fullname: Wooldridge, Karl G. organization: Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, 2School of Molecular Medical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, 3School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonnington, LE12 5RD and 4Department of Mathematics, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK – sequence: 8 givenname: Julian M. surname: Ketley fullname: Ketley, Julian M. organization: Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, 2School of Molecular Medical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, 3School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonnington, LE12 5RD and 4Department of Mathematics, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK – sequence: 9 givenname: Paul A. surname: Barrow fullname: Barrow, Paul A. organization: Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, 2School of Molecular Medical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, 3School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonnington, LE12 5RD and 4Department of Mathematics, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK – sequence: 10 givenname: Michael A. surname: Jones fullname: Jones, Michael A. organization: Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, 2School of Molecular Medical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, 3School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonnington, LE12 5RD and 4Department of Mathematics, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK – sequence: 11 givenname: Michael V. surname: Tretyakov fullname: Tretyakov, Michael V. organization: Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, 2School of Molecular Medical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, 3School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonnington, LE12 5RD and 4Department of Mathematics, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22434884$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| SubjectTerms | Animals Base Sequence Campylobacter jejuni - genetics Campylobacter jejuni - growth & development Chickens - microbiology Computational Biology Conserved Sequence Genes, Bacterial Genome, Bacterial Genotype Mutation Mutation Rate Poly C - chemistry Poly G - chemistry |
| Title | Phase variable genes of Campylobacter jejuni exhibit high mutation rates and specific mutational patterns but mutability is not the major determinant of population structure during host colonization |
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