Kratom (Mitragyna Speciosa) Liver Injury: A Comprehensive Review

Kratom ( Mitragyna speciosa ) leaves contain the mu opioid partial agonists mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine. The US Drug Enforcement Agency considers it a ‘drug of concern’, and the US FDA is reviewing kratom, but there is a paucity of information regarding health effects. Liver injury is often...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published inDrugs (New York, N.Y.) Vol. 80; no. 3; pp. 263 - 283
Main Authors Schimmel, Jonathan, Dart, Richard C.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Cham Springer International Publishing 01.02.2020
Springer Nature B.V
Subjects
Online AccessGet full text

Cover

Loading…
Abstract Kratom ( Mitragyna speciosa ) leaves contain the mu opioid partial agonists mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine. The US Drug Enforcement Agency considers it a ‘drug of concern’, and the US FDA is reviewing kratom, but there is a paucity of information regarding health effects. Liver injury is often cited as a potential health consequence, however the same few case reports are repeatedly referenced, without a broader context. Furthermore, reports have largely lacked standardized causality assessment methods. The objective is to evaluate causality in kratom liver injury, through a comprehensive scoping review of human cases, and by reviewing epidemiologic, animal, and mechanistic reports that relate to kratom liver injury. Hepatotoxicity causality was systematically examined using the Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method (RUCAM) for case reports. Biopsy findings, potential pathophysiologic mechanisms, and management options are discussed. This review identified 26 case reports and abstracts, in addition to 7 cases reported from the Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network, 25 in FDA databases, and 27 in internet user forums. Latency periods to symptom onset had a median of 20.6 days and mean of 21 days (range 2–49). Common presenting signs and symptoms were abdominal discomfort, jaundice, pruritis, and dark urine. Histologic findings were predominantly cholestatic, although, biochemically, the condition was heterogenous or mixed; the median R ratio was 3.4 and the mean was 4.6 (range 0.24–10.4). Kratom likely causes liver injury based on the totality of low-quality human evidence, and, in the context of epidemiologic, animal, and mechanistic studies. It remains unclear which subgroups of users are at heightened risk.
AbstractList Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) leaves contain the mu opioid partial agonists mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine. The US Drug Enforcement Agency considers it a 'drug of concern', and the US FDA is reviewing kratom, but there is a paucity of information regarding health effects. Liver injury is often cited as a potential health consequence, however the same few case reports are repeatedly referenced, without a broader context. Furthermore, reports have largely lacked standardized causality assessment methods. The objective is to evaluate causality in kratom liver injury, through a comprehensive scoping review of human cases, and by reviewing epidemiologic, animal, and mechanistic reports that relate to kratom liver injury. Hepatotoxicity causality was systematically examined using the Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method (RUCAM) for case reports. Biopsy findings, potential pathophysiologic mechanisms, and management options are discussed. This review identified 26 case reports and abstracts, in addition to 7 cases reported from the Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network, 25 in FDA databases, and 27 in internet user forums. Latency periods to symptom onset had a median of 20.6 days and mean of 21 days (range 2-49). Common presenting signs and symptoms were abdominal discomfort, jaundice, pruritis, and dark urine. Histologic findings were predominantly cholestatic, although, biochemically, the condition was heterogenous or mixed; the median R ratio was 3.4 and the mean was 4.6 (range 0.24-10.4). Kratom likely causes liver injury based on the totality of low-quality human evidence, and, in the context of epidemiologic, animal, and mechanistic studies. It remains unclear which subgroups of users are at heightened risk.
Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) leaves contain the mu opioid partial agonists mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine. The US Drug Enforcement Agency considers it a 'drug of concern', and the US FDA is reviewing kratom, but there is a paucity of information regarding health effects. Liver injury is often cited as a potential health consequence, however the same few case reports are repeatedly referenced, without a broader context. Furthermore, reports have largely lacked standardized causality assessment methods. The objective is to evaluate causality in kratom liver injury, through a comprehensive scoping review of human cases, and by reviewing epidemiologic, animal, and mechanistic reports that relate to kratom liver injury. Hepatotoxicity causality was systematically examined using the Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method (RUCAM) for case reports. Biopsy findings, potential pathophysiologic mechanisms, and management options are discussed. This review identified 26 case reports and abstracts, in addition to 7 cases reported from the Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network, 25 in FDA databases, and 27 in internet user forums. Latency periods to symptom onset had a median of 20.6 days and mean of 21 days (range 2-49). Common presenting signs and symptoms were abdominal discomfort, jaundice, pruritis, and dark urine. Histologic findings were predominantly cholestatic, although, biochemically, the condition was heterogenous or mixed; the median R ratio was 3.4 and the mean was 4.6 (range 0.24-10.4). Kratom likely causes liver injury based on the totality of low-quality human evidence, and, in the context of epidemiologic, animal, and mechanistic studies. It remains unclear which subgroups of users are at heightened risk.
Kratom ( Mitragyna speciosa ) leaves contain the mu opioid partial agonists mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine. The US Drug Enforcement Agency considers it a ‘drug of concern’, and the US FDA is reviewing kratom, but there is a paucity of information regarding health effects. Liver injury is often cited as a potential health consequence, however the same few case reports are repeatedly referenced, without a broader context. Furthermore, reports have largely lacked standardized causality assessment methods. The objective is to evaluate causality in kratom liver injury, through a comprehensive scoping review of human cases, and by reviewing epidemiologic, animal, and mechanistic reports that relate to kratom liver injury. Hepatotoxicity causality was systematically examined using the Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method (RUCAM) for case reports. Biopsy findings, potential pathophysiologic mechanisms, and management options are discussed. This review identified 26 case reports and abstracts, in addition to 7 cases reported from the Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network, 25 in FDA databases, and 27 in internet user forums. Latency periods to symptom onset had a median of 20.6 days and mean of 21 days (range 2–49). Common presenting signs and symptoms were abdominal discomfort, jaundice, pruritis, and dark urine. Histologic findings were predominantly cholestatic, although, biochemically, the condition was heterogenous or mixed; the median R ratio was 3.4 and the mean was 4.6 (range 0.24–10.4). Kratom likely causes liver injury based on the totality of low-quality human evidence, and, in the context of epidemiologic, animal, and mechanistic studies. It remains unclear which subgroups of users are at heightened risk.
Author Dart, Richard C.
Schimmel, Jonathan
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Jonathan
  orcidid: 0000-0002-6383-8308
  surname: Schimmel
  fullname: Schimmel, Jonathan
  email: Jonathan_Schimmel@med.brown.edu
  organization: Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Medical Toxicology, Mount Sinai Hospital Icahn School of Medicine
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Richard C.
  surname: Dart
  fullname: Dart, Richard C.
  organization: Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Safety, Denver Health and Hospital Authority
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31919755$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
BookMark eNp9kMtOwzAQRS1URFvgB1igSGxgEfAjdmJWVBWPiiIkHmvLSSYlFXGCnRT173FJgR2L0Whm7twrnTEamNoAQkcEnxOM4wsXYSp4iIn0RSMaih00IiSWIZEcD9AI-3UohIiHaOzccjNKLvfQkBFJZMz5CF3dW93WVXD6ULZWL9ZGB88NZGXt9FkwL1dgg5lZdnZ9GUyCaV01Ft7AOH8InmBVwucB2i30u4PDbd9HrzfXL9O7cP54O5tO5mHGYt6GkLIcM5wwSnFEhMhiIMCFTJJcFwUQmWdxAgVL80xSnWSi4CSRLEooTwXknO2jk963sfVHB65Vy7qzxkcqygSVmFKBvYr2qszWzlkoVGPLStu1IlhtoKkemvLQ1Dc0JfzT8da6SyvIf19-KHkB6wXOn8wC7F_2P7ZfFgN3hA
CitedBy_id crossref_primary_10_1097_PAF_0000000000000691
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_transci_2024_103898
crossref_primary_10_1159_000539338
crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0288389
crossref_primary_10_14309_crj_0000000000000647
crossref_primary_10_1007_s40429_023_00465_8
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijbiomac_2024_133059
crossref_primary_10_3389_fphar_2024_1403140
crossref_primary_10_2903_j_efsa_2022_e200415
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_japh_2024_102138
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_drugalcdep_2022_109605
crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyt_2020_594816
crossref_primary_10_1093_jpp_rgac062
crossref_primary_10_3389_fphar_2021_729220
crossref_primary_10_5497_wjp_v11_i3_16
crossref_primary_10_1055_a_1826_2766
crossref_primary_10_1053_j_gastro_2020_09_048
crossref_primary_10_3390_medicines7100062
crossref_primary_10_1080_02791072_2023_2242361
crossref_primary_10_1177_11795476221132824
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_psc_2022_04_002
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_emc_2021_04_013
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jep_2023_117685
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_disamonth_2022_101442
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_biopha_2024_116134
crossref_primary_10_1111_add_15082
crossref_primary_10_1097_CLD_0000000000000220
crossref_primary_10_1213_ANE_0000000000006177
crossref_primary_10_1007_s40429_023_00477_4
crossref_primary_10_1124_dmd_122_001005
crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyt_2021_640218
crossref_primary_10_1177_20503245211021193
crossref_primary_10_4254_wjh_v13_i9_1019
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_drugalcdep_2020_108426
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_fct_2022_113445
crossref_primary_10_3390_toxics10070398
crossref_primary_10_1080_17512433_2024_2305798
crossref_primary_10_1002_wfs2_1420
crossref_primary_10_1007_s00482_021_00588_9
crossref_primary_10_7759_cureus_14679
Cites_doi 10.1016/S0618-8278(19)30242-7
10.1016/j.ajp.2019.05.016
10.1177/2324709619836138
10.1002/jms.1607
10.1002/ptr.5942
10.1016/S1386-6346(03)00232-8
10.1038/clpt.1981.154
10.1053/j.gastro.2011.07.051
10.1002/cpt.564
10.1016/j.jep.2012.03.009
10.1007/s00414-015-1279-y
10.3389/fphar.2019.00853
10.1002/hep.27612
10.1080/15563650.2019.1569236
10.1634/theoncologist.2017-0279
10.1007/s00210-018-01605-y
10.1016/j.cld.2007.06.003
10.1097/MJT.0000000000000631
10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.034
10.1053/jhep.2002.36088
10.1016/0895-4356(93)90101-6
10.3748/wjg.v19.i19.2864
10.3390/molecules18010666
10.1002/hep.23317
10.1016/S0016-5085(19)40307-7
10.1016/j.tox.2008.07.024
10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i3.22958
10.1007/s13181-011-0155-5
10.1002/hep.510260319
10.1016/j.jep.2013.02.008
10.3389/fnins.2015.00189
10.1016/j.ajem.2017.07.051
10.1097/MJT.0000000000000802
10.14309/00000434-201310001-00470
10.3390/ijms17020201
10.1016/j.jep.2017.12.017
10.1021/acs.jcim.6b00518
10.14740/gr990e
10.1517/17425255.2014.963555
10.3390/molecules15010432
10.14309/00000434-201710001-02150
10.1007/s11419-015-0305-6
10.1016/j.japh.2018.05.006
10.1002/hep.22442
10.1016/0895-4356(93)90102-7
10.1007/s000180300001
10.1080/02791072.2013.844532
10.1038/clpt.2011.58
10.14740/gr1204
10.1016/j.jep.2010.07.013
10.14309/01.ajg.0000599236.45119.13
10.1515/dmdi-2012-0039
10.3390/ijms17010014
10.1016/j.jhep.2011.02.007
10.14309/00000434-201110002-00753
10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03504.x
10.1080/20009666.2018.1468693
10.1080/02791072.2017.1371363
10.1021/jacs.6b00360
10.1002/hep.23577
ContentType Journal Article
Copyright Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Copyright Springer Nature B.V. Feb 2020
Copyright_xml – notice: Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
– notice: Copyright Springer Nature B.V. Feb 2020
DBID CGR
CUY
CVF
ECM
EIF
NPM
AAYXX
CITATION
3V.
