Battling the coronavirus ‘infodemic’ among social media users in Kenya and Nigeria

How can we induce social media users to be discerning when sharing information during a pandemic? An experiment on Facebook Messenger with users from Kenya ( n  = 7,498) and Nigeria ( n  = 7,794) tested interventions designed to decrease intentions to share COVID-19 misinformation without decreasing...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published inNature human behaviour Vol. 8; no. 5; pp. 823 - 834
Main Authors Offer-Westort, Molly, Rosenzweig, Leah R., Athey, Susan
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published London Nature Publishing Group UK 01.05.2024
Nature Publishing Group
Subjects
4014/4013
4014/4045
706/134
Accuracy
Adaptive designs
Adult
Behavioral Sciences
Biomedical and Life Sciences
Communication
Coronaviruses
COVID-19
COVID-19 - prevention & control
Experimental Psychology
False information
Female
Humans
Information Dissemination - methods
Intention
Intervention
Kenya
Life Sciences
Male
Microeconomics
Misinformation
Neurosciences
Nigeria
Pandemics
Personality and Social Psychology
Social Media
Social networks
Tactics
Young Adult
Nigeria
Kenya
Online AccessGet full text

Cover

Abstract How can we induce social media users to be discerning when sharing information during a pandemic? An experiment on Facebook Messenger with users from Kenya ( n  = 7,498) and Nigeria ( n  = 7,794) tested interventions designed to decrease intentions to share COVID-19 misinformation without decreasing intentions to share factual posts. The initial stage of the study incorporated: (1) a factorial design with 40 intervention combinations; and (2) a contextual adaptive design, increasing the probability of assignment to treatments that worked better for previous subjects with similar characteristics. The second stage evaluated the best-performing treatments and a targeted treatment assignment policy estimated from the data. We precisely estimate null effects from warning flags and related article suggestions, tactics used by social media platforms. However, nudges to consider the accuracy of information reduced misinformation sharing relative to control by 4.9% (estimate = −2.3 percentage points, 95% CI = [−4.2, −0.35]). Such low-cost scalable interventions may improve the quality of information circulating online. Which interventions limit the spread of COVID-19 misinformation online? In an experiment on Facebook Messenger in Kenya and Nigeria, nudges to consider an information’s accuracy worked best.
AbstractList How can we induce social media users to be discerning when sharing information during a pandemic? An experiment on Facebook Messenger with users from Kenya (n = 7,498) and Nigeria (n = 7,794) tested interventions designed to decrease intentions to share COVID-19 misinformation without decreasing intentions to share factual posts. The initial stage of the study incorporated: (1) a factorial design with 40 intervention combinations; and (2) a contextual adaptive design, increasing the probability of assignment to treatments that worked better for previous subjects with similar characteristics. The second stage evaluated the best-performing treatments and a targeted treatment assignment policy estimated from the data. We precisely estimate null effects from warning flags and related article suggestions, tactics used by social media platforms. However, nudges to consider the accuracy of information reduced misinformation sharing relative to control by 4.9% (estimate = -2.3 percentage points, 95% CI = [-4.2, -0.35]). Such low-cost scalable interventions may improve the quality of information circulating online.How can we induce social media users to be discerning when sharing information during a pandemic? An experiment on Facebook Messenger with users from Kenya (n = 7,498) and Nigeria (n = 7,794) tested interventions designed to decrease intentions to share COVID-19 misinformation without decreasing intentions to share factual posts. The initial stage of the study incorporated: (1) a factorial design with 40 intervention combinations; and (2) a contextual adaptive design, increasing the probability of assignment to treatments that worked better for previous subjects with similar characteristics. The second stage evaluated the best-performing treatments and a targeted treatment assignment policy estimated from the data. We precisely estimate null effects from warning flags and related article suggestions, tactics used by social media platforms. However, nudges to consider the accuracy of information reduced misinformation sharing relative to control by 4.9% (estimate = -2.3 percentage points, 95% CI = [-4.2, -0.35]). Such low-cost scalable interventions may improve the quality of information circulating online.
How can we induce social media users to be discerning when sharing information during a pandemic? An experiment on Facebook Messenger with users from Kenya ( n  = 7,498) and Nigeria ( n  = 7,794) tested interventions designed to decrease intentions to share COVID-19 misinformation without decreasing intentions to share factual posts. The initial stage of the study incorporated: (1) a factorial design with 40 intervention combinations; and (2) a contextual adaptive design, increasing the probability of assignment to treatments that worked better for previous subjects with similar characteristics. The second stage evaluated the best-performing treatments and a targeted treatment assignment policy estimated from the data. We precisely estimate null effects from warning flags and related article suggestions, tactics used by social media platforms. However, nudges to consider the accuracy of information reduced misinformation sharing relative to control by 4.9% (estimate = −2.3 percentage points, 95% CI = [−4.2, −0.35]). Such low-cost scalable interventions may improve the quality of information circulating online. Which interventions limit the spread of COVID-19 misinformation online? In an experiment on Facebook Messenger in Kenya and Nigeria, nudges to consider an information’s accuracy worked best.
How can we induce social media users to be discerning when sharing information during a pandemic? An experiment on Facebook Messenger with users from Kenya (n = 7,498) and Nigeria (n = 7,794) tested interventions designed to decrease intentions to share COVID-19 misinformation without decreasing intentions to share factual posts. The initial stage of the study incorporated: (1) a factorial design with 40 intervention combinations; and (2) a contextual adaptive design, increasing the probability of assignment to treatments that worked better for previous subjects with similar characteristics. The second stage evaluated the best-performing treatments and a targeted treatment assignment policy estimated from the data. We precisely estimate null effects from warning flags and related article suggestions, tactics used by social media platforms. However, nudges to consider the accuracy of information reduced misinformation sharing relative to control by 4.9% (estimate = -2.3 percentage points, 95% CI = [-4.2, -0.35]). Such low-cost scalable interventions may improve the quality of information circulating online.
How can we induce social media users to be discerning when sharing information during a pandemic? An experiment on Facebook Messenger with users from Kenya (n = 7,498) and Nigeria (n = 7,794) tested interventions designed to decrease intentions to share COVID-19 misinformation without decreasing intentions to share factual posts. The initial stage of the study incorporated: (1) a factorial design with 40 intervention combinations; and (2) a contextual adaptive design, increasing the probability of assignment to treatments that worked better for previous subjects with similar characteristics. The second stage evaluated the best-performing treatments and a targeted treatment assignment policy estimated from the data. We precisely estimate null effects from warning flags and related article suggestions, tactics used by social media platforms. However, nudges to consider the accuracy of information reduced misinformation sharing relative to control by 4.9% (estimate = −2.3 percentage points, 95% CI = [−4.2, −0.35]). Such low-cost scalable interventions may improve the quality of information circulating online.Which interventions limit the spread of COVID-19 misinformation online? In an experiment on Facebook Messenger in Kenya and Nigeria, nudges to consider an information’s accuracy worked best.
Author Offer-Westort, Molly
Athey, Susan
Rosenzweig, Leah R.
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Molly
  orcidid: 0000-0003-2787-9919
  surname: Offer-Westort
  fullname: Offer-Westort, Molly
  email: mollyow@uchicago.edu
  organization: Department of Political Science, University of Chicago
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Leah R.
  orcidid: 0000-0002-6043-6143
  surname: Rosenzweig
  fullname: Rosenzweig, Leah R.
  organization: Development Innovation Lab, University of Chicago
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Susan
  surname: Athey
  fullname: Athey, Susan
  organization: Stanford Graduate School of Business, Stanford University
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38499773$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
BookMark eNp9kc1OHSEYhonRqLXnBlwYkm7cTOVvBlhaU9vGE91Yt-Q7DHOKmQGFmSbuvAy9Pa-k6FFrXLgBFs8DH-_7Ca2HGBxCu5R8pYSrgyxo3bCKMF4Rqiip5BraZlzLinMp1t-ct9As50tCCNVcaNlsoi2uhNZS8m108Q3Gsfdhicc_DtuYYoC_Pk0ZP9ze-dDF1g3ePtzeYxhioXK0Hno8uNYDnrJLGfuAT1y4AQyhxad-6ZKHz2ijgz672fO-g34ffz8_-lnNz378OjqcV5bLeqxa3nYgOlFrVVPdOVrDogZJKTBVW0LqllupmJIdUVy2kjdCl7VrGQFtheA7aH9171WK15PLoxl8tq7vIbg4ZcN0ozSjoqEF_fIOvYxTCmU6w0lDtCj5qELtPVPTonzSXCU_QLoxL4kVgK0Am2LOyXWvCCXmsRmzasaUZsxTM0YWSb2TrB9h9DGMCXz_scpXai7vhBLu_7E_sP4BNDqh6A
CitedBy_id crossref_primary_10_1017_S0003055424001394
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_024_71599_6
crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0307090
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41562_024_01881_0
Cites_doi 10.1007/s11109-019-09533-0
10.1086/727605
10.1038/s41562-021-01056-1
10.1080/01621459.1995.10476494
10.1371/journal.pone.0197066
10.1038/s44159-021-00006-y
10.1371/journal.pone.0228882
10.1080/01621459.1994.10476818
10.37016/mr-2020-75
10.1038/s41467-022-30073-5
10.1093/restud/rdac065
10.1038/s41586-021-03344-2
10.1145/3447548.3467456
10.3982/ECTA17527
10.1002/poi3.214
10.1016/j.jdeveco.2023.103108
10.1073/pnas.1920498117
10.1016/j.jarmac.2020.06.006
10.1017/S0003055401002222
10.1177/19485506211000217
10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271
10.1017/pan.2017.27
10.1111/j.1540-6237.2012.00896.x
10.1111/jopy.12476
10.1007/s11109-010-9112-2
10.1080/02699931.2022.2090318
10.1186/s41235-020-00252-3
10.1111/jcom.12166
10.1017/S0003055421000459
10.1214/18-AOS1709
10.1177/1461444820969893
10.1037/xge0000729
10.1126/sciadv.abo6169
10.1371/journal.pone.0240005
10.1177/0956797620939054
10.48550/arXiv.1711.07077
10.1073/pnas.2020043118
10.48550/arXiv.2211.12004
10.1073/pnas.2104235118
10.2139/ssrn.3624510
10.1038/s41562-020-00994-6
10.1038/s41562-023-01641-6
10.1073/pnas.2216614120
10.31235/osf.io/dka8f
10.2139/ssrn.3689456
10.1287/mnsc.2023.4921
10.1027/1016-9040/a000492
ContentType Journal Article
Copyright The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited 2024. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.
Copyright_xml – notice: The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited 2024. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
– notice: 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.
DBID AAYXX
CITATION
CGR
CUY
CVF
ECM
EIF
NPM
0-V
3V.
7XB
88G
88J
8BJ
8FI
8FJ
8FK
ABUWG
AFKRA
ALSLI
AZQEC
BENPR
CCPQU
DWQXO
FQK
FYUFA
GHDGH
GNUQQ
JBE
M2M
M2R
PHGZM
PHGZT
PKEHL
POGQB
PQEST
PQQKQ
PQUKI
PRINS
PRQQA
PSYQQ
Q9U
7X8
DOI 10.1038/s41562-023-01810-7
DatabaseName CrossRef
Medline
MEDLINE
MEDLINE (Ovid)
MEDLINE
MEDLINE
PubMed
ProQuest Social Sciences Premium Collection【Remote access available】
ProQuest Central (Corporate)
ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)
Psychology Database (Alumni)
Social Science Database (Alumni Edition)
International Bibliography of the Social Sciences (IBSS)
ProQuest Hospital Collection
Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)
ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)
ProQuest Central (Alumni)
ProQuest Central UK/Ireland
Social Science Premium Collection
ProQuest Central Essentials
ProQuest Central
ProQuest One Community College
ProQuest Central Korea
International Bibliography of the Social Sciences
Health Research Premium Collection
Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)
ProQuest Central Student
International Bibliography of the Social Sciences
Psychology Database
Social Science Database
ProQuest Central Premium
ProQuest One Academic (New)
ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New)
ProQuest Sociology & Social Sciences Collection
ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)
ProQuest One Academic
ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition
ProQuest Central China
ProQuest One Social Sciences
ProQuest One Psychology
ProQuest Central Basic
MEDLINE - Academic
DatabaseTitle CrossRef
MEDLINE
Medline Complete
MEDLINE with Full Text
PubMed
MEDLINE (Ovid)
ProQuest One Psychology
ProQuest Sociology & Social Sciences Collection
ProQuest Central Student
ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New)
ProQuest Central Essentials
ProQuest Social Science Journals (Alumni Edition)
ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)
ProQuest One Community College
Sociology & Social Sciences Collection
ProQuest Central China
ProQuest Central
Health Research Premium Collection
International Bibliography of the Social Sciences (IBSS)
ProQuest Central Korea
ProQuest Central (New)
Social Science Premium Collection
ProQuest One Social Sciences
ProQuest Central Basic
ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition
ProQuest Hospital Collection
Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)
ProQuest Psychology Journals (Alumni)
ProQuest Hospital Collection (Alumni)
ProQuest Social Science Journals
ProQuest Psychology Journals
ProQuest Social Sciences Premium Collection
ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition
ProQuest One Academic
ProQuest One Academic (New)
ProQuest Central (Alumni)
MEDLINE - Academic
DatabaseTitleList MEDLINE - Academic

MEDLINE
ProQuest One Psychology
Database_xml – sequence: 1
  dbid: NPM
  name: PubMed
  url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed
  sourceTypes: Index Database
– sequence: 2
  dbid: EIF
  name: MEDLINE
  url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=https://www.webofscience.com/wos/medline/basic-search
  sourceTypes: Index Database
– sequence: 3
  dbid: BENPR
  name: ProQuest Central
  url: https://www.proquest.com/central
  sourceTypes: Aggregation Database
DeliveryMethod fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline Psychology
EISSN 2397-3374
EndPage 834
ExternalDocumentID 38499773
10_1038_s41562_023_01810_7
Genre Journal Article
GeographicLocations Nigeria
Kenya
GeographicLocations_xml – name: Kenya
– name: Nigeria
GrantInformation_xml – fundername: We received advertising credits for this study from Facebook Health and funding from the Golub Capital Social Impact Lab.
