Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Seizures: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Background Up to 40% of patients with epilepsy experience seizures despite treatment with antiepileptic drugs; however, branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) supplementation has shown promise in treating refractory epilepsy. Objectives The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate all published s...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published inCNS drugs Vol. 33; no. 8; pp. 755 - 770
Main Authors Gruenbaum, Shaun E., Chen, Eric C., Sandhu, Mani Ratnesh Singh, Deshpande, Ketaki, Dhaher, Roni, Hersey, Denise, Eid, Tore
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Cham Springer International Publishing 01.08.2019
Springer Nature B.V
Subjects
Amino acids
Ammonia
Animal models
Antiepileptic agents
Convulsions & seizures
Epilepsy
Flurothyl
Glutamine
Kainic acid
Literature reviews
Medicine
Medicine & Public Health
Metabolism
Methionine
National libraries
Neurology
Neurosciences
Pathophysiology
Pentylenetetrazole
Pharmacotherapy
Picrotoxin
Psychiatry
Psychopharmacology
Rapamycin
Seizures
Signal transduction
Strychnine
Supplements
Systematic Review
TOR protein
United States > US
Online AccessGet full text

Cover

Abstract Background Up to 40% of patients with epilepsy experience seizures despite treatment with antiepileptic drugs; however, branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) supplementation has shown promise in treating refractory epilepsy. Objectives The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate all published studies that investigated the effects of BCAAs on seizures, emphasizing therapeutic efficacy and possible underlying mechanisms. Methods On 31 January, 2017, the following databases were searched for relevant studies: MEDLINE (OvidSP), EMBASE (OvidSP), Scopus (Elsevier), the Cochrane Library, and the unindexed material in PubMed (National Library of Medicine/National Institutes of Health). The searches were repeated in all databases on 18 February, 2019. We only included full-length preclinical and clinical studies that were published in the English language that examined the effects of BCAA administration on seizures. Results Eleven of 2045 studies met our inclusion criteria: ten studies were conducted in animal models and one study in human subjects. Seven seizure models were investigated: the strychnine (one study), pentylenetetrazole (two studies), flurothyl (one study), picrotoxin (two studies), genetic absence epilepsy in rats (one study), kainic acid (two studies), and methionine sulfoximine (one study) paradigms. Three studies investigated the effect of a BCAA mixture whereas the other studies explored the effects of individual BCAAs on seizures. In most animal models and in humans, BCAAs had potent anti-seizure effects. However, in the methionine sulfoximine model, long-term BCAA supplementation worsened seizure propagation and caused neuron loss, and in the genetic absence epilepsy in rats model, BCAAs exhibited pro-seizure effects. Conclusions The contradictory effects of BCAAs on seizure activity likely reflect differences in the complex mechanisms that underlie seizure disorders. Some of these mechanisms are likely mediated by BCAA’s effects on glucose, glutamate, glutamine, and ammonia metabolism, activation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin signaling pathway, and their effects on aromatic amino acid transport and neurotransmitter synthesis. We propose that a better understanding of mechanisms by which BCAAs affect seizures and neuronal viability is needed to advance the field of BCAA supplementation in epilepsy.
AbstractList Up to 40% of patients with epilepsy experience seizures despite treatment with antiepileptic drugs; however, branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) supplementation has shown promise in treating refractory epilepsy.BACKGROUNDUp to 40% of patients with epilepsy experience seizures despite treatment with antiepileptic drugs; however, branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) supplementation has shown promise in treating refractory epilepsy.The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate all published studies that investigated the effects of BCAAs on seizures, emphasizing therapeutic efficacy and possible underlying mechanisms.OBJECTIVESThe purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate all published studies that investigated the effects of BCAAs on seizures, emphasizing therapeutic efficacy and possible underlying mechanisms.On 31 January, 2017, the following databases were searched for relevant studies: MEDLINE (OvidSP), EMBASE (OvidSP), Scopus (Elsevier), the Cochrane Library, and the unindexed material in PubMed (National Library of Medicine/National Institutes of Health). The searches were repeated in all databases on 18 February, 2019. We only included full-length preclinical and clinical studies that were published in the English language that examined the effects of BCAA administration on seizures.METHODSOn 31 January, 2017, the following databases were searched for relevant studies: MEDLINE (OvidSP), EMBASE (OvidSP), Scopus (Elsevier), the Cochrane Library, and the unindexed material in PubMed (National Library of Medicine/National Institutes of Health). The searches were repeated in all databases on 18 February, 2019. We only included full-length preclinical and clinical studies that were published in the English language that examined the effects of BCAA administration on seizures.Eleven of 2045 studies met our inclusion criteria: ten studies were conducted in animal models and one study in human subjects. Seven seizure models were investigated: the strychnine (one study), pentylenetetrazole (two studies), flurothyl (one study), picrotoxin (two studies), genetic absence epilepsy in rats (one study), kainic acid (two studies), and methionine sulfoximine (one study) paradigms. Three studies investigated the effect of a BCAA mixture whereas the other