4T-
7QO
7RV
7TK
7U7
7U9
7X7
7XB
88E
8FD
8FI
8FJ
8FK
ABUWG
AFKRA
AN0
BENPR
C1K
CCPQU
FR3
FYUFA
GHDGH
H94
K9.
KB0
M0S
M1P
NAPCQ
P64
PQEST
PQQKQ
PQUKI
PRINS
DOI 10.1007/s40265-019-01242-6
DatabaseName Medline
MEDLINE
MEDLINE (Ovid)
MEDLINE
MEDLINE
PubMed
CrossRef
ProQuest Central (Corporate)
Docstoc
Biotechnology Research Abstracts
Nursing & Allied Health Database
Neurosciences Abstracts
Toxicology Abstracts
Virology and AIDS Abstracts
Health & Medical Collection
ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)
Medical Database (Alumni Edition)
Technology Research Database
Hospital Premium Collection
Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)
ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)
ProQuest Central (Alumni)
ProQuest Central
British Nursing Database
ProQuest Central
Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management
ProQuest One Community College
Engineering Research Database
Health Research Premium Collection
Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)
AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts
ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)
Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)
Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)
PML(ProQuest Medical Library)
Nursing & Allied Health Premium
Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts
ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)
ProQuest One Academic
ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition
ProQuest Central China
DatabaseTitle MEDLINE
Medline Complete
MEDLINE with Full Text
PubMed
MEDLINE (Ovid)
CrossRef
Technology Research Database
ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)
ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)
ProQuest One Community College
ProQuest Central China
Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management
ProQuest Central
Health Research Premium Collection
Biotechnology Research Abstracts
Health and Medicine Complete (Alumni Edition)
AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts
ProQuest Medical Library (Alumni)
Virology and AIDS Abstracts
Toxicology Abstracts
ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition
British Nursing Index with Full Text
ProQuest Nursing & Allied Health Source
ProQuest Hospital Collection
Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)
Neurosciences Abstracts
ProQuest Hospital Collection (Alumni)
Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts
Nursing & Allied Health Premium
ProQuest Health & Medical Complete
ProQuest Medical Library
ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition
Docstoc
ProQuest Nursing & Allied Health Source (Alumni)
Engineering Research Database
ProQuest One Academic
ProQuest Central (Alumni)
DatabaseTitleList Technology Research Database
MEDLINE

Database_xml – sequence: 1
  dbid: NPM
  name: PubMed
  url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed
  sourceTypes: Index Database
– sequence: 2
  dbid: EIF
  name: MEDLINE
  url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=https://www.webofscience.com/wos/medline/basic-search
  sourceTypes: Index Database
– sequence: 3
  dbid: BENPR
  name: ProQuest Central
  url: https://www.proquest.com/central
  sourceTypes: Aggregation Database
DeliveryMethod fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline Medicine
Pharmacy, Therapeutics, & Pharmacology
EISSN 1179-1950
EndPage 283
ExternalDocumentID 10_1007_s40265_019_01242_6
31919755
Genre Journal Article
Review
GeographicLocations Thailand
United States--US
Malaysia
GeographicLocations_xml – name: Thailand
– name: Malaysia
– name: United States--US
GroupedDBID ---
-5G
-BR
-EM
.55
.GJ
.XZ
04C
0VX
29G
2JY
34G
36B
39C
3O-
3V.
4.4
406
53G
5GY
5RE
6I2
6PF
7RV
7X7
88E
8FI
8FJ
8R4
8R5
95.
AAAUJ
AABHQ
AADNT
AAFGU
AAIAL
AAIKX
AAJKR
AAKAS
AAPBV
AATNV
AAWTL
AAYFA
AAYQN
AAYTO
ABCQX
ABDZT
ABFTV
ABIPD
ABJNI
ABJOX
ABKCH
ABKMS
ABKTR
ABPLI
ABPTK
ABTKH
ABTMW
ABUWG
ABUWZ
ABWBT
ABXPI
ACBMV
ACBRV
ACBYP
ACCUX
ACGFS
ACHVE
ACIGE
ACIWK
ACMLO
ACPRK
ACTTH
ACVWB
ADBBV
ADFZG
ADHHG
ADINQ
ADKPE
ADMDM
ADQRH
ADRFC
ADURQ
ADZCM
ADZKW
AEBTG
AEFTE
AEJHL
AEJOU
AEJRE
AENEX
AEOHA
AEPKY
AEPYU
AEQTP
AESKC
AEYRQ
AFALF
AFFNX
AFJLC
AFKRA
AFNRJ
AFRAH
AFWTZ
AFZKB
AGAYW
AGDGC
AGGBP
AGQMX
AHBYD
AHIZS
AHKMG
AHMBA
AHSBF
AIAKS
AILAN
AJDOV
ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS
AMKLP
AMXSW
AMYLF
AN0
ASKOH
ASPBG
AUKKA
AVWKF
AWSVR
AXYYD
AZFZN
A~4
BENPR
BGNMA
BKEYQ
BNQBC
BPHCQ
BVXVI
CAG
CCPQU
COF
CS3
DCUDU
DPUIP
DU5
EBLON
EBS
ECV
EIHBH
EJD
ESX
EX3
F5P
FLLZZ
FNLPD
FSGXE
FYUFA
HF~
HMCUK
IAO
IEA
IHR
IMOTQ
INH
INR
ITC
IWAJR
J-C
JZLTJ
L7B
LLZTM
M1P
M4Y
N4W
NAPCQ
NQJWS
NU0
OAC
OPC
OVD
P2P
PCD
PQQKQ
PROAC
PSQYO
Q2X
RKO
ROL
RSV
RXW
RZALA
SISQX
SJN
SNPRN
SOHCF
SOJ
SPKJE
SRMVM
SSLCW
TEORI
TSG
U9L
UG4
UKHRP
UPIKM
UPOSE
UTJUX
VDBLX
VFIZW
W48
WAF
WOW
WQ9
X7M
Y6R
YFH
Z0Y
Z5O
Z7U
Z7V
Z7W
Z7X
Z81
Z82
Z83
Z84
Z87
ZA5
ZGI
ZXP
~JE
0R~
AACDK
AASML
AAYZH
ABAKF
ABWHX
ACAOD
ACCOQ
ACDTI
ACZOJ
AEBJR
AEFQL
AEMSY
AFBBN
AGQEE
AGRTI
AIGIU
AIZAD
ALIPV
CGR
CUY
CVF
ECM
EIF
FIGPU
NPM
SJYHP
AAYXX
CITATION
4T-
7QO
7TK
7U7
7U9
7XB
8FD
8FK
C1K
FR3
H94
K9.