GroupedDBID 0R~
53G
8FI
8FJ
AAEEF
AARCD
AAYZH
ABJNI
ABLJU
ABUWG
ACGFS
ADBBV
AFKRA
AFSHS
AFWHJ
AHSBF
AIBTJ
ALFFA
ALIPV
ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS
ALSLI
ARMCB
AXYYD
AZQEC
BENPR
BKKNO
CCPQU
DWQXO
EBS
EJD
FSGXE
FYUFA
FZEXT
GNUQQ
M2M
M2R
NNMJJ
O9-
ODYON
PQQKQ
PSYQQ
RNT
SHXYY
SIXXV
SNYQT
SOJ
TAOOD
TBHMF
TDRGL
TSG
UKHRP
AAYXX
ACBWK
AFANA
ATHPR
CITATION
NFIDA
PHGZM
PHGZT
CGR
CUY
CVF
ECM
EIF
NPM
PRQQA
0-V
3V.
7XB
8BJ
8FK
FQK
JBE
PKEHL
POGQB
PQEST
PQUKI
PRINS
Q9U
7X8
ID FETCH-LOGICAL-c375t-d3dfa4f4598519fe15ab5a711a285c005d3c78287f0837d73649d73fd20a9c443
IEDL.DBID BENPR
ISSN 2397-3374
IngestDate Thu Jul 10 23:13:59 EDT 2025
Sat Aug 23 12:27:05 EDT 2025
Mon Jul 21 06:04:35 EDT 2025
Tue Jul 01 03:09:52 EDT 2025
Thu Apr 24 23:00:34 EDT 2025
Fri Feb 21 02:39:24 EST 2025
IsPeerReviewed true
IsScholarly true
Issue 5
Language English
License 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.
LinkModel DirectLink
MergedId FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c375t-d3dfa4f4598519fe15ab5a711a285c005d3c78287f0837d73649d73fd20a9c443
Notes ObjectType-Article-1
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
ObjectType-Feature-2
content type line 14
content type line 23
ORCID 0000-0003-2787-9919
0000-0002-6043-6143
PMID 38499773
PQID 3060940198
PQPubID 4560800
PageCount 12
ParticipantIDs proquest_miscellaneous_2968921461
proquest_journals_3060940198
pubmed_primary_38499773
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41562_023_01810_7
crossref_citationtrail_10_1038_s41562_023_01810_7
springer_journals_10_1038_s41562_023_01810_7
ProviderPackageCode CITATION
AAYXX
PublicationCentury 2000
PublicationDate 2024-05-01
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 2024-05-01
PublicationDate_xml – month: 05
  year: 2024
  text: 2024-05-01
  day: 01
PublicationDecade 2020
PublicationPlace London
PublicationPlace_xml – name: London
– name: England
PublicationTitle Nature human behaviour
PublicationTitleAbbrev Nat Hum Behav
PublicationTitleAlternate Nat Hum Behav
PublicationYear 2024
Publisher Nature Publishing Group UK
Nature Publishing Group
Publisher_xml – name: Nature Publishing Group UK
– name: Nature Publishing Group
References Bago, B., Rand, D. G. & Pennycook, G. Fake news, fast and slow: deliberation reduces belief in false (but not true) news headlines. J. Exp. Psychol.149, 1608–1613 (2020).
RobinsJMRotnitzkyASemiparametric efficiency in multivariate regression models with missing dataJ. Am. Stat. Assoc.19959012212910.1080/01621459.1995.10476494
GrossJJThe emerging field of emotion regulation: an integrative reviewRev. Gen. Psychol.1998227129910.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271
Swire-ThompsonBDeGutisJLazerDSearching for the backfire effect: measurement and design considerationsJ. Appl. Res. Mem. Cogn.2020928629910.1016/j.jarmac.2020.06.006329050237462781
KasyMSautmannAAdaptive treatment assignment in experiments for policy choiceEconometrica20218911313210.3982/ECTA17527
PennycookGShifting attention to accuracy can reduce misinformation onlineNature20215925905951:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXmslagtro%3D10.1038/s41586-021-03344-233731933
Tibshirani, J., Athey, S. & Wager, S. grf: Generalized Random Forests. R package version 2.3.0 (2020).
PennycookGRandDGWho falls for fake news? the roles of bullshit receptivity, overclaiming, familiarity and analytic thinkingJ. Personal.20208818520010.1111/jopy.12476
BodeLVragaEKIn related news, that was wrong: the correction of misinformation through related stories functionality in social mediaJ. Commun.20156561963810.1111/jcom.12166
Pennycook, G. & Rand, D. G. Accuracy prompts are a replicable and generalizable approach for reducing the spread of misinformation. Nat. Commun.13, 2333 (2022).
RobinsJMRotnitzkyAZhaoLPEstimation of regression coefficients when some regressors are not always observedJ. Am. Stat. Assoc.19948984686610.1080/01621459.1994.10476818
Bago, B., Rosenzweig, L. R., Berinsky, A. J. & Rand, D. G. Emotion may predict susceptibility to fake news but emotion regulation does not seem to help. Cogn. Emot.36, 1166–1180 (2022).
