Development of postural adaptation to arm raising

• Published in: Experimental brain research Vol. 139; no. 2; pp. 224 - 232
• Main Authors: Hay, L., Redon, C.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Berlin Springer 01.07.2001; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Adaptation, Physiological; Age; Age groups; Arm; Arm - physiology; Biological and medical sciences; Body weight; Child; Child, Preschool; Coordination; Feedback; Female; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; Humans; Male; Motor control and motor pathways. Reflexes. Control centers of vegetative functions. Vestibular system and equilibration; Movement - physiology; Oscillations; Posture; Posture - physiology; Vertebrates: nervous system and sense organs; Human; Load; Coordination; Anticipation; Motor control; Center of mass; Body movement; Oscillation; Development; Upper limb; Feedforward; Postural fitting; Child
• ISSN: 0014-4819; 1432-1106
• DOI: 10.1007/s002210100752

We studied the development of the coordination between posture and movement by analyzing the shifts of the center of pressure (CoP) associated with arm raising. Three groups of children aged 3-5 years, 6-8 years, and 9-10 years and an adult group were tested. The subjects were required to raise their arms to the horizontal position while standing still, with their hands free or loaded (5% of the body weight). The arm movements were recorded by a TV-image processor, and the changes in position of the CoP were measured by a force platform and analyzed before, during, and after the arm movement. The data show that the CoP moved forward during arm raising, that additional load induced a greater shift in all age groups, and that the relative amplitude of the shift decreased with age. The greatest changes occurred between ages 3-5 years and 6-8 years. The pre- and postmovement CoP shift suggests qualitative changes in the postural adaptation to movement between these two age groups: the anticipatory postural adjustments moved from a supporting function to a compensatory function, yielding an increasing functional convergence between the feedforward and the feedback modes of postural control, and an increasing rapidness in recovering postural stability after arm movement. The postural behavior shown by the 9- to 10-year-old children and by the adults in the arms-free condition suggests an increased tolerance to unbalance when postural oscillations do not jeopardize static equilibrium.