P64
PQEST
PQUKI
PRINS
ID FETCH-LOGICAL-c375t-eb3d030832204166c7e1e56988daffe19dc78ef3bdc92a8c6f518934825b6ed53
IEDL.DBID 7X7
ISSN 0012-6667
IngestDate Thu Oct 10 22:02:20 EDT 2024
Thu Nov 21 21:24:19 EST 2024
Wed Oct 16 00:44:58 EDT 2024
Sat Dec 16 12:07:09 EST 2023
IsDoiOpenAccess true
IsOpenAccess true
IsPeerReviewed true
IsScholarly true
Issue 3
Language English
LinkModel DirectLink
MergedId FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c375t-eb3d030832204166c7e1e56988daffe19dc78ef3bdc92a8c6f518934825b6ed53
ORCID 0000-0002-6383-8308
PMID 31919755
PQID 2362902260
PQPubID 34797
PageCount 21
ParticipantIDs proquest_journals_2362902260
crossref_primary_10_1007_s40265_019_01242_6
pubmed_primary_31919755
springer_journals_10_1007_s40265_019_01242_6
PublicationCentury 2000
PublicationDate 2020-02-01
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 2020-02-01
PublicationDate_xml – month: 02
  year: 2020
  text: 2020-02-01
  day: 01
PublicationDecade 2020
PublicationPlace Cham
PublicationPlace_xml – name: Cham
– name: New Zealand
– name: Auckland
PublicationTitle Drugs (New York, N.Y.)
PublicationTitleAbbrev Drugs
PublicationTitleAlternate Drugs
PublicationYear 2020
Publisher Springer International Publishing
Springer Nature B.V
Publisher_xml – name: Springer International Publishing
– name: Springer Nature B.V
References Ya, Tangamornsuksan, Scholfield, Methaneethorn, Lohitnavy (CR74) 2019; 43
Arens, Gerona, Meier, Smollin (CR48) 2015; 53
Philipp, Wissenbach, Zoerntlein, Klein, Kanogsunthornrat, Maurer (CR77) 2009; 44
Manda, Avula, Dale, Ali, Khan, Walker (CR70) 2017; 31
Aithal, Watkins, Andrade, Larrey, Molokhia, Takikawa (CR54) 2011; 89
Hayashi (CR13) 2016; 17
Rochon, Protiva, Seeff, Fontana, Liangpunsakul, Watkins (CR21) 2008; 48
Paumgartner, Beuers (CR85) 2002; 36
Maria, Victorino (CR11) 1997; 26
Benichou, Danan, Flahault (CR16) 1993; 46
Sakaran, Othman, Jantan, Thent, Das (CR65) 2014; 3
Naranjo, Busto, Sellers, Sandor, Ruiz, Roberts (CR10) 1981; 30
Oliveira, Fraga, Carvalho (CR76) 2016; 34
Aldyab, Ells, Buib, Chapmanc, Lee (CR35) 2019; 12
Wang, Chai, Brewer, Chen (CR71) 2014; 10
Bøgevig, Breindal, Christensen, Nielsen, Hoegberg (CR43) 2019; 57
Haslan, Suhaimi, Das (CR68) 2018; 11
Danan, Teschke (CR18) 2019; 10
Kamal, Ghazali, Yahya (CR62) 2012; 1
Singh, Müller, Murugaiyah, Hamid, Vicknasingam, Avery (CR25) 2018; 214
Trakulsrichai, Tongpo, Sriapha, Wongvisawakorn, Rittilert, Kaojarern (CR5) 2013; 45
Mosedale, Watkins (CR9) 2017; 101
Rivera, Sharma, Shah (CR44) 2011; 106
Smith, Lawson (CR3) 2017; 180
Ricardo, Conte, Alkayali, Salem, Gastroenterology (CR42) 2019; 156
Davern, Chalasani, Fontana, Hayashi, Protiva, Kleiner (CR87) 2011; 141
Rusli, Amanah, Kaur, Adenan, Sulaiman, Wahab (CR81) 2019; 392
Riverso, Chang, Soldevila-Pico, Lai, Liu (CR29) 2018; 11
Harizal, Mansor, Hasnan, Tharakan, Abdullah (CR61) 2010; 131
Dorman, Wong, Khan (CR28) 2015; 61
Ahmad, Aziz (CR24) 2012; 141
Gijbels, Vinken (CR83) 2019
Osborne, Overstreet, Rockey, Schreiner (CR33) 2019; 7
CR8
Kesar, Michel, Weisberg (CR39) 2013; 108
CR7
Griffiths, Gandhi, Olin (CR30) 2018; 58
Zafarullah, Li, Sylvester, Ahmad (CR84) 2003; 60
Shah, Basit, Orlando (CR41) 2017; 112
Fernandes, Iqbal, Tighe, Ahmed (CR34) 2019; 7
Ali, Moklas, Taib (CR66) 2014; 5
Mousa, Sephien, Gutierrez, OʼLeary (CR31) 2018; 25
Saidin, Randall, Takayama (CR75) 2008; 1
Dalton, Fellows, Stableforth, Joseph, Thurairajah, Warshow (CR86) 2007; 26
Antony, Lee (CR32) 2019; 26
Kapp, Maurer, Auwärter, Winkelmann, Hermanns-Clausen (CR27) 2011; 7
Bernier, Allaire, Lelong-Boulouard, Rouillon, Boisselier (CR40) 2017; 31
Pronesti, Sial, Talwar, Aoun (CR45) 2019; 114
Shapiro, Lewis (CR20) 2007; 11
CR59
Danan, Benichou (CR14) 1993; 46
CR58
CR57
CR56
De Francesco, Lougheed, Mackenzie (CR50) 2019; 72
CR53
CR52
Griffin, Webb (CR6) 2018; 50
Cumpston, Carter, Wills (CR26) 2018; 36
CR51
Haron, Ismail (CR79) 2015; 7
Trakulsrichai, Sathirakul, Auparakkitanon, Krongvorakul, Sueajai, Noumjad (CR73) 2015; 9
Kaur, Siedlecki, Jafri (CR46) 2019; 34
Post, Spiller, Chounthirath, Smith (CR4) 2019; 57
Azizi, Ismail, Mordi, Ramanathan, Said, Mansor (CR80) 2010; 15
Danan, Teschke (CR17) 2016; 17
Tayabali, Bolzon, Foster, Patel, Kalim (CR36) 2018; 8
Takikawa, Takamori, Kumagi, Onji, Watanabe, Shibuya (CR12) 2003; 27
Teschke, Frenzel, Schulze, Eickhoff (CR22) 2013; 19
Fakurazi, Rahman, Hidayat, Ithnin, Moklas, Arulselvan (CR64) 2013; 18
Rockey, Seeff, Rochon, Freston, Chalasani, Bonacini (CR15) 2010; 51
Mackenzie, Thompson (CR49) 2018; 56
Drago, Lane, Kochav, Chabner (CR37) 2017; 22
Kupferschmidt (CR38) 2011; 49
Sabetghadam, Ramanathan, Sasidharan, Mansor (CR63) 2013; 146
García-Cortés, Stephens, Lucena, Fernández-Castañer, Andrade (CR19) 2011; 55
Suwanlert (CR23) 1975; 27
Azizi, Ismail, Mansor (CR78) 2013; 28
Warner, Kaufman, Grundmann (CR2) 2016; 130
Kruegel, Madalee, Kapoor, Váradi, Majumdar, Filizola (CR1) 2016; 138
Kotsampasakou, Ecker (CR82) 2017; 57
Macko, Weisbach, Douglas (CR60) 1972; 198
Ilmie, Jaafar, Mansor, Abdullah (CR67) 2015; 9
Desai, Ramachandra, Shah (CR47) 2019; 67
Lammert, Bjornsson, Niklasson, Chalasani (CR72) 2010; 51
Navarro, Odin, Ahmad, Hayashi, Fontana, Conjeevaram (CR55) 2019; 70
Guenther, Musick, Davis (CR69) 2019; 33
M Haron (1242_CR79) 2015; 7
K Ahmad (1242_CR24) 2012; 141
R Kaur (1242_CR46) 2019; 34
R Rivera (1242_CR44) 2011; 106
S Post (1242_CR4) 2019; 57
M Zafarullah (1242_CR84) 2003; 60
CT Fernandes (1242_CR34) 2019; 7
MU Ilmie (1242_CR67) 2015; 9
MA Shapiro (1242_CR20) 2007; 11
A Antony (1242_CR32) 2019; 26
HR Dalton (1242_CR86) 2007; 26
E Guenther (1242_CR69) 2019; 33
J Azizi (1242_CR80) 2010; 15
ML Warner (1242_CR2) 2016; 130
CL Griffiths (1242_CR30) 2018; 58
SRE Ali (1242_CR66) 2014; 5
S Fakurazi (1242_CR64) 2013; 18
Mina S. Mousa (1242_CR31) 2018; 25
GP Aithal (1242_CR54) 2011; 89
J Ricardo (1242_CR42) 2019; 156
TJ Davern (1242_CR87) 2011; 141
SR Shah (1242_CR41) 2017; 112
C Benichou (1242_CR16) 1993; 46
CS Osborne (1242_CR33) 2019; 7
G Danan (1242_CR17) 2016; 17
D Singh (1242_CR25) 2018; 214
NA Saidin (1242_CR75) 2008; 1
1242_CR52
YM Wang (1242_CR71) 2014; 10
JZ Drago (1242_CR37) 2017; 22
1242_CR53
C Mackenzie (1242_CR49) 2018; 56
1242_CR51
MS Kamal (1242_CR62) 2012; 1
S Trakulsrichai (1242_CR5) 2013; 45
E De Francesco (1242_CR50) 2019; 72
G Danan (1242_CR14) 1993; 46
1242_CR56
VA Maria (1242_CR11) 1997; 26
1242_CR57
1242_CR58
1242_CR59
J Rochon (1242_CR21) 2008; 48
KL Cumpston (1242_CR26) 2018; 36
AS Oliveira (1242_CR76) 2016; 34
S Bøgevig (1242_CR43) 2019; 57
E Macko (1242_CR60) 1972; 198
VJ Navarro (1242_CR55) 2019; 70
M Riverso (1242_CR29) 2018; 11
R Teschke (1242_CR22) 2013; 19
V Kesar (1242_CR39) 2013; 108
H Haslan (1242_CR68) 2018; 11
A Arens (1242_CR48) 2015; 53
J Azizi (1242_CR78) 2013; 28
K Tayabali (1242_CR36) 2018; 8
N Rusli (1242_CR81) 2019; 392
PH Hayashi (1242_CR13) 2016; 17
K Ya (1242_CR74) 2019; 43
AC Kruegel (1242_CR1) 2016; 138
C Lammert (1242_CR72) 2010; 51
DC Rockey (1242_CR15) 2010; 51
P Desai (1242_CR47) 2019; 67
AA Philipp (1242_CR77) 2009; 44
S Trakulsrichai (1242_CR73) 2015; 9
Eva Gijbels (1242_CR83) 2019
OH Griffin (1242_CR6) 2018; 50
M García-Cortés (1242_CR19) 2011; 55
M Aldyab (1242_CR35) 2019; 12
A Sabetghadam (1242_CR63) 2013; 146
R Sakaran (1242_CR65) 2014; 3
H Takikawa (1242_CR12) 2003; 27
G Paumgartner (1242_CR85) 2002; 36
H Kupferschmidt (1242_CR38) 2011; 49
M Bernier (1242_CR40) 2017; 31
FG Kapp (1242_CR27) 2011; 7
M Mosedale (1242_CR9) 2017; 101
KE Smith (1242_CR3) 2017; 180
1242_CR8
S Suwanlert (1242_CR23) 1975; 27
1242_CR7
G Danan (1242_CR18) 2019; 10
E Kotsampasakou (1242_CR82) 2017; 57
SN Harizal (1242_CR61) 2010; 131
C Dorman (1242_CR28) 2015; 61
V Pronesti (1242_CR45) 2019; 114
CA Naranjo (1242_CR10) 1981; 30
VK Manda (1242_CR70) 2017; 31
References_xml – volume: 58
  start-page: 561
  issue: 5
  year: 2018
  end-page: 563
  ident: CR30
  article-title: Possible kratom-induced hepatomegaly: a case report
  publication-title: J Am Pharm Assoc
  contributor:
    fullname: Olin
– volume: 11
  start-page: 79
  issue: 1
  year: 2018
  end-page: 82
  ident: CR29
  article-title: Histologic characterization of kratom use-associated liver Injury
  publication-title: Gastroenterol Res
  contributor:
    fullname: Liu
– volume: 60
  start-page: 6
  issue: 1
  year: 2003
  end-page: 20
  ident: CR84
  article-title: Molecular mechanisms of -acetylcysteine actions
  publication-title: Cell Mol Life Sci
  contributor:
    fullname: Ahmad
– volume: 72
  start-page: 69
  issue: 1
  year: 2019
  ident: CR50
  article-title: Kratom-induced acute liver failure
  publication-title: Can J Hosp Pharm
  contributor:
    fullname: Mackenzie
– volume: 146
  start-page: 815
  issue: 3
  year: 2013
  end-page: 823
  ident: CR63
  article-title: Subchronic exposure to mitragynine, the principal alkaloid of , in rats
  publication-title: J Ethnopharmacol
  contributor:
    fullname: Mansor
– volume: 30
  start-page: 239
  issue: 2
  year: 1981
  end-page: 245
  ident: CR10
  article-title: A method for estimating the probability of adverse drug reactions
  publication-title: Clin Pharmacol Ther
  contributor:
    fullname: Roberts
– volume: 43
  start-page: 73
  year: 2019
  end-page: 82
  ident: CR74
  article-title: Pharmacokinetics of mitragynine, a major analgesic alkaloid in kratom ( ): a systematic review
  publication-title: Asian J Psychiatry
  contributor:
    fullname: Lohitnavy
– volume: 51
  start-page: 2117
  issue: 6
  year: 2010
  end-page: 2126
  ident: CR15
  article-title: Causality assessment in drug-induced liver injury using a structured expert opinion process: comparison to the Roussel-Uclaf causality assessment method
  publication-title: Hepatology
  contributor:
    fullname: Bonacini
– volume: 25
  start-page: e550
  issue: 5
  year: 2018
  end-page: e551
  ident: CR31
  article-title: N-Acetylcysteine for Acute Hepatitis Induced by Kratom Herbal Tea
  publication-title: American Journal of Therapeutics
  contributor:
    fullname: OʼLeary
– ident: CR51
– volume: 130
  start-page: 127
  issue: 1
  year: 2016
  end-page: 138
  ident: CR2
  article-title: The pharmacology and toxicology of kratom: from traditional herb to drug of abuse
  publication-title: Int J Legal Med
  contributor:
    fullname: Grundmann
– volume: 8
  start-page: 107
  issue: 3
  year: 2018
  end-page: 110
  ident: CR36
  article-title: Kratom: a dangerous player in the opioid crisis
  publication-title: J Commun Hosp Internal Med Perspect
  contributor:
    fullname: Kalim
– volume: 17
  start-page: 14
  issue: 1
  year: 2016
  end-page: 46
  ident: CR17
  article-title: RUCAM in drug and herb induced liver injury: the update
  publication-title: Int J Mol Sci.
  contributor:
    fullname: Teschke
– volume: 61
  start-page: 1086
  issue: 3
  year: 2015
  end-page: 1087
  ident: CR28
  article-title: Cholestatic hepatitis from prolonged kratom use: a case report
  publication-title: Hepatology
  contributor:
    fullname: Khan
– volume: 70
  start-page: 138A
  issue: 1
  year: 2019
  ident: CR55
  article-title: Increasing episodes of hepatotoxicity in the drug induced liver injury network associated with kratom, a botanical product with opioid-like activity
  publication-title: Hepatology
  contributor:
    fullname: Conjeevaram
– volume: 11
  start-page: 477
  issue: 3
  year: 2007
  end-page: 505
  ident: CR20
  article-title: Causality assessment of drug-induced hepatotoxicity: promises and pitfalls
  publication-title: Clin Liver Dis.
  contributor:
    fullname: Lewis
– volume: 53
  start-page: 661
  issue: 7
  year: 2015
  ident: CR48
  article-title: Acute cholecystitis associated with Kratom abuse
  publication-title: Clin Toxicol
  contributor:
    fullname: Smollin
– ident: CR8
– ident: CR58
– volume: 27
  start-page: 21
  issue: 3
  year: 1975
  end-page: 27
  ident: CR23
  article-title: A study of kratom eaters in Thailand
  publication-title: Bull Narc
  contributor:
    fullname: Suwanlert
– volume: 26
  start-page: 664
  issue: 3
  year: 1997
  end-page: 669
  ident: CR11
  article-title: Development and validation of a clinical scale for the diagnosis of drug-induced hepatitis
  publication-title: Hepatology
  contributor:
    fullname: Victorino
– volume: 180
  start-page: 340
  year: 2017
  end-page: 348
  ident: CR3
  article-title: Prevalence and motivations for kratom use in a sample of substance users enrolled in a residential treatment program
  publication-title: Drug Alcohol Depend
  contributor:
    fullname: Lawson
– volume: 114
  start-page: S1344
  year: 2019
  ident: CR45
  article-title: Cholestatic liver injury caused by kratom ingestion: 2426
  publication-title: Am J Gastroenterol
  contributor:
    fullname: Aoun
– volume: 106
  start-page: S284
  year: 2011
  ident: CR44
  article-title: Liver toxicity following abuse of kratom ( ): 753
  publication-title: Am J Gastroenterol
  contributor:
    fullname: Shah
– volume: 7
  start-page: 227
  issue: 3
  year: 2011
  end-page: 231
  ident: CR27
  article-title: Intrahepatic cholestasis following abuse of powdered kratom ( )
  publication-title: J Med Toxicol
  contributor:
    fullname: Hermanns-Clausen
– volume: 18
  start-page: 666
  issue: 1
  year: 2013
  end-page: 681
  ident: CR64
  article-title: The combination of mitragynine and morphine prevents the development of morphine tolerance in mice
  publication-title: Molecules
  contributor:
    fullname: Arulselvan
– start-page: 1
  year: 2019
  end-page: 14
  ident: CR83
  article-title: Mechanisms of Drug-Induced Cholestasis
  publication-title: Methods in Molecular Biology
  contributor:
    fullname: Vinken
– volume: 26
  start-page: 1429
  issue: 10
  year: 2007
  end-page: 1435
  ident: CR86
  article-title: The role of hepatitis E virus testing in drug-induced liver injury
  publication-title: Aliment Pharmacol Ther
  contributor:
    fullname: Warshow
– volume: 141
  start-page: 446
  issue: 1
  year: 2012
  end-page: 450
  ident: CR24
  article-title: Mitragyna speciosa use in the northern states of Malaysia: a cross-sectional study
  publication-title: J Ethnopharmacol
  contributor:
    fullname: Aziz
– volume: 108
  start-page: S106
  year: 2013
  end-page: S161
  ident: CR39
  article-title: Mitragyna Speciosa (Kratom)-induced cholestatic hepatitis in abstracts Submitted for the 78th Annual Scientific Meeting of the American College of Gastroenterology
  publication-title: Am J Gastroenterol.
  contributor:
    fullname: Weisberg
– volume: 51
  start-page: 615
  issue: 2
  year: 2010
  end-page: 620
  ident: CR72
  article-title: Oral medications with significant hepatic metabolism at higher risk for hepatic adverse events
  publication-title: Hepatology
  contributor:
    fullname: Chalasani
– ident: CR57
– volume: 31
  start-page: 1935
  issue: 12
  year: 2017
  end-page: 1945
  ident: CR70
  article-title: PXR mediated induction of CYP3A4, CYP1A2, and P-gp by and its alkaloids
  publication-title: Phytother Res.
  contributor:
    fullname: Walker
– volume: 55
  start-page: 683
  issue: 3
  year: 2011
  end-page: 691
  ident: CR19
  article-title: Causality assessment methods in drug induced liver injury: strengths and weaknesses
  publication-title: J Hepatol
  contributor:
    fullname: Andrade
– volume: 214
  start-page: 197
  year: 2018
  end-page: 206
  ident: CR25
  article-title: Evaluating the hematological and clinical-chemistry parameters of kratom ( ) users in Malaysia
  publication-title: J Ethnopharmacol
  contributor:
    fullname: Avery
– volume: 141
  start-page: 1665
  issue: 5
  year: 2011
  end-page: 72.e1
  ident: CR87
  article-title: Acute hepatitis E infection accounts for some cases of suspected drug-induced liver injury
  publication-title: Gastroenterology
  contributor:
    fullname: Kleiner
– volume: 138
  start-page: 6754
  issue: 21
  year: 2016
  end-page: 6764
  ident: CR1
  article-title: Synthetic and receptor signaling explorations of the mitragyna alkaloids: mitragynine as an atypical molecular framework for opioid receptor modulators
  publication-title: J Am Chem Soc
  contributor:
    fullname: Filizola
– volume: 46
  start-page: 1331
  issue: 11
  year: 1993
  end-page: 1336
  ident: CR16
  article-title: Causality assessment of adverse reactions to drugs—II. An original model for validation of drug causality assessment methods: case reports with positive rechallenge
  publication-title: J Clin Epidemiol.
  contributor:
    fullname: Flahault
– volume: 15
  start-page: 432
  issue: 1
  year: 2010
  end-page: 441
  ident: CR80
  article-title: In vitro and in vivo effects of three different Mitragyna speciosa korth leaf extracts on phase II drug metabolizing enzymes—glutathione transferases (GSTs)
  publication-title: Molecules
  contributor:
    fullname: Mansor
– volume: 34
  start-page: 213
  issue: 2
  year: 2016
  end-page: 226
  ident: CR76
  article-title: Chemical characterization and in vitro cyto-and genotoxicity of ‘legal high’ products containing Kratom ( )
  publication-title: Forensic Toxicol
  contributor:
    fullname: Carvalho
– volume: 198
  start-page: 145
  issue: 1
  year: 1972
  end-page: 161
  ident: CR60
  article-title: Some observations on the pharmacology of mitragynine
  publication-title: Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther
  contributor:
    fullname: Douglas
– volume: 22
  start-page: 1010
  issue: 8
  year: 2017
  end-page: 1011
  ident: CR37
  article-title: The harm in kratom
  publication-title: Oncologist.
  contributor:
    fullname: Chabner
– volume: 28
  start-page: 95
  issue: 2
  year: 2013
  end-page: 105
  ident: CR78
  article-title: Korth leaves extracts induced the CYP450 catalyzed aminopyrine- -demethylase (APND) and UDP-glucuronosyl transferase (UGT) activities in male Sprague-Dawley rat livers
  publication-title: Drug Metab Drug Interact
  contributor:
    fullname: Mansor
– volume: 57
  start-page: 527
  issue: 6
  year: 2019
  ident: CR43
  article-title: Severe liver injury caused by recommended doses of the food supplement kratom
  publication-title: Clin Toxicol
  contributor:
    fullname: Hoegberg
– volume: 7
  start-page: 1
  year: 2019
  end-page: 5
  ident: CR33
  article-title: Drug-induced liver injury caused by kratom use as an alternative pain treatment amid an ongoing opioid epidemic
  publication-title: J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep.
  contributor:
    fullname: Schreiner
– volume: 50
  start-page: 114
  issue: 2
  year: 2018
  end-page: 120
  ident: CR6
  article-title: The scheduling of kratom and selective use of data
  publication-title: J Psychoact Drugs
  contributor:
    fullname: Webb
– volume: 48
  start-page: 1175
  issue: 4
  year: 2008
  end-page: 1183
  ident: CR21
  article-title: Reliability of the Roussel Uclaf causality assessment method for assessing causality in drug-induced liver injury
  publication-title: Hepatology
  contributor:
    fullname: Watkins
– volume: 26
  start-page: e546
  issue: 4
  year: 2019
  end-page: e547
  ident: CR32
  article-title: Herb-induced liver injury with cholestasis and renal injury secondary to short-term use of kratom ( )
  publication-title: Am J Ther
  contributor:
    fullname: Lee
– volume: 34
  start-page: S425
  issue: 2
  year: 2019
  end-page: S426
  ident: CR46
  article-title: A case of kratom induced cholestasis
  publication-title: J Gen Intern Med.
  contributor:
    fullname: Jafri
– volume: 3
  start-page: 2
  year: 2014
  ident: CR65
  article-title: Effect of subacute dose of Korth crude extract in female sprague dawley rats
  publication-title: J Med Bioeng.
  contributor:
    fullname: Das
– ident: CR53
– volume: 9
  start-page: 2421
  year: 2015
  end-page: 2429
  ident: CR73
  article-title: Pharmacokinetics of mitragynine in man
  publication-title: Drug Des Dev Ther
  contributor:
    fullname: Noumjad
– volume: 10
  start-page: 853
  year: 2019
  ident: CR18
  article-title: Roussel uclaf causality assessment method for drug-induced liver injury: present and future
  publication-title: Front Pharmacol
  contributor:
    fullname: Teschke
– volume: 57
  start-page: 847
  issue: 10
  year: 2019
  end-page: 854
  ident: CR4
  article-title: Kratom exposures reported to United States poison control centers: 2011–2017
  publication-title: Clin Toxicol
  contributor:
    fullname: Smith
– volume: 46
  start-page: 1323
  issue: 11
  year: 1993
  end-page: 1330
  ident: CR14
  article-title: Causality assessment of adverse reactions to drugs—I. A novel method based on the conclusions of international consensus meetings: application to drug-induced liver injuries
  publication-title: J Clin Epidemiol.
  contributor:
    fullname: Benichou
– volume: 31
  start-page: 19
  year: 2017
  end-page: 21
  ident: CR40
  article-title: Inserm. Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) “phyto-toxicomania": about a case of acute hepatitis
  publication-title: Fundam Clin Pharmacol.
  contributor:
    fullname: Boisselier
– volume: 7
  start-page: 4
  year: 2015
  ident: CR79
  article-title: Effects of mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine (the alkaloids of Mitragyna speciosa Korth) on 4-methylumbelliferone glucuronidation in rat and human liver microsomes and recombinant human uridine 5’-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase isoforms
  publication-title: Pharmacogn Res.
  contributor:
    fullname: Ismail
– volume: 9
  start-page: 189
  year: 2015
  ident: CR67
  article-title: Subchronic toxicity study of standardized methanolic extract of Korth in Sprague-Dawley Rats
  publication-title: Front Neurosci
  contributor:
    fullname: Abdullah
– volume: 45
  start-page: 404
  issue: 5
  year: 2013
  end-page: 408
  ident: CR5
  article-title: Kratom abuse in ramathibodi Poison Center, Thailand: a five-year experience
  publication-title: J Psychoact Drugs
  contributor:
    fullname: Kaojarern
– volume: 19
  start-page: 2864
  issue: 19
  year: 2013
  end-page: 2882
  ident: CR22
  article-title: Herbal hepatotoxicity: challenges and pitfalls of causality assessment methods
  publication-title: World J Gastroenterol
  contributor:
    fullname: Eickhoff
– volume: 33
  start-page: 765
  issue: Suppl 1
  year: 2019
  end-page: 768
  ident: CR69
  article-title: Faseb. Reversal of hepatomegaly following cessation of Kratom Consumption in C57BL/6 male and female mice
  publication-title: FASEB J.
  contributor:
    fullname: Davis
– ident: CR56
– volume: 11
  start-page: 43
  issue: 3
  year: 2018
  end-page: 46
  ident: CR68
  article-title: Mitragyna speciosa-induced hepatotoxicity-treated effectively by piper betle: scope as a future antidote
  publication-title: Asian J Pharm Clin Res.
  contributor:
    fullname: Das
– volume: 36
  start-page: 525
  issue: 3
  year: 2002
  end-page: 531
  ident: CR85
  article-title: Ursodeoxycholic acid in cholestatic liver disease: mechanisms of action and therapeutic use revisited
  publication-title: Hepatology
  contributor:
    fullname: Beuers
– volume: 49
  start-page: 532
  issue: 6
  year: 2011
  ident: CR38
  article-title: Toxic hepatitis after Kratom ( sp.) consumption
  publication-title: Clin Toxicol.
  contributor:
    fullname: Kupferschmidt
– volume: 112
  start-page: S1190
  year: 2017
  ident: CR41
  article-title: Kratom-induced severe intrahepatic cholestasis: a case report
  publication-title: Am J Gastroenterol.
  contributor:
    fullname: Orlando
– volume: 10
  start-page: 1521
  issue: 11
  year: 2014
  end-page: 1532
  ident: CR71
  article-title: Pregnane X receptor and drug-induced liver injury
  publication-title: Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol.