World Population Review (Facebook, 2022); worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/facebook-users-by-country
Rosenzweig, L. R., Bergquist, P., Hoffmann Pham, K., Rampazzo, F. & Mildenberger, M. Survey sampling in the global south using Facebook advertisements. Preprint at SocArXivhttps://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/dka8f (2020).
Haghdoost, Y. Alcohol poisoning kills 100 Iranians seeking virus protection. Bloomberg Markets (18 March 2020); www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-03-18/alcohol-poisoning-kills-100-iranians-seeking-virus-protection
AliAQaziIACountering misinformation on social media through educational interventions: evidence from a randomized experiment in PakistanJ. Dev. Econ.202316310310810.1016/j.jdeveco.2023.103108
LoombaSde FigueiredoAPiatekSJde GraafKLarsonHJMeasuring the impact of COVID-19 vaccine misinformation on vaccination intent in the UK and USANat. Hum. Behav.2021533734810.1038/s41562-021-01056-133547453
Martel, C., Pennycook, G. & Rand, D. G. Reliance on emotion promotes belief in fake news. Cogn. Res. Princ. Implic.5, 47 (2020).
Pennycook, G., McPhetres, J., Zhang, Y., Lu, J. G. & Rand, D. G. Fighting COVID-19 misinformation on social media: experimental evidence for a scalable accuracy-nudge intervention. Psychol. Sci.31, 770–780 (2020).
EckerUKThe psychological drivers of misinformation belief and its resistance to correctionNat. Rev. Psychol.20221132910.1038/s44159-021-00006-y
Even-Dar, E., Mannor, S., Mansour, Y. & Mahadevan, S. Action elimination and stopping conditions for the multi-armed bandit and reinforcement learning problems. J. Mach. Learn. Res.7, 1079–1105 (2006).
Roozenbeek, J., Suiter, J. & Culloty, E. Countering misinformation: evidence, knowledge gaps and implications of current interventions. Eur. Psychol.https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000492 (2023).
Athey, S. et al. Contextual bandits in a survey experiment on charitable giving: within-experiment outcomes versus policy learning. Preprint at https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2211.12004 (2022).
BroockmanDEKallaJLSekhonJSThe design of field experiments with survey outcomes: a framework for selecting more efficient, robust and ethical designsPolit. Anal.20172543546410.1017/pan.2017.27
PorterEWoodTJThe global effectiveness of fact-checking: evidence from simultaneous experiments in Argentina, Nigeria, South Africa and the United KingdomProc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA2021118e21042351181:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXitVCnu7bJ10.1073/pnas.2104235118345079968449384
Zhan, R., Hadad, V., Hirshberg, D. A. & Athey, S. Off-policy evaluation via adaptive weighting with data from contextual bandits. in Proc. 27th ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD '21) 2125–2135 (2021).
Meixler, E. Facebook is dropping its fake news red flag warning after finding it had the opposite effect. TIME (22 December 2017); time.com/5077002/facebook-fake-news-articles
Rosenzweig, L. R., Bago, B., Berinsky, A. J. & Rand, D. G. Happiness and surprise are associated with worse truth discernment of COVID-19 headlines among social media users in Nigeria. Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review (10 August 2021); misinforeview.hks.harvard.edu/article/happiness-and-surprise-are-associated-with-worse-truth-discernment-of-covid-19-headlines-among-social-media-users-in-nigeria
Bursztyn, L., Rao, A., Roth, C. & Yanagizawa-Drott, D. Opinions as Facts (ECONtribute, 2022).
Arechar, A. A. et al. Understanding and combatting misinformation across 16 countries on six continents. Nat. Hum. Behav.7, 1502–1513 (2023).
PummererLConspiracy theories and their societal effects during the COVID-19 pandemicSoc. Psychol. Personal. Sci.202213495910.1177/19485506211000217
AtheySTibshiraniJWagerSGeneralized random forestsAnn. Stat.2019471148117810.1214/18-AOS1709
Top 10 African countries with the most Facebook users. ITNews Africa (2016); www.howwe.ug/news/lifestyle/14791/top-10-countries-with-the-most-facebook-users-in-africa
DimakopoulouMZhouZAtheySImbensGBalanced linear contextual banditsProc. AAAI Conf. Artif. Intell.20193334453453
NyhanBReiflerJWhen corrections fail: the persistence of political misperceptionsPolit. Behav.20103230333010.1007/s11109-010-9112-2
CostaMSchaffnerBFPrevostAWalking the walk? Experiments on the effect of pledging to vote on youth turnoutPLoS ONE201813e019706610.1371/journal.pone.0197066298130755973556
ClaytonKReal solutions for fake news? Measuring the effectiveness of general warnings and fact-check tags in reducing belief in false stories on social mediaPolit. Behav.2020421073109510.1007/s11109-019-09533-0
Ghosh, S. Facebook will show people anti-fake news articles when they post false stories. Insider.com (3 August 2017); www.insider.com/facebook-related-articles-feature-will-show-you-anti-fake-news-2017-8
BowlesJLarreguyHLiuSCountering misinformation via Whatsapp: preliminary evidence from the COVID-19 pandemic in ZimbabwePLoS ONE202015e02400051:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXitFelt7zP10.1371/journal.pone.0240005330529677556529
EpsteinZSirlinNArecharAPennycookGRandDThe social media context interferes with truth discernmentSci. Adv.20239eabo616910.1126/sciadv.abo6169368677049984169
BadrinathanSEducative interventions to combat misinformation: evidence from a field experiment in IndiaAm. Polit. Sci. Rev.20211151325134110.1017/S0003055421000459
Kreps, S. E. & Kriner, D. Medical Misinformation in the COVID-19 Pandemic (SSRN, 2020).
CeylanGandersonIAWoodWSharing of misinformation is habitual, not just lazy or biasedProc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA2023120e22166141201:CAS:528:DC%2BB3sXivFShsbg%3D10.1073/pnas.2216614120366494149942822
GallottiRValleFCastaldoNSaccoPDe DomenicoMAssessing the risks of ‘infodemics’ in response to COVID-19 epidemicsNat. Hum. Behav.202041285129310.1038/s41562-020-00994-633122812
Yadlowsky, S., Fleming, S., Shah, N., Brunskill, E. & Wager, S. Evaluating treatment prioritization rules via rank-weighted average treatment effects. Preprint at arxiv.org/abs/2111.07966 (2021).
