Plutonium—an Element Never at Equilibrium
The relentless deposition of energy from the α -particle decay of plutonium damages its crystal lattice and transmutes plutonium into other elements over time (principally, helium, americium, uranium, and neptunium). At cryogenic temperatures (4 K), lattice damage causes significant volume expansion...
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Published in | Metallurgical and materials transactions. A, Physical metallurgy and materials science Vol. 39; no. 7; pp. 1585 - 1592 |
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Main Author | |
Format | Journal Article Conference Proceeding |
Language | English |
Published |
Boston
Springer US
01.07.2008
Springer Springer Nature B.V |
Subjects | |
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Abstract | The relentless deposition of energy from the
α
-particle decay of plutonium damages its crystal lattice and transmutes plutonium into other elements over time (principally, helium, americium, uranium, and neptunium). At cryogenic temperatures (4 K), lattice damage causes significant volume expansion of pure plutonium and contraction of face-centered-cubic stabilized alloys, and both appear to lose crystallinity at long irradiation times. At room temperature, much of the lattice damage is annealed out because defects produced by self-irradiation are sufficiently mobile. Nevertheless, plutonium’s delicate balance of stability with changes in temperature, pressure, or chemistry may be affected by self-irradiation. For example, at room temperature the lattice of fcc plutonium alloys expands and exhibits nanoscale bubbles at irradiation levels <0.1 displacements per atom (dpa). In addition to self-irradiation damage, it is now generally agreed that most fcc alloys previously believed to be thermodynamically stable at room temperature are in fact metastable. They undergo eutectoidal decomposition to
α
-plutonium, plus the nearest intermetallic compound. However, for most practical purposes, the kinetics of phase decomposition are too slow to be of concern. So, although plutonium may not be “far” from equilibrium, it is never at equilibrium because of the very nature of its radioactive decay. Surface reactions in plutonium can be increased catastrophically by the presence of moist air or hydrogen. |
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AbstractList | The relentless deposition of energy from the alpha-particle decay of plutonium damages its crystal lattice and transmutes plutonium into other elements over time (principally, helium, americium, uranium, and neptunium). At cryogenic temperatures (4 K), lattice damage causes significant volume expansion of pure plutonium and contraction of face-centered-cubic stabilized alloys, and both appear to lose crystallinity at long irradiation times. At room temperature, much of the lattice damage is annealed out because defects produced by self-irradiation are sufficiently mobile. Nevertheless, plutonium's delicate balance of stability with changes in temperature, pressure, or chemistry may be affected by self-irradiation. For example, at room temperature the lattice of fcc plutonium alloys expands and exhibits nanoscale bubbles at irradiation levels < 0.1 displacements per atom (dpa). In addition to self-irradiation damage, it is now generally agreed that most fcc alloys previously believed to be thermodynamically stable at room temperature are in fact metastable. They undergo eutectoidal decomposition to alpha-plutonium, plus the nearest intermetallic compound. However, for most practical purposes, the kinetics of phase decomposition are too slow to be of concern. So, although plutonium may not be 'far' from equilibrium, it is never at equilibrium because of the very nature of its radioactive decay. Surface reactions in plutonium can be increased catastrophically by the presence of moist air or hydrogen. The relentless deposition of energy from the α -particle decay of plutonium damages its crystal lattice and transmutes plutonium into other elements over time (principally, helium, americium, uranium, and neptunium). At cryogenic temperatures (4 K), lattice damage causes significant volume expansion of pure plutonium and contraction of face-centered-cubic stabilized alloys, and both appear to lose crystallinity at long irradiation times. At room temperature, much of the lattice damage is annealed out because defects produced by self-irradiation are sufficiently mobile. Nevertheless, plutonium’s delicate balance of stability with changes in temperature, pressure, or chemistry may be affected by self-irradiation. For example, at room temperature the lattice of fcc plutonium alloys expands and exhibits nanoscale bubbles at irradiation levels <0.1 displacements per atom (dpa). In addition to self-irradiation damage, it is now generally agreed that most fcc alloys previously believed to be thermodynamically stable at room temperature are in fact metastable. They undergo eutectoidal decomposition to α -plutonium, plus the nearest intermetallic compound. However, for most practical purposes, the kinetics of phase decomposition are too slow to be of concern. So, although plutonium may not be “far” from equilibrium, it is never at equilibrium because of the very nature of its radioactive decay. Surface reactions in plutonium can be increased catastrophically by the presence of moist air or hydrogen. The relentless deposition of energy from the α-particle decay of plutonium damages its crystal lattice and transmutes plutonium into other elements over time (principally, helium, americium, uranium, and neptunium). At cryogenic temperatures (4 K), lattice damage causes significant volume expansion of pure plutonium and contraction of face-centered-cubic stabilized alloys, and both appear to lose crystallinity at long irradiation times. At room temperature, much of the lattice damage is annealed out because defects produced by self-irradiation are sufficiently mobile. Nevertheless, plutonium's delicate balance of stability with changes in temperature, pressure, or chemistry may be affected by self-irradiation. For example, at room temperature the lattice of fcc plutonium alloys expands and exhibits nanoscale bubbles at irradiation levels <0.1 displacements per atom (dpa). In addition to self-irradiation damage, it is now generally agreed that most fcc alloys previously believed to be thermodynamically stable at room temperature are in fact metastable. They undergo eutectoidal decomposition to α-plutonium, plus the nearest intermetallic compound. However, for most practical purposes, the kinetics of phase decomposition are too slow to be of concern. So, although plutonium may not be "far" from equilibrium, it is never at equilibrium because of the very nature of its radioactive decay. Surface reactions in plutonium can be increased catastrophically by the presence of moist air or hydrogen. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] |
Author | Hecker, Siegfried S. |
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Keywords | Americium Plutonium Lattice Damage Neptunium PuO2 |
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Snippet | The relentless deposition of energy from the
α
-particle decay of plutonium damages its crystal lattice and transmutes plutonium into other elements over time... The relentless deposition of energy from the α-particle decay of plutonium damages its crystal lattice and transmutes plutonium into other elements over time... The relentless deposition of energy from the alpha-particle decay of plutonium damages its crystal lattice and transmutes plutonium into other elements over... |
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SubjectTerms | Applied sciences Bond strength Characterization and Evaluation of Materials Chemicals Chemistry and Materials Science Crystal structure Equilibrium Exact sciences and technology Isotopes Materials Science Metallic Materials Metals. Metallurgy Nanotechnology Phase transitions Reaction kinetics Structural Materials Surfaces and Interfaces Symposium: Materials Behavior: Far from Equilibrium Thin Films Vacancies |
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Title | Plutonium—an Element Never at Equilibrium |
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