  contributor:
    fullname: Chen
– volume: 89
  start-page: 806
  issue: 6
  year: 2011
  end-page: 815
  ident: CR54
  article-title: Case definition and phenotype standardization in drug-induced liver injury
  publication-title: Clin Pharmacol Ther
  contributor:
    fullname: Takikawa
– volume: 57
  start-page: 608
  issue: 3
  year: 2017
  end-page: 615
  ident: CR82
  article-title: Predicting drug-induced cholestasis with the help of hepatic transporters-an in silico modeling approach
  publication-title: J Chem Inf Model
  contributor:
    fullname: Ecker
– volume: 67
  start-page: 606
  issue: 2
  year: 2019
  ident: CR47
  article-title: Kratom induced hepatotoxicity and the role of N-acetyl cysteine. Abstract from conference: Southern Regional Meeting 2019
  publication-title: J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep.
  contributor:
    fullname: Shah
– volume: 56
  start-page: 947
  issue: 19
  year: 2018
  ident: CR49
  article-title: Salmonella contaminated Kratom ingestion associated with fulminant hepatic failure requiring liver transplantation
  publication-title: Clin Toxicol
  contributor:
    fullname: Thompson
– volume: 1
  start-page: 2
  year: 2012
  ident: CR62
  article-title: Acute toxicity study of standardized korth aqueous extract in Sprague dawley rats
  publication-title: J Plant Stud.
  contributor:
    fullname: Yahya
– volume: 36
  start-page: 166
  issue: 1
  year: 2018
  end-page: 168
  ident: CR26
  article-title: Clinical outcomes after Kratom exposures: a poison center case series
  publication-title: Am J Emerg Med
  contributor:
    fullname: Wills
– volume: 12
  start-page: 211
  issue: 4
  year: 2019
  end-page: 215
  ident: CR35
  article-title: Kratom-induced cholestatic liver injury mimicking anti-mitochondrial antibody-negative primary biliary cholangitis: a case report and review of literature
  publication-title: Gastroenterol Res.
  contributor:
    fullname: Lee
– volume: 101
  start-page: 469
  issue: 4
  year: 2017
  end-page: 480
  ident: CR9
  article-title: Drug-induced liver injury: advances in mechanistic understanding that will inform risk management
  publication-title: Clin Pharmacol Ther
  contributor:
    fullname: Watkins
– ident: CR52
– volume: 1
  start-page: 19
  issue: 253
  year: 2008
  end-page: 20
  ident: CR75
  article-title: Malaysian Kratom, a phyto-pharmaceutical of abuse: studies on the mechanism of its cytotoxicity
  publication-title: Toxicology
  contributor:
    fullname: Takayama
– volume: 17
  start-page: 201
  issue: 2
  year: 2016
  ident: CR13
  article-title: Drug-induced liver injury network causality assessment: criteria and experience in the United States
  publication-title: Int J Mol Sci
  contributor:
    fullname: Hayashi
– volume: 5
  start-page: 32
  issue: 5
  year: 2014
  ident: CR66
  article-title: DREAM and C-fos proteins expression after treatment with malaysian
  publication-title: Res J Pharm Biol Chem Sci
  contributor:
    fullname: Taib
– volume: 156
  start-page: S1316
  issue: 6
  year: 2019
  ident: CR42
  article-title: Mo1466-Kratom induced cholestatic hepatitis
  publication-title: Gastroenterology
  contributor:
    fullname: Gastroenterology
– ident: CR7
– ident: CR59
– volume: 27
  start-page: 192
  issue: 3
  year: 2003
  end-page: 195
  ident: CR12
  article-title: Assessment of 287 Japanese cases of drug induced liver injury by the diagnostic scale of the International Consensus Meeting
  publication-title: Hepatol Res
  contributor:
    fullname: Shibuya
– volume: 44
  start-page: 1249
  issue: 8
  year: 2009
  end-page: 1261
  ident: CR77
  article-title: Studies on the metabolism of mitragynine, the main alkaloid of the herbal drug Kratom, in rat and human urine using liquid chromatography-linear ion trap mass spectrometry
  publication-title: J Mass Spectrom
  contributor:
    fullname: Maurer
– volume: 131
  start-page: 404
  issue: 2
  year: 2010
  end-page: 409
  ident: CR61
  article-title: Acute toxicity study of the standardized methanolic extract of Korth in rodent
  publication-title: J Ethnopharmacol
  contributor:
    fullname: Abdullah
– volume: 392
  start-page: 481
  issue: 4
  year: 2019
  end-page: 496
  ident: CR81
  article-title: The inhibitory effects of mitragynine on P-glycoprotein in vitro
  publication-title: Naunyn Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol.
  contributor:
    fullname: Wahab
– volume: 7
  start-page: 2324709619836138
  year: 2019
  ident: CR34
  article-title: Kratom-induced cholestatic liver injury and its conservative management
  publication-title: J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep.
  contributor:
    fullname: Ahmed
– volume: 70
  start-page: 138A
  issue: 1
  year: 2019
  ident: 1242_CR55
  publication-title: Hepatology
  doi: 10.1016/S0618-8278(19)30242-7
  contributor:
    fullname: VJ Navarro
– volume: 43
  start-page: 73
  year: 2019
  ident: 1242_CR74
  publication-title: Asian J Psychiatry
  doi: 10.1016/j.ajp.2019.05.016
  contributor:
    fullname: K Ya
– volume: 7
  start-page: 232470961983613
  year: 2019
  ident: 1242_CR34
  publication-title: J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep.
  doi: 10.1177/2324709619836138
  contributor:
    fullname: CT Fernandes
– volume: 44
  start-page: 1249
  issue: 8
  year: 2009
  ident: 1242_CR77
  publication-title: J Mass Spectrom
  doi: 10.1002/jms.1607
  contributor:
    fullname: AA Philipp
– volume: 31
  start-page: 1935
  issue: 12
  year: 2017
  ident: 1242_CR70
  publication-title: Phytother Res.
  doi: 10.1002/ptr.5942
  contributor:
    fullname: VK Manda
– volume: 27
  start-page: 192
  issue: 3
  year: 2003
  ident: 1242_CR12
  publication-title: Hepatol Res
  doi: 10.1016/S1386-6346(03)00232-8
  contributor:
    fullname: H Takikawa
– volume: 30
  start-page: 239
  issue: 2
  year: 1981
  ident: 1242_CR10
  publication-title: Clin Pharmacol Ther
  doi: 10.1038/clpt.1981.154
  contributor:
    fullname: CA Naranjo
– volume: 67
  start-page: 606
  issue: 2
  year: 2019
  ident: 1242_CR47
  publication-title: J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep.
  contributor:
    fullname: P Desai
– volume: 141
  start-page: 1665
  issue: 5
  year: 2011
  ident: 1242_CR87
  publication-title: Gastroenterology
  doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.07.051
  contributor:
    fullname: TJ Davern
– volume: 27
  start-page: 21
  issue: 3
  year: 1975
  ident: 1242_CR23
  publication-title: Bull Narc
  contributor:
    fullname: S Suwanlert
– volume: 33
  start-page: 765
  issue: Suppl 1
  year: 2019
  ident: 1242_CR69
  publication-title: FASEB J.
  contributor:
    fullname: E Guenther
– volume: 7
  start-page: 1
  year: 2019
  ident: 1242_CR33
  publication-title: J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep.
  contributor:
    fullname: CS Osborne
– ident: 1242_CR53
– volume: 101
  start-page: 469
  issue: 4
  year: 2017
  ident: 1242_CR9
  publication-title: Clin Pharmacol Ther
  doi: 10.1002/cpt.564
  contributor:
    fullname: M Mosedale
– volume: 141
  start-page: 446
  issue: 1
  year: 2012
  ident: 1242_CR24
  publication-title: J Ethnopharmacol
  doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.03.009
  contributor:
    fullname: K Ahmad
– volume: 130
  start-page: 127
  issue: 1
  year: 2016
  ident: 1242_CR2
  publication-title: Int J Legal Med
  doi: 10.1007/s00414-015-1279-y
  contributor:
    fullname: ML Warner
– volume: 10
  start-page: 853
  year: 2019
  ident: 1242_CR18
  publication-title: Front Pharmacol
  doi: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00853
  contributor:
    fullname: G Danan
– ident: 1242_CR57
– volume: 49
  start-page: 532
  issue: 6
  year: 2011
  ident: 1242_CR38
  publication-title: Clin Toxicol.
  contributor:
    fullname: H Kupferschmidt
– volume: 61
  start-page: 1086
  issue: 3
  year: 2015
  ident: 1242_CR28
  publication-title: Hepatology
  doi: 10.1002/hep.27612
  contributor:
    fullname: C Dorman
– volume: 72
  start-page: 69
  issue: 1
  year: 2019
  ident: 1242_CR50
  publication-title: Can J Hosp Pharm
  contributor:
    fullname: E De Francesco
– volume: 57
  start-page: 847
  issue: 10
  year: 2019
  ident: 1242_CR4
  publication-title: Clin Toxicol
  doi: 10.1080/15563650.2019.1569236
  contributor:
    fullname: S Post
– volume: 1
  start-page: 2
  year: 2012
  ident: 1242_CR62
  publication-title: J Plant Stud.
  contributor:
    fullname: MS Kamal
– volume: 22
  start-page: 1010
  issue: 8
  year: 2017
  ident: 1242_CR37
  publication-title: Oncologist.