GuessAMA digital media literacy intervention increases discernment between mainstream and false news in the United States and IndiaProc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA2020117155361554510.1073/pnas.1920498117325719507355018
Goldstein, J. A., Grossman, S. & Startz, M. Belief in COVID-19 misinformation in Nigeria. J. Polit.https://doi.org/10.1086/727605
Dimakopoulou, M., Athey, S. & Imbens, G. Estimation considerations in contextual bandits. Preprint at https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1711.07077 (2017).
AltaySHacquinA-SMercierHWhy do so few people share fake news? It hurts their reputationN. Media Soc.2022241303132410.1177/1461444820969893
Caria, S. et al. An Adaptive Targeted Field Experiment: Job Search Assistance for Refugees in Jordan (CESifo, 2020).
MoslehMPennycookGRandDGSelf-reported willingness to share political news articles in online surveys correlates with actual sharing on TwitterPLoS ONE202015e02288821:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXjtVCrurw%3D10.1371/journal.pone.0228882320405397010247
Zhan, R., Ren, Z., Athey, S. & Zhou, Z. Policy learning with adaptively collected data. Manage. Sci.https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4921 (2023).
Gilens, M. Political ignorance and collective policy preferences. Am. Polit. Sci. Rev.95, 379–396 (2001).
MenaPCleaning up social media: the effect of warning labels on likelihood of sharing false news on FacebookPolicy Internet20201216518310.1002/poi3.214
CotterillSJohnPRichardsonLThe impact of a pledge request and the promise of publicity: a randomized controlled trial of charitable donationsSoc. Sci. Q.20139420021610.1111/j.1540-6237.2012.00896.x
BrashierNMPennycookGBerinskyAJRandDGTiming matters when correcting fake newsProc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA2021118e20200431181:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXjtV2lsrw%3D10.1073/pnas.2020043118334953367865139
1810_CR39
S Altay (1810_CR41) 2022; 24
K Clayton (1810_CR17) 2020; 42
1810_CR35
M Dimakopoulou (1810_CR30) 2019; 33
1810_CR4
1810_CR32
1810_CR31
1810_CR6
J Bowles (1810_CR22) 2020; 15
R Gallotti (1810_CR12) 2020; 4
S Badrinathan (1810_CR24) 2021; 115
1810_CR1
1810_CR3
B Swire-Thompson (1810_CR2) 2020; 9
B Nyhan (1810_CR37) 2010; 32
A Ali (1810_CR25) 2023; 163
1810_CR29
1810_CR27
1810_CR26
M Costa (1810_CR53) 2018; 13
NM Brashier (1810_CR21) 2021; 118
1810_CR23
JM Robins (1810_CR34) 1995; 90
L Bode (1810_CR36) 2015; 65
S Athey (1810_CR33) 2019; 47
E Porter (1810_CR20) 2021; 118
G Pennycook (1810_CR7) 2021; 592
G Ceylan (1810_CR9) 2023; 120
L Pummerer (1810_CR14) 2022; 13
UK Ecker (1810_CR16) 2022; 1
1810_CR13
1810_CR56
1810_CR11
1810_CR52
1810_CR51
1810_CR50
G Pennycook (1810_CR10) 2020; 88
S Loomba (1810_CR15) 2021; 5
1810_CR19
M Mosleh (1810_CR42) 2020; 15
1810_CR49
AM Guess (1810_CR8) 2020; 117
1810_CR48
1810_CR47
S Cotterill (1810_CR54) 2013; 94
1810_CR45
1810_CR44
1810_CR43
P Mena (1810_CR18) 2020; 12
M Kasy (1810_CR5) 2021; 89
1810_CR40
Z Epstein (1810_CR38) 2023; 9
JJ Gross (1810_CR55) 1998; 2
DE Broockman (1810_CR28) 2017; 25
JM Robins (1810_CR46) 1994; 89
References_xml – reference: GuessAMA digital media literacy intervention increases discernment between mainstream and false news in the United States and IndiaProc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA2020117155361554510.1073/pnas.1920498117325719507355018
– reference: Bursztyn, L., Rao, A., Roth, C. & Yanagizawa-Drott, D. Opinions as Facts (ECONtribute, 2022).
– reference: MoslehMPennycookGRandDGSelf-reported willingness to share political news articles in online surveys correlates with actual sharing on TwitterPLoS ONE202015e02288821:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXjtVCrurw%3D10.1371/journal.pone.0228882320405397010247
– reference: PorterEWoodTJThe global effectiveness of fact-checking: evidence from simultaneous experiments in Argentina, Nigeria, South Africa and the United KingdomProc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA2021118e21042351181:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXitVCnu7bJ10.1073/pnas.2104235118345079968449384
– reference: Pennycook, G., McPhetres, J., Zhang, Y., Lu, J. G. & Rand, D. G. Fighting COVID-19 misinformation on social media: experimental evidence for a scalable accuracy-nudge intervention. Psychol. Sci.31, 770–780 (2020).
– reference: MenaPCleaning up social media: the effect of warning labels on likelihood of sharing false news on FacebookPolicy Internet20201216518310.1002/poi3.214
– reference: CostaMSchaffnerBFPrevostAWalking the walk? Experiments on the effect of pledging to vote on youth turnoutPLoS ONE201813e019706610.1371/journal.pone.0197066298130755973556
– reference: Even-Dar, E., Mannor, S., Mansour, Y. & Mahadevan, S. Action elimination and stopping conditions for the multi-armed bandit and reinforcement learning problems. J. Mach. Learn. Res.7, 1079–1105 (2006).
– reference: Top 10 African countries with the most Facebook users. ITNews Africa (2016); www.howwe.ug/news/lifestyle/14791/top-10-countries-with-the-most-facebook-users-in-africa
– reference: Kreps, S. E. & Kriner, D. Medical Misinformation in the COVID-19 Pandemic (SSRN, 2020).
– reference: Yadlowsky, S., Fleming, S., Shah, N., Brunskill, E. & Wager, S. Evaluating treatment prioritization rules via rank-weighted average treatment effects. Preprint at arxiv.org/abs/2111.07966 (2021).
– reference: EckerUKThe psychological drivers of misinformation belief and its resistance to correctionNat. Rev. Psychol.20221132910.1038/s44159-021-00006-y
– reference: Rosenzweig, L. R., Bergquist, P., Hoffmann Pham, K., Rampazzo, F. & Mildenberger, M. Survey sampling in the global south using Facebook advertisements. Preprint at SocArXivhttps://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/dka8f (2020).
– reference: BodeLVragaEKIn related news, that was wrong: the correction of misinformation through related stories functionality in social mediaJ. Commun.20156561963810.1111/jcom.12166
– reference: Bago, B., Rosenzweig, L. R., Berinsky, A. J. & Rand, D. G. Emotion may predict susceptibility to fake news but emotion regulation does not seem to help. Cogn. Emot.36, 1166–1180 (2022).
