How much has the Sun influenced Northern Hemisphere temperature trends? An ongoing debate

• Published in: Research in astronomy and astrophysics Vol. 21; no. 6; pp. 131 - 68
• Main Authors: Connolly, Ronan, Soon, Willie, Connolly, Michael, Baliunas, Sallie, Berglund, Johan, Butler, C. John, Cionco, Rodolfo Gustavo, Elias, Ana G., Fedorov, Valery M., Harde, Hermann, Henry, Gregory W., Hoyt, Douglas V., Humlum, Ole, Legates, David R., Lüning, Sebastian, Scafetta, Nicola, Solheim, Jan-Erik, Szarka, László, Loon, Harry van, Velasco Herrera, Víctor M., Willson, Richard C., Yan, Hong, Zhang, Weijia
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Beijing National Astronomical Observatories, CAS and IOP Publishing Ltd 01.08.2021; IOP Publishing; Center for Environmental Research and Earth Science(CERES),Salem,MA 01970,USA; Independent scientists,Dublin,Ireland%Center for Environmental Research and Earth Science(CERES),Salem,MA 01970,USA%Independent scientists,Dublin,Ireland%Retired,formerly Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics,Cambridge,MA 02138,USA%Independent researcher,Malm?,Sweden%Retired,formerly Armagh Observatory,College Hill,Armagh BT61 9DG,Northern Ireland,UK%Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires,Argentina; Grupo de Estudios Ambientales,Universidad Tecnológica Nacional,Colon 332,San Nicolás,Buenos Aires,Argentina%Laboratorio de Física de la Atmósfera,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Tecnología,Universidad Nacional de Tucumán,Av.Independencia 1800,4000 Tucumán,Argentina; Department of AOP Physics,University of Oxford,Oxford,UK; Instituto de Física del Noroeste Argentino(Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientficas y Técnicas-Universidad Nacional de Tucumán),4000 Tucumán,Argentina%Faculty of Geography,Lomonosov,Moscow State University,Leninskie Gory St.1,Moscow 119991,Russia%Helmut-Schmidt-University,Hamburg,Germany%Center of Excellence in Information Systems,Tennessee State University,Nashville,TN 37209 USA%Independent scientist,Berkeley Springs,WV,USA%Emeritus Professor in Physical Geography,Department of Geosciences,University of Oslo,Norway%College of Earth,Ocean,and the Environment,University of Delaware,Newark DE 19716-2541,USA%Institute for Hydrography,Geoecology and Climate Sciences,Hauptstraβe 47,6315 ?geri,Switzerland%Department of Earth Sciences,Environment and Georesources,University of Naples Federico Ⅱ,Complesso Universitario di Monte S.Angelo,via Cinthia,21,80126 Naples,Italy%Retired,formerly Department of Physics and Technology,UiT The Arctic University of Norway,9037 Tromsφ,Norway%ELKH Institute of Earth Physics and Space Science,9400 Sopron,Csatkai utca 6-8,Hungary%Retired,formerly National Center for Atmospheric Research,Boulder,Colorado,USA%Instituto de Geofisica,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México,Ciudad Universitaria,Coyoacán,04510,México D.F.,México%Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor(ACRIM),Coronado,CA 92118,USA%State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology,Institute of Earth Environment,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Xi'an 710061,China%Department of Mathematics and Physics,Shaoxing University,Shaoxing,China
• Subjects: (Sun:) solar terrestrial relations; (Sun:) sunspots-Sun: faculae; 19th century; Air temperature; Anthropogenic factors; Climate change; Estimates; Glaciers; Global temperatures; Global warming; Human influences; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; Irradiance; Northern Hemisphere; plages; Sea surface temperature; Solar activity; Solar irradiance; Sun: activity; Surface temperature; Surface-air temperature relationships; Temperature; Temperature trends; Tree rings; Trends; Urbanization; Variability; Weather stations; Northern Hemisphere; Sun:faculae; (Sun:)solar terrestrial relations; plages; Sun:activity; (Sun:)sunspots

In order to evaluate how much Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) has influenced Northern Hemisphere surface air temperature trends, it is important to have reliable estimates of both quantities. Sixteen different estimates of the changes in TSI since at least the 19 th century were compiled from the liter...