  doi: 10.1634/theoncologist.2017-0279
  contributor:
    fullname: JZ Drago
– volume: 392
  start-page: 481
  issue: 4
  year: 2019
  ident: 1242_CR81
  publication-title: Naunyn Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol.
  doi: 10.1007/s00210-018-01605-y
  contributor:
    fullname: N Rusli
– volume: 11
  start-page: 477
  issue: 3
  year: 2007
  ident: 1242_CR20
  publication-title: Clin Liver Dis.
  doi: 10.1016/j.cld.2007.06.003
  contributor:
    fullname: MA Shapiro
– volume: 5
  start-page: 32
  issue: 5
  year: 2014
  ident: 1242_CR66
  publication-title: Res J Pharm Biol Chem Sci
  contributor:
    fullname: SRE Ali
– volume: 57
  start-page: 527
  issue: 6
  year: 2019
  ident: 1242_CR43
  publication-title: Clin Toxicol
  contributor:
    fullname: S Bøgevig
– volume: 25
  start-page: e550
  issue: 5
  year: 2018
  ident: 1242_CR31
  publication-title: American Journal of Therapeutics
  doi: 10.1097/MJT.0000000000000631
  contributor:
    fullname: Mina S. Mousa
– volume: 180
  start-page: 340
  year: 2017
  ident: 1242_CR3
  publication-title: Drug Alcohol Depend
  doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.034
  contributor:
    fullname: KE Smith
– volume: 36
  start-page: 525
  issue: 3
  year: 2002
  ident: 1242_CR85
  publication-title: Hepatology
  doi: 10.1053/jhep.2002.36088
  contributor:
    fullname: G Paumgartner
– volume: 3
  start-page: 2
  year: 2014
  ident: 1242_CR65
  publication-title: J Med Bioeng.
  contributor:
    fullname: R Sakaran
– volume: 46
  start-page: 1323
  issue: 11
  year: 1993
  ident: 1242_CR14
  publication-title: J Clin Epidemiol.
  doi: 10.1016/0895-4356(93)90101-6
  contributor:
    fullname: G Danan
– volume: 19
  start-page: 2864
  issue: 19
  year: 2013
  ident: 1242_CR22
  publication-title: World J Gastroenterol
  doi: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i19.2864
  contributor:
    fullname: R Teschke
– volume: 34
  start-page: S425
  issue: 2
  year: 2019
  ident: 1242_CR46
  publication-title: J Gen Intern Med.
  contributor:
    fullname: R Kaur
– volume: 18
  start-page: 666
  issue: 1
  year: 2013
  ident: 1242_CR64
  publication-title: Molecules
  doi: 10.3390/molecules18010666
  contributor:
    fullname: S Fakurazi
– volume: 51
  start-page: 615
  issue: 2
  year: 2010
  ident: 1242_CR72
  publication-title: Hepatology
  doi: 10.1002/hep.23317
  contributor:
    fullname: C Lammert
– volume: 156
  start-page: S1316
  issue: 6
  year: 2019
  ident: 1242_CR42
  publication-title: Gastroenterology
  doi: 10.1016/S0016-5085(19)40307-7
  contributor:
    fullname: J Ricardo
– ident: 1242_CR58
– volume: 1
  start-page: 19
  issue: 253
  year: 2008
  ident: 1242_CR75
  publication-title: Toxicology
  doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2008.07.024
  contributor:
    fullname: NA Saidin
– volume: 56
  start-page: 947
  issue: 19
  year: 2018
  ident: 1242_CR49
  publication-title: Clin Toxicol
  contributor:
    fullname: C Mackenzie
– volume: 11
  start-page: 43
  issue: 3
  year: 2018
  ident: 1242_CR68
  publication-title: Asian J Pharm Clin Res.
  doi: 10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i3.22958
  contributor:
    fullname: H Haslan
– volume: 31
  start-page: 19
  year: 2017
  ident: 1242_CR40
  publication-title: Fundam Clin Pharmacol.
  contributor:
    fullname: M Bernier
– volume: 7
  start-page: 227
  issue: 3
  year: 2011
  ident: 1242_CR27
  publication-title: J Med Toxicol
  doi: 10.1007/s13181-011-0155-5
  contributor:
    fullname: FG Kapp
– volume: 26
  start-page: 664
  issue: 3
  year: 1997
  ident: 1242_CR11
  publication-title: Hepatology
  doi: 10.1002/hep.510260319
  contributor:
    fullname: VA Maria
– volume: 146
  start-page: 815
  issue: 3
  year: 2013
  ident: 1242_CR63
  publication-title: J Ethnopharmacol
  doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.02.008
  contributor:
    fullname: A Sabetghadam
– volume: 9
  start-page: 189
  year: 2015
  ident: 1242_CR67
  publication-title: Front Neurosci
  doi: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00189
  contributor:
    fullname: MU Ilmie
– ident: 1242_CR7
– volume: 36
  start-page: 166
  issue: 1
  year: 2018
  ident: 1242_CR26
  publication-title: Am J Emerg Med
  doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2017.07.051
  contributor:
    fullname: KL Cumpston
– ident: 1242_CR51
– volume: 53
  start-page: 661
  issue: 7
  year: 2015
  ident: 1242_CR48
  publication-title: Clin Toxicol
  contributor:
    fullname: A Arens
– volume: 26
  start-page: e546
  issue: 4
  year: 2019
  ident: 1242_CR32
  publication-title: Am J Ther
  doi: 10.1097/MJT.0000000000000802
  contributor:
    fullname: A Antony
– volume: 108
  start-page: S106
  year: 2013
  ident: 1242_CR39
  publication-title: Am J Gastroenterol.
  doi: 10.14309/00000434-201310001-00470
  contributor:
    fullname: V Kesar
– volume: 17
  start-page: 201
  issue: 2
  year: 2016
  ident: 1242_CR13
  publication-title: Int J Mol Sci
  doi: 10.3390/ijms17020201
  contributor:
    fullname: PH Hayashi
– volume: 214
  start-page: 197
  year: 2018
  ident: 1242_CR25
  publication-title: J Ethnopharmacol
  doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.12.017
  contributor:
    fullname: D Singh
– volume: 7
  start-page: 4
  year: 2015
  ident: 1242_CR79
  publication-title: Pharmacogn Res.
  contributor:
    fullname: M Haron
– volume: 57
  start-page: 608
  issue: 3
  year: 2017
  ident: 1242_CR82
  publication-title: J Chem Inf Model
  doi: 10.1021/acs.jcim.6b00518
  contributor:
    fullname: E Kotsampasakou
– volume: 11
  start-page: 79
  issue: 1
  year: 2018
  ident: 1242_CR29
  publication-title: Gastroenterol Res
  doi: 10.14740/gr990e
  contributor:
    fullname: M Riverso
– start-page: 1
  volume-title: Methods in Molecular Biology
  year: 2019
  ident: 1242_CR83
  contributor:
    fullname: Eva Gijbels
– volume: 10
  start-page: 1521
  issue: 11
  year: 2014
  ident: 1242_CR71
  publication-title: Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol.
  doi: 10.1517/17425255.2014.963555
  contributor:
    fullname: YM Wang
– ident: 1242_CR59
– volume: 15
  start-page: 432
  issue: 1
  year: 2010
  ident: 1242_CR80
  publication-title: Molecules
  doi: 10.3390/molecules15010432
  contributor:
    fullname: J Azizi
– volume: 112
  start-page: S1190
  year: 2017
  ident: 1242_CR41
  publication-title: Am J Gastroenterol.
  doi: 10.14309/00000434-201710001-02150
  contributor:
    fullname: SR Shah
– volume: 34
  start-page: 213
  issue: 2
  year: 2016
  ident: 1242_CR76
  publication-title: Forensic Toxicol
  doi: 10.1007/s11419-015-0305-6
  contributor:
    fullname: AS Oliveira
– volume: 58
  start-page: 561
  issue: 5
  year: 2018
  ident: 1242_CR30
  publication-title: J Am Pharm Assoc
  doi: 10.1016/j.japh.2018.05.006
  contributor:
    fullname: CL Griffiths
– volume: 48
  start-page: 1175
  issue: 4
  year: 2008
  ident: 1242_CR21
  publication-title: Hepatology
  doi: 10.1002/hep.22442
  contributor:
    fullname: J Rochon
– ident: 1242_CR8
– volume: 46
  start-page: 1331
  issue: 11
  year: 1993
  ident: 1242_CR16
  publication-title: J Clin Epidemiol.
  doi: 10.1016/0895-4356(93)90102-7
  contributor:
    fullname: C Benichou
– volume: 60
  start-page: 6
  issue: 1
  year: 2003
  ident: 1242_CR84
  publication-title: Cell Mol Life Sci
  doi: 10.1007/s000180300001
  contributor:
    fullname: M Zafarullah
– volume: 45
  start-page: 404
  issue: 5
  year: 2013
  ident: 1242_CR5
  publication-title: J Psychoact Drugs
  doi: 10.1080/02791072.2013.844532
  contributor:
    fullname: S Trakulsrichai
– volume: 89
  start-page: 806
  issue: 6
  year: 2011
  ident: 1242_CR54
  publication-title: Clin Pharmacol Ther
  doi: 10.1038/clpt.2011.58
  contributor:
    fullname: GP Aithal
– volume: 12
  start-page: 211
  issue: 4
  year: 2019
  ident: 1242_CR35
  publication-title: Gastroenterol Res.