studies explored the effects of individual BCAAs on seizures. In most animal models and in humans, BCAAs had potent anti-seizure effects. However, in the methionine sulfoximine model, long-term BCAA supplementation worsened seizure propagation and caused neuron loss, and in the genetic absence epilepsy in rats model, BCAAs exhibited pro-seizure effects.RESULTSEleven of 2045 studies met our inclusion criteria: ten studies were conducted in animal models and one study in human subjects. Seven seizure models were investigated: the strychnine (one study), pentylenetetrazole (two studies), flurothyl (one study), picrotoxin (two studies), genetic absence epilepsy in rats (one study), kainic acid (two studies), and methionine sulfoximine (one study) paradigms. Three studies investigated the effect of a BCAA mixture whereas the other studies explored the effects of individual BCAAs on seizures. In most animal models and in humans, BCAAs had potent anti-seizure effects. However, in the methionine sulfoximine model, long-term BCAA supplementation worsened seizure propagation and caused neuron loss, and in the genetic absence epilepsy in rats model, BCAAs exhibited pro-seizure effects.The contradictory effects of BCAAs on seizure activity likely reflect differences in the complex mechanisms that underlie seizure disorders. Some of these mechanisms are likely mediated by BCAA's effects on glucose, glutamate, glutamine, and ammonia metabolism, activation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin signaling pathway, and their effects on aromatic amino acid transport and neurotransmitter synthesis. We propose that a better understanding of mechanisms by which BCAAs affect seizures and neuronal viability is needed to advance the field of BCAA supplementation in epilepsy.CONCLUSIONSThe contradictory effects of BCAAs on seizure activity likely reflect differences in the complex mechanisms that underlie seizure disorders. Some of these mechanisms are likely mediated by BCAA's effects on glucose, glutamate, glutamine, and ammonia metabolism, activation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin signaling pathway, and their effects on aromatic amino acid transport and neurotransmitter synthesis. We propose that a better understanding of mechanisms by which BCAAs affect seizures and neuronal viability is needed to advance the field of BCAA supplementation in epilepsy.
Background Up to 40% of patients with epilepsy experience seizures despite treatment with antiepileptic drugs; however, branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) supplementation has shown promise in treating refractory epilepsy. Objectives The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate all published studies that investigated the effects of BCAAs on seizures, emphasizing therapeutic efficacy and possible underlying mechanisms. Methods On 31 January, 2017, the following databases were searched for relevant studies: MEDLINE (OvidSP), EMBASE (OvidSP), Scopus (Elsevier), the Cochrane Library, and the unindexed material in PubMed (National Library of Medicine/National Institutes of Health). The searches were repeated in all databases on 18 February, 2019. We only included full-length preclinical and clinical studies that were published in the English language that examined the effects of BCAA administration on seizures. Results Eleven of 2045 studies met our inclusion criteria: ten studies were conducted in animal models and one study in human subjects. Seven seizure models were investigated: the strychnine (one study), pentylenetetrazole (two studies), flurothyl (one study), picrotoxin (two studies), genetic absence epilepsy in rats (one study), kainic acid (two studies), and methionine sulfoximine (one study) paradigms. Three studies investigated the effect of a BCAA mixture whereas the other studies explored the effects of individual BCAAs on seizures. In most animal models and in humans, BCAAs had potent anti-seizure effects. However, in the methionine sulfoximine model, long-term BCAA supplementation worsened seizure propagation and caused neuron loss, and in the genetic absence epilepsy in rats model, BCAAs exhibited pro-seizure effects. Conclusions The contradictory effects of BCAAs on seizure activity likely reflect differences in the complex mechanisms that underlie seizure disorders. Some of these mechanisms are likely mediated by BCAA’s effects on glucose, glutamate, glutamine, and ammonia metabolism, activation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin signaling pathway, and their effects on aromatic amino acid transport and neurotransmitter synthesis. We propose that a better understanding of mechanisms by which BCAAs affect seizures and neuronal viability is needed to advance the field of BCAA supplementation in epilepsy.
Background Up to 40% of patients with epilepsy experience seizures despite treatment with antiepileptic drugs; however, branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) supplementation has shown promise in treating refractory epilepsy. Objectives The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate all published studies that investigated the effects of BCAAs on seizures, emphasizing therapeutic efficacy and possible underlying mechanisms. Methods On 31 January, 2017, the following databases were searched for relevant studies: MEDLINE (OvidSP), EMBASE (OvidSP), Scopus (Elsevier), the Cochrane Library, and the unindexed material in PubMed (National Library of Medicine/ National Institutes of Health). The searches were repeated in all databases on 18 February, 2019. We only included full-length preclinical and clinical studies that were published in the English language that examined the effects of BCAA administration on seizures. Results Eleven of 2045 studies met our inclusion criteria: ten studies were conducted in animal models and one study in human subjects. Seven seizure models were investigated: the strychnine (one study), pentylenetetrazole (two studies), flurothyl (one study), picrotoxin (two studies), genetic absence epilepