Controlled growth of perovskite layers with volatile alkylammonium chlorides
Controlling the crystallinity and surface morphology of perovskite layers by methods such as solvent engineering 1 , 2 and methylammonium chloride addition 3 – 7 is an effective strategy for achieving high-efficiency perovskite solar cells. In particular, it is essential to deposit α-formamidinium l...
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| Published in | Nature (London) Vol. 616; no. 7958; pp. 724 - 730 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
London
Nature Publishing Group UK
27.04.2023
Nature Publishing Group |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | Controlling the crystallinity and surface morphology of perovskite layers by methods such as solvent engineering
1
,
2
and methylammonium chloride addition
3
–
7
is an effective strategy for achieving high-efficiency perovskite solar cells. In particular, it is essential to deposit α-formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI
3
) perovskite thin films with few defects due to their excellent crystallinity and large grain size. Here we report the controlled crystallization of perovskite thin films with the combination of alkylammonium chlorides (RACl) added to FAPbI
3
. The δ-phase to α-phase transition of FAPbI
3
and the crystallization process and surface morphology of the perovskite thin films coated with RACl under various conditions were investigated through in situ grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. RACl added to the precursor solution was believed to be easily volatilized during coating and annealing owing to dissociation into RA
0
and HCl with deprotonation of RA
+
induced by RA⋯H
+
-Cl
−
binding to PbI
2
in FAPbI
3
. Thus, the type and amount of RACl determined the δ-phase to α-phase transition rate, crystallinity, preferred orientation and surface morphology of the final α-FAPbI
3
. The resulting perovskite thin layers facilitated the fabrication of perovskite solar cells with a power-conversion efficiency of 26.08% (certified 25.73%) under standard illumination.
In situ grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy were used to evaluate the crystallization process and surface morphology of perovskite thin films coated with alkylammonium chlorides, which were used to fabricate high-efficiency perovskite solar cells. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Controlling the crystallinity and surface morphology of perovskite layers by methods such as solvent engineering1,2 and methylammonium chloride addition3-7 is an effective strategy for achieving high-efficiency perovskite solar cells. In particular, it is essential to deposit a-formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbl3) perovskite thin films with few defects due to their excellent crystallinity and large grain size. Here we report the controlled crystallization of perovskite thin films with the combination of alkylammonium chlorides (RACl) added to FAPbl3. The 6-phase to a-phase transition of FAPbl3 and the crystallization process and surface morphology of the perovskite thin films coated with RACl under various conditions were investigated through in situ grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. RACl added to the precursor solution was believed to be easily volatilized during coating and annealing owing to dissociation into RA0 and HCl with deprotonation of RA+ induced by RA··· H+-Cl- binding to Pbl2 in FAPbl3. Thus, the type and amount of RACl determined the 6-phase to a-phase transition rate, crystallinity, preferred orientation and surface morphology of the final a-FAPbl3. The resulting perovskite thin layers facilitated the fabrication of perovskite solar cells with a power-conversion efficiency of26.08% (certified 25.73%) under standard illumination. Controlling the crystallinity and surface morphology of perovskite layers by methods such as solvent engineering 1 , 2 and methylammonium chloride addition 3 – 7 is an effective strategy for achieving high-efficiency perovskite solar cells. In particular, it is essential to deposit α-formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI 3 ) perovskite thin films with few defects due to their excellent crystallinity and large grain size. Here we report the controlled crystallization of perovskite thin films with the combination of alkylammonium chlorides (RACl) added to FAPbI 3 . The δ-phase to α-phase transition of FAPbI 3 and the crystallization process and surface morphology of the perovskite thin films coated with RACl under various conditions were investigated through in situ grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. RACl added to the precursor solution was believed to be easily volatilized during coating and annealing owing to dissociation into RA 0 and HCl with deprotonation of RA + induced by RA⋯H + -Cl − binding to PbI 2 in FAPbI 3 . Thus, the type and amount of RACl determined the δ-phase to α-phase transition rate, crystallinity, preferred orientation and surface morphology of the final α-FAPbI 3 . The resulting perovskite thin layers facilitated the fabrication of perovskite solar cells with a power-conversion efficiency of 26.08% (certified 25.73%) under standard illumination. In situ grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy were used to evaluate the crystallization process and surface morphology of perovskite thin films coated with alkylammonium chlorides, which were used to fabricate high-efficiency perovskite solar cells. Controlling the crystallinity and surface morphology of perovskite layers by methods such as solvent engineering1,2 and methylammonium chloride addition3-7 is an effective strategy for achieving high-efficiency perovskite solar cells. In particular, it is essential to deposit α-formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI3) perovskite thin films with few defects due to their excellent crystallinity and large grain size. Here we report the controlled crystallization of perovskite thin films with the combination of alkylammonium chlorides (RACl) added to FAPbI3. The δ-phase to α-phase transition of FAPbI3 and the crystallization process and surface morphology of the perovskite thin films coated with RACl under various conditions were investigated