– reference: BadrinathanSEducative interventions to combat misinformation: evidence from a field experiment in IndiaAm. Polit. Sci. Rev.20211151325134110.1017/S0003055421000459
– reference: Roozenbeek, J., Suiter, J. & Culloty, E. Countering misinformation: evidence, knowledge gaps and implications of current interventions. Eur. Psychol.https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000492 (2023).
– reference: PennycookGRandDGWho falls for fake news? the roles of bullshit receptivity, overclaiming, familiarity and analytic thinkingJ. Personal.20208818520010.1111/jopy.12476
– reference: NyhanBReiflerJWhen corrections fail: the persistence of political misperceptionsPolit. Behav.20103230333010.1007/s11109-010-9112-2
– reference: Caria, S. et al. An Adaptive Targeted Field Experiment: Job Search Assistance for Refugees in Jordan (CESifo, 2020).
– reference: Bago, B., Rand, D. G. & Pennycook, G. Fake news, fast and slow: deliberation reduces belief in false (but not true) news headlines. J. Exp. Psychol.149, 1608–1613 (2020).
– reference: GallottiRValleFCastaldoNSaccoPDe DomenicoMAssessing the risks of ‘infodemics’ in response to COVID-19 epidemicsNat. Hum. Behav.202041285129310.1038/s41562-020-00994-633122812
– reference: GrossJJThe emerging field of emotion regulation: an integrative reviewRev. Gen. Psychol.1998227129910.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271
– reference: Tibshirani, J., Athey, S. & Wager, S. grf: Generalized Random Forests. R package version 2.3.0 (2020).
– reference: Ghosh, S. Facebook will show people anti-fake news articles when they post false stories. Insider.com (3 August 2017); www.insider.com/facebook-related-articles-feature-will-show-you-anti-fake-news-2017-8
– reference: World Population Review (Facebook, 2022); worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/facebook-users-by-country
– reference: Athey, S. et al. Contextual bandits in a survey experiment on charitable giving: within-experiment outcomes versus policy learning. Preprint at https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2211.12004 (2022).
– reference: RobinsJMRotnitzkyASemiparametric efficiency in multivariate regression models with missing dataJ. Am. Stat. Assoc.19959012212910.1080/01621459.1995.10476494
– reference: AtheySTibshiraniJWagerSGeneralized random forestsAnn. Stat.2019471148117810.1214/18-AOS1709
– reference: EpsteinZSirlinNArecharAPennycookGRandDThe social media context interferes with truth discernmentSci. Adv.20239eabo616910.1126/sciadv.abo6169368677049984169
– reference: Arechar, A. A. et al. Understanding and combatting misinformation across 16 countries on six continents. Nat. Hum. Behav.7, 1502–1513 (2023).
– reference: Pennycook, G. & Rand, D. G. Accuracy prompts are a replicable and generalizable approach for reducing the spread of misinformation. Nat. Commun.13, 2333 (2022).
– reference: KasyMSautmannAAdaptive treatment assignment in experiments for policy choiceEconometrica20218911313210.3982/ECTA17527
– reference: Haghdoost, Y. Alcohol poisoning kills 100 Iranians seeking virus protection. Bloomberg Markets (18 March 2020); www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-03-18/alcohol-poisoning-kills-100-iranians-seeking-virus-protection
– reference: BrashierNMPennycookGBerinskyAJRandDGTiming matters when correcting fake newsProc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA2021118e20200431181:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXjtV2lsrw%3D10.1073/pnas.2020043118334953367865139
– reference: DimakopoulouMZhouZAtheySImbensGBalanced linear contextual banditsProc. AAAI Conf. Artif. Intell.20193334453453
– reference: PummererLConspiracy theories and their societal effects during the COVID-19 pandemicSoc. Psychol. Personal. Sci.202213495910.1177/19485506211000217
– reference: AliAQaziIACountering misinformation on social media through educational interventions: evidence from a randomized experiment in PakistanJ. Dev. Econ.202316310310810.1016/j.jdeveco.2023.103108
– reference: Dimakopoulou, M., Athey, S. & Imbens, G. Estimation considerations in contextual bandits. Preprint at https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1711.07077 (2017).
– reference: AltaySHacquinA-SMercierHWhy do so few people share fake news? It hurts their reputationN. Media Soc.2022241303132410.1177/1461444820969893
– reference: CotterillSJohnPRichardsonLThe impact of a pledge request and the promise of publicity: a randomized controlled trial of charitable donationsSoc. Sci. Q.20139420021610.1111/j.1540-6237.2012.00896.x
– reference: Rosenzweig, L. R., Bago, B., Berinsky, A. J. & Rand, D. G. Happiness and surprise are associated with worse truth discernment of COVID-19 headlines among social media users in Nigeria. Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review (10 August 2021); misinforeview.hks.harvard.edu/article/happiness-and-surprise-are-associated-with-worse-truth-discernment-of-covid-19-headlines-among-social-media-users-in-nigeria/
– reference: BowlesJLarreguyHLiuSCountering misinformation via Whatsapp: preliminary evidence from the COVID-19 pandemic in ZimbabwePLoS ONE202015e02400051:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXitFelt7zP10.1371/journal.pone.0240005330529677556529
– reference: Zhan, R., Hadad, V., Hirshberg, D. A. & Athey, S. Off-policy evaluation via adaptive weighting with data from contextual bandits. in Proc. 27th ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD '21) 2125–2135 (2021).
– reference: Martel, C., Pennycook, G. & Rand, D. G. Reliance on emotion promotes belief in fake news. Cogn. Res. Princ. Implic.5, 47 (2020).
– reference: PennycookGShifting attention to accuracy can reduce misinformation onlineNature20215925905951:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXmslagtro%3D10.1038/s41586-021-03344-233731933
– reference: Zhan, R., Ren, Z., Athey, S. & Zhou, Z. Policy learning with adaptively collected data. Manage. Sci.https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4921 (2023).