  doi: 10.14740/gr1204
  contributor:
    fullname: M Aldyab
– volume: 131
  start-page: 404
  issue: 2
  year: 2010
  ident: 1242_CR61
  publication-title: J Ethnopharmacol
  doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.07.013
  contributor:
    fullname: SN Harizal
– volume: 114
  start-page: S1344
  year: 2019
  ident: 1242_CR45
  publication-title: Am J Gastroenterol
  doi: 10.14309/01.ajg.0000599236.45119.13
  contributor:
    fullname: V Pronesti
– ident: 1242_CR52
– volume: 198
  start-page: 145
  issue: 1
  year: 1972
  ident: 1242_CR60
  publication-title: Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther
  contributor:
    fullname: E Macko
– volume: 28
  start-page: 95
  issue: 2
  year: 2013
  ident: 1242_CR78
  publication-title: Drug Metab Drug Interact
  doi: 10.1515/dmdi-2012-0039
  contributor:
    fullname: J Azizi
– volume: 17
  start-page: 14
  issue: 1
  year: 2016
  ident: 1242_CR17
  publication-title: Int J Mol Sci.
  doi: 10.3390/ijms17010014
  contributor:
    fullname: G Danan
– volume: 55
  start-page: 683
  issue: 3
  year: 2011
  ident: 1242_CR19
  publication-title: J Hepatol
  doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2011.02.007
  contributor:
    fullname: M García-Cortés
– volume: 106
  start-page: S284
  year: 2011
  ident: 1242_CR44
  publication-title: Am J Gastroenterol
  doi: 10.14309/00000434-201110002-00753
  contributor:
    fullname: R Rivera
– volume: 9
  start-page: 2421
  year: 2015
  ident: 1242_CR73
  publication-title: Drug Des Dev Ther
  contributor:
    fullname: S Trakulsrichai
– volume: 26
  start-page: 1429
  issue: 10
  year: 2007
  ident: 1242_CR86
  publication-title: Aliment Pharmacol Ther
  doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03504.x
  contributor:
    fullname: HR Dalton
– volume: 8
  start-page: 107
  issue: 3
  year: 2018
  ident: 1242_CR36
  publication-title: J Commun Hosp Internal Med Perspect
  doi: 10.1080/20009666.2018.1468693
  contributor:
    fullname: K Tayabali
– volume: 50
  start-page: 114
  issue: 2
  year: 2018
  ident: 1242_CR6
  publication-title: J Psychoact Drugs
  doi: 10.1080/02791072.2017.1371363
  contributor:
    fullname: OH Griffin
– ident: 1242_CR56
– volume: 138
  start-page: 6754
  issue: 21
  year: 2016
  ident: 1242_CR1
  publication-title: J Am Chem Soc
  doi: 10.1021/jacs.6b00360
  contributor:
    fullname: AC Kruegel
– volume: 51
  start-page: 2117
  issue: 6
  year: 2010
  ident: 1242_CR15
  publication-title: Hepatology
  doi: 10.1002/hep.23577
  contributor:
    fullname: DC Rockey
SSID ssj0012959
Score 2.535327
SecondaryResourceType review_article
Snippet Kratom ( Mitragyna speciosa ) leaves contain the mu opioid partial agonists mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine. The US Drug Enforcement Agency considers it a...
Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) leaves contain the mu opioid partial agonists mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine. The US Drug Enforcement Agency considers it a...
SourceID proquest
crossref
pubmed
springer
SourceType Aggregation Database
Index Database
Publisher
StartPage 263
SubjectTerms Analgesics, Opioid - adverse effects
Analgesics, Opioid - chemistry
Analgesics, Opioid - isolation & purification
Bile
Biopsy
Cardiovascular disease
Case reports
Causality
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
Cholestasis - chemically induced
Epidemiology
Gallbladder diseases
Hepatitis
Hepatotoxicity
Humans
Injuries
Internal Medicine
International organizations
Jaundice
Latency
Liver
Medicine
Medicine & Public Health
Mitragyna - chemistry
Narcotics
Opioid receptors (type mu)
Pharmacology/Toxicology
Pharmacotherapy
Plant Leaves - chemistry
Review Article
Reviewing
Secologanin Tryptamine Alkaloids - adverse effects
Secologanin Tryptamine Alkaloids - chemistry
Secologanin Tryptamine Alkaloids - isolation & purification
Signs and symptoms
Subgroups
Title Kratom (Mitragyna Speciosa) Liver Injury: A Comprehensive Review
URI https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40265-019-01242-6
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31919755
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2362902260
Volume 80
hasFullText 1
inHoldings 1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
link http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwfV1LS8NAEB60XryIb6tV9iCi2MVumt0kXrQVi89SxEJvYV_xAaa1rYf-e2eTtEVETzklC99m55tvZnYG4FAZqQ1SK7WJdKEbz9JQcJ9aT2rFrdKBcnHIx7a46fp3Pd4rAm6joqxyahMzQ2362sXIzzy0tBESjqhdDD6pmxrlsqvFCI1FWGIeUjn-z0FvJriQynju_jKPopseFJdmsqtzqJuEK1tz1UJIU1T8JKZf3uavTGlGQK1VWCk8R9LIt3oNFmy6DkedvPX0pEqe5zepRlVyRDrzptSTDbi8d_n0D3L8-DYeypdJKkk2er4_kifkwRVnkNv0HQE-Jw3ijMTQvua17SRPH2xCt3X9fHVDi-kJVNcDPqaoko1rRoMntoZel9CBZZaLKAyNTBLLIqOD0CZ1ZXTkyVCLhDN0XnyUjEpYw-tbUEr7qd0B4kQG58Ki9kh8w4JQ-Ux6qD-NZMoXrAynU-jiQd4kI561Q86AjhHoOAM6FmWoTNGNiwMziufbW4btHPHZp9BKsCjgvAzV6RbMX_x7nd3_19mDZc9p56wCuwKl8fDL7qODMVYH2V90AEuNVrPZxmfzut15-gassszC
link.rule.ids 314,780,784,12056,21388,27924,27925,31719,33744,43310,43805,73745,74302
linkProvider ProQuest
linkToHtml http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwfV3JTsMwEB1BOcAFsVMo4ANCIGqB09hJuLCpqEBbVahI3CJvYZFIoS2H_j3jJG2FEHxAbOk5nnlvZjwDsK-M1AZdK7WJdKEbz9JQcJ9aT2rFrdKBcnHIVls0Hv27J_5UBNwGRVnl2CZmhtr0tIuRn3hoaSN0OOL0_OOTuqlRLrtajNCYhTnXOZ2XYO6q3u48TPIIXsRzAsw8ikQ9KJ7NZI_nUDkJV7jm6oXQUVHx0zX94pu_cqWZC7pZgsWCO5LL_LCXYcamK3DQyZtPj6qkO31LNaiSA9KZtqUercLFvcuov5PD1uuwL59HqSTZ8PneQB6RpivPILfpG0J8Ri6JMxN9-5JXt5M8gbAGjzf17nWDFvMTqK4FfEhRJxvXjgbv7CnyLqEDyywXURgamSSWRUYHoU1qyujIk6EWCWdIX3wUjUpYw2vrUEp7qd0E4mQG58Ki-kh8w4JQ-Ux6qECNZMoXrAzHY-jij7xNRjxpiJwBHSPQcQZ0LMpQGaMbF1dmEE8PuAwbOeKTpdBOsCjgvAzV8RFMP_x7n63_99mD-Ua31Yybt-37bVjwnJLO6rErUBr2v-wO0o2h2i3-qW8n9s4C
linkToPdf http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwfV3bTuMwEB2xRUL7goBloVz9sEKgrUXtxk7CC7elggWqCoHEW-RbuEik0JaH_j3jxG2F0O4HJJbO2DNnPMczAL-0VcZiaKUuV_7qhjuaSBFRx5XRwmkTa38Ped2R53fR33txH_RPgyCrHPvE0lHbnvF35PscPW2KAUc29_Mgi-j-aR--vlE_QcpXWsM4jW8wi1GxyWswe3LW6d5Mago8FRUZZpwiaY_DE5ryIR1mUdKL2Lx2CIMWlZ_D1Bfu-aVuWoaj9gLMBx5JjivDL8KMK5Zgp1s1oh41yO30XdWgQXZId9qievQDji59df2F7F4_DfvqYVQoUg6i7w3UHrnyUg1yUTwj3AfkmHiX0XePldKdVMWEZbhrn92entMwS4GaViyGFHNm61vT4PltIgeTJnbMCZkmiVV57lhqTZy4vKWtSblKjMwFQyoTYQKppbOi9RNqRa9wq0B8yiGEdJiJ5JFlcaIjpjhmo1YxHUlWh99j6LLXqmVGNmmOXAKdIdBZCXQm67AxRjcLx2eQTY1dh5UK8cmv0GewNBaiDo2xCaYf_nudtf-vsw1zuJ2yq4vO5Tp85z6pLqXZG1Ab9t_dJjKPod4KW-oD8c3SLw
openUrl ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kratom+%28Mitragyna+Speciosa%29+Liver+Injury%3A+A+Comprehensive+Review&rft.jtitle=Drugs+%28New+York%2C+N.Y.%29&rft.au=Schimmel%2C+Jonathan&rft.au=Dart%2C+Richard+C&rft.date=2020-02-01&rft.pub=Springer+Nature+B.V&rft.issn=0012-6667&rft.eissn=1179-1950&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=3&rft.spage=263&rft.epage=283&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2Fs40265-019-01242-6&rft.externalDBID=HAS_PDF_LINK
thumbnail_l http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=0012-6667&client=summon
thumbnail_m http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=0012-6667&client=summon
thumbnail_s http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=0012-6667&client=summon