through in situ grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. RACl added to the precursor solution was believed to be easily volatilized during coating and annealing owing to dissociation into RA0 and HCl with deprotonation of RA+ induced by RA⋯H+-Cl- binding to PbI2 in FAPbI3. Thus, the type and amount of RACl determined the δ-phase to α-phase transition rate, crystallinity, preferred orientation and surface morphology of the final α-FAPbI3. The resulting perovskite thin layers facilitated the fabrication of perovskite solar cells with a power-conversion efficiency of 26.08% (certified 25.73%) under standard illumination.Controlling the crystallinity and surface morphology of perovskite layers by methods such as solvent engineering1,2 and methylammonium chloride addition3-7 is an effective strategy for achieving high-efficiency perovskite solar cells. In particular, it is essential to deposit α-formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI3) perovskite thin films with few defects due to their excellent crystallinity and large grain size. Here we report the controlled crystallization of perovskite thin films with the combination of alkylammonium chlorides (RACl) added to FAPbI3. The δ-phase to α-phase transition of FAPbI3 and the crystallization process and surface morphology of the perovskite thin films coated with RACl under various conditions were investigated through in situ grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. RACl added to the precursor solution was believed to be easily volatilized during coating and annealing owing to dissociation into RA0 and HCl with deprotonation of RA+ induced by RA⋯H+-Cl- binding to PbI2 in FAPbI3. Thus, the type and amount of RACl determined the δ-phase to α-phase transition rate, crystallinity, preferred orientation and surface morphology of the final α-FAPbI3. The resulting perovskite thin layers facilitated the fabrication of perovskite solar cells with a power-conversion efficiency of 26.08% (certified 25.73%) under standard illumination. Controlling the crystallinity and surface morphology of perovskite layers by methods such as solvent engineering and methylammonium chloride addition is an effective strategy for achieving high-efficiency perovskite solar cells. In particular, it is essential to deposit α-formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI ) perovskite thin films with few defects due to their excellent crystallinity and large grain size. Here we report the controlled crystallization of perovskite thin films with the combination of alkylammonium chlorides (RACl) added to FAPbI . The δ-phase to α-phase transition of FAPbI and the crystallization process and surface morphology of the perovskite thin films coated with RACl under various conditions were investigated through in situ grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. RACl added to the precursor solution was believed to be easily volatilized during coating and annealing owing to dissociation into RA and HCl with deprotonation of RA induced by RA⋯H -Cl binding to PbI in FAPbI . Thus, the type and amount of RACl determined the δ-phase to α-phase transition rate, crystallinity, preferred orientation and surface morphology of the final α-FAPbI . The resulting perovskite thin layers facilitated the fabrication of perovskite solar cells with a power-conversion efficiency of 26.08% (certified 25.73%) under standard illumination. |
| Author | Kim, Min Gyu Kim, Jongbeom Yun, Hyun-Sung Seok, Sang Il Noh, Eunseo Mun, Hyun Jung Park, Jaewang Paik, Min Jae Shin, Tae Joo |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Jaewang surname: Park fullname: Park, Jaewang organization: Department of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) – sequence: 2 givenname: Jongbeom surname: Kim fullname: Kim, Jongbeom organization: Department of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) – sequence: 3 givenname: Hyun-Sung surname: Yun fullname: Yun, Hyun-Sung organization: Department of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) – sequence: 4 givenname: Min Jae surname: Paik fullname: Paik, Min Jae organization: Department of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) – sequence: 5 givenname: Eunseo surname: Noh fullname: Noh, Eunseo organization: Department of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) – sequence: 6 givenname: Hyun Jung surname: Mun fullname: Mun, Hyun Jung organization: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University – sequence: 7 givenname: Min Gyu orcidid: 0000-0002-2366-6898 surname: Kim fullname: Kim, Min Gyu email: mgkim@postech.ac.kr organization: Beamline Research Division, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory (PAL), Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) – sequence: 8 givenname: Tae Joo orcidid: 0000-0002-1438-3298 surname: Shin fullname: Shin, Tae Joo email: tjshin@unist.ac.kr organization: Graduate School of Semiconductor Materials and Devices Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) – sequence: 9 givenname: Sang Il orcidid: 0000-0001-9976-6628 surname: Seok fullname: Seok, Sang Il email: seoksi@unist.ac.kr organization: Department of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36796426$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Copyright | The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited. Copyright Nature Publishing Group Apr 27, 2023 |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. – notice: 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited. – notice: Copyright Nature Publishing Group Apr 27, 2023 |
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| SubjectTerms | 639/4077/4072/4062 639/4077/909/4101/4096/946 Chloride Chlorides Crystal defects Crystallinity Crystallization Dissociation Efficiency Electron microscopy Energy conversion efficiency Fabrication Grain boundaries Grain size Humanities and Social Sciences Iodides Morphology multidisciplinary Perovskites Phase transitions Photovoltaic cells Preferred orientation Scanning electron microscopy Science Science (multidisciplinary) Solar cells Thin films X-ray diffraction |
| Title | Controlled growth of perovskite layers with volatile alkylammonium chlorides |
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