– reference: Swire-ThompsonBDeGutisJLazerDSearching for the backfire effect: measurement and design considerationsJ. Appl. Res. Mem. Cogn.2020928629910.1016/j.jarmac.2020.06.006329050237462781
– reference: RobinsJMRotnitzkyAZhaoLPEstimation of regression coefficients when some regressors are not always observedJ. Am. Stat. Assoc.19948984686610.1080/01621459.1994.10476818
– reference: LoombaSde FigueiredoAPiatekSJde GraafKLarsonHJMeasuring the impact of COVID-19 vaccine misinformation on vaccination intent in the UK and USANat. Hum. Behav.2021533734810.1038/s41562-021-01056-133547453
– reference: Goldstein, J. A., Grossman, S. & Startz, M. Belief in COVID-19 misinformation in Nigeria. J. Polit.https://doi.org/10.1086/727605
– reference: BroockmanDEKallaJLSekhonJSThe design of field experiments with survey outcomes: a framework for selecting more efficient, robust and ethical designsPolit. Anal.20172543546410.1017/pan.2017.27
– reference: ClaytonKReal solutions for fake news? Measuring the effectiveness of general warnings and fact-check tags in reducing belief in false stories on social mediaPolit. Behav.2020421073109510.1007/s11109-019-09533-0
– reference: Meixler, E. Facebook is dropping its fake news red flag warning after finding it had the opposite effect. TIME (22 December 2017); time.com/5077002/facebook-fake-news-articles/
– reference: Gilens, M. Political ignorance and collective policy preferences. Am. Polit. Sci. Rev.95, 379–396 (2001).
– reference: CeylanGandersonIAWoodWSharing of misinformation is habitual, not just lazy or biasedProc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA2023120e22166141201:CAS:528:DC%2BB3sXivFShsbg%3D10.1073/pnas.2216614120366494149942822
– volume: 42
  start-page: 1073
  year: 2020
  ident: 1810_CR17
  publication-title: Polit. Behav.
  doi: 10.1007/s11109-019-09533-0
– ident: 1810_CR23
  doi: 10.1086/727605
– volume: 5
  start-page: 337
  year: 2021
  ident: 1810_CR15
  publication-title: Nat. Hum. Behav.
  doi: 10.1038/s41562-021-01056-1
– volume: 90
  start-page: 122
  year: 1995
  ident: 1810_CR34
  publication-title: J. Am. Stat. Assoc.
  doi: 10.1080/01621459.1995.10476494
– volume: 13
  start-page: e0197066
  year: 2018
  ident: 1810_CR53
  publication-title: PLoS ONE
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197066
– volume: 1
  start-page: 13
  year: 2022
  ident: 1810_CR16
  publication-title: Nat. Rev. Psychol.
  doi: 10.1038/s44159-021-00006-y
– volume: 15
  start-page: e0228882
  year: 2020
  ident: 1810_CR42
  publication-title: PLoS ONE
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228882
– volume: 89
  start-page: 846
  year: 1994
  ident: 1810_CR46
  publication-title: J. Am. Stat. Assoc.
  doi: 10.1080/01621459.1994.10476818
– ident: 1810_CR50
  doi: 10.37016/mr-2020-75
– ident: 1810_CR35
– ident: 1810_CR40
  doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-30073-5
– ident: 1810_CR13
  doi: 10.1093/restud/rdac065
– volume: 592
  start-page: 590
  year: 2021
  ident: 1810_CR7
  publication-title: Nature
  doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-03344-2
– ident: 1810_CR32
  doi: 10.1145/3447548.3467456
– volume: 33
  start-page: 3445
  year: 2019
  ident: 1810_CR30
  publication-title: Proc. AAAI Conf. Artif. Intell.
– volume: 89
  start-page: 113
  year: 2021
  ident: 1810_CR5
  publication-title: Econometrica
  doi: 10.3982/ECTA17527
– volume: 12
  start-page: 165
  year: 2020
  ident: 1810_CR18
  publication-title: Policy Internet
  doi: 10.1002/poi3.214
– ident: 1810_CR45
– volume: 163
  start-page: 103108
  year: 2023
  ident: 1810_CR25
  publication-title: J. Dev. Econ.
  doi: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2023.103108
– volume: 117
  start-page: 15536
  year: 2020
  ident: 1810_CR8
  publication-title: Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA
  doi: 10.1073/pnas.1920498117
– volume: 9
  start-page: 286
  year: 2020
  ident: 1810_CR2
  publication-title: J. Appl. Res. Mem. Cogn.
  doi: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2020.06.006
– ident: 1810_CR48
  doi: 10.1017/S0003055401002222
– volume: 13
  start-page: 49
  year: 2022
  ident: 1810_CR14
  publication-title: Soc. Psychol. Personal. Sci.
  doi: 10.1177/19485506211000217
– volume: 2
  start-page: 271
  year: 1998
  ident: 1810_CR55
  publication-title: Rev. Gen. Psychol.
  doi: 10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271
– ident: 1810_CR3
– volume: 25
  start-page: 435
  year: 2017
  ident: 1810_CR28
  publication-title: Polit. Anal.
  doi: 10.1017/pan.2017.27
– volume: 94
  start-page: 200
  year: 2013
  ident: 1810_CR54
  publication-title: Soc. Sci. Q.
  doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6237.2012.00896.x
– volume: 88
  start-page: 185
  year: 2020
  ident: 1810_CR10
  publication-title: J. Personal.
  doi: 10.1111/jopy.12476
– volume: 32
  start-page: 303
  year: 2010
  ident: 1810_CR37
  publication-title: Polit. Behav.
  doi: 10.1007/s11109-010-9112-2
– ident: 1810_CR51
  doi: 10.1080/02699931.2022.2090318
– ident: 1810_CR49
  doi: 10.1186/s41235-020-00252-3
– volume: 65
  start-page: 619
  year: 2015
  ident: 1810_CR36
  publication-title: J. Commun.
  doi: 10.1111/jcom.12166
– volume: 115
  start-page: 1325
  year: 2021
  ident: 1810_CR24
  publication-title: Am. Polit. Sci. Rev.
  doi: 10.1017/S0003055421000459
– volume: 47
  start-page: 1148
  year: 2019
  ident: 1810_CR33
  publication-title: Ann. Stat.
  doi: 10.1214/18-AOS1709
– volume: 24
  start-page: 1303
  year: 2022
  ident: 1810_CR41
  publication-title: N. Media Soc.
  doi: 10.1177/1461444820969893
– ident: 1810_CR52
  doi: 10.1037/xge0000729
– volume: 9
  start-page: eabo6169
  year: 2023
  ident: 1810_CR38
  publication-title: Sci. Adv.
  doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abo6169
– ident: 1810_CR56
– volume: 15
  start-page: e0240005
  year: 2020
  ident: 1810_CR22
  publication-title: PLoS ONE
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240005
– ident: 1810_CR44
  doi: 10.1177/0956797620939054
– ident: 1810_CR29
  doi: 10.48550/arXiv.1711.07077
– volume: 118
  start-page: e2020043118
  year: 2021
  ident: 1810_CR21
  publication-title: Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA
  doi: 10.1073/pnas.2020043118
– ident: 1810_CR6
  doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2211.12004
– ident: 1810_CR43
– volume: 118
  start-page: e2104235118
  year: 2021
  ident: 1810_CR20
  publication-title: Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA
  doi: 10.1073/pnas.2104235118
– ident: 1810_CR47
– ident: 1810_CR19
  doi: 10.2139/ssrn.3624510
– volume: 4
  start-page: 1285
  year: 2020
  ident: 1810_CR12
  publication-title: Nat. Hum. Behav.
  doi: 10.1038/s41562-020-00994-6
– ident: 1810_CR11
– ident: 1810_CR39
  doi: 10.1038/s41562-023-01641-6
– ident: 1810_CR1
– volume: 120
  start-page: e2216614120
  year: 2023
  ident: 1810_CR9
  publication-title: Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA
  doi: 10.1073/pnas.2216614120
– ident: 1810_CR27
  doi: 10.31235/osf.io/dka8f
– ident: 1810_CR4
  doi: 10.2139/ssrn.3689456
– ident: 1810_CR31
  doi: 10.1287/mnsc.2023.4921
– ident: 1810_CR26
  doi: 10.1027/1016-9040/a000492
SSID ssj0001934976
Score 2.3397696
Snippet How can we induce social media users to be discerning when sharing information during a pandemic? An experiment on Facebook Messenger with users from Kenya ( n...
How can we induce social media users to be discerning when sharing information during a pandemic? An experiment on Facebook Messenger with users from Kenya (n...
SourceID proquest
pubmed
crossref
springer
SourceType Aggregation Database
Index Database
Enrichment Source
Publisher
StartPage 823
SubjectTerms 4014/4013
4014/4045
706/134
Accuracy
Adaptive designs
Adult
Behavioral Sciences
Biomedical and Life Sciences
Communication
Coronaviruses
COVID-19
COVID-19 - prevention & control
Experimental Psychology
False information
Female
Humans
Information Dissemination - methods
Intention
Intervention
Kenya
Life Sciences
Male
Microeconomics
Misinformation
Neurosciences
Nigeria
Pandemics
Personality and Social Psychology
Social Media
Social networks
Tactics
Young Adult
Title Battling the coronavirus ‘infodemic’ among social media users in Kenya and Nigeria
URI https://link.springer.com/article/10.1038/s41562-023-01810-7
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38499773
https://www.proquest.com/docview/3060940198
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2968921461
Volume 8
hasFullText 1
inHoldings 1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
link http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwfV3NThsxEB6VcOGCgBZYSCtX6q1dkV3bsX2qaJUIITWqEFTcLK-9iyKhTWATJG48BrweT9Kx10mEEFxy2OzPaGY883lmPAPwTfSMy0zuUnSuRcrKLEsV9UWOXBRGlijx0GLjz6h_csFOL_llDLg1saxyYRODoXYT62PkRwhtfas33CP_nN6kfmqUz67GERprsI4mWOLma_3XYPT3bBVlUZShw42nZXpUHjV-x4K05L6MSKIREi890iuY-SpFGjzPcAs2I2Qkx62Mt-FDWe_AxtJy3X-Ef75Lpj9XThDOEeubEpi78e28Ic8Pj16FQgn888MTCbOFSBsoJ-HUCPFhioaMa4I2994QUzsyGl95xfwEF8PB-e-TNA5MSC0VfJY66irDKsYV4ihVlRk3BTciQ2FIbnG9OWqF73BfIfASTtA-U_hbubxnlGWM7kKnntTlPpCMS7yW2UIZxRBUKmO4KAthqWSG91gC2YJp2sZu4n6oxbUOWW0qdctojYzWgdFaJPB9-cy07aXx7t3dhSx0XFeNXmlBAl-Xf-OK8GkOU5eTeaNz1ZcqzCtPYK-V4fJzSL1CxEsT-LEQ6urlb9Ny8D4th7CRI9Zp6yC70JndzsvPiFVmxZeokP8BOIjlFw
linkProvider ProQuest
linkToHtml http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwtV3LTtwwFL2iw6Jsqpa-Qim4UrtqIyaxPY4XVUV5aCgwqiqo2BnHdqqRqgyQmVaz4zPan-Cj-JJeO8mMECo7NlnkeXNfPrbvA-Ct6Gqb6NTGOLjmMXNJEkvqgxy5yHXmUOKhxMbhoNc_Zl9O-MkCXLW5MD6ssvWJwVHbkfFr5BsIbX2pN5wjfzo7j33XKL-72rbQqNVi301_45St-ri3jfJ9l6a7O0db_bjpKhAbKvg4ttQWmhWMSwQbsnAJ1znXIkGKM25QKS01wpeBLxCdCCtoj0k8FjbtamkYo_jeB7DIKE5lOrD4eWfw9dt8VUdShgN8k53TpdlG5WdI-O-pD1vK0OmJmyPgLVh7a0s2jHS7j-FRA1HJZq1TT2DBlcuwNPOU06fw3Vfl9HnsBOEjMb4Igv41vJhU5Pryj1fZEHJ_ffmXhF5GpF6YJyFLhfhlkYoMS4I-fqqJLi0ZDH94Q3gGx_fCyufQKUelewkk4RmeS0wutWQIYqXWXLhcGJoxzbssgqRlmjJN9XLfROOnCrvoNFM1oxUyWgVGKxHB-9kzZ3XtjjvvXm1loRo7rtRc6yJ4M7uMFui3VXTpRpNKpbKXydAfPYIXtQxnn0PqJSJsGsGHVqjzl_-flpW7aVmHh_2jwwN1sDfYfwVLKeKsOgZzFTrji4l7jThpnK81ykng9L7t4R-SYCDJ
openUrl ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Battling+the+coronavirus+%27infodemic%27+among+social+media+users+in+Kenya+and+Nigeria&rft.jtitle=Nature+human+behaviour&rft.au=Offer-Westort%2C+Molly&rft.au=Rosenzweig%2C+Leah+R&rft.au=Athey%2C+Susan&rft.date=2024-05-01&rft.issn=2397-3374&rft.eissn=2397-3374&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=5&rft.spage=823&rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fs41562-023-01810-7&rft.externalDBID=NO_FULL_TEXT
thumbnail_l http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=2397-3374&client=summon
thumbnail_m http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=2397-3374&client=summon
thumbnail_s http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=2397-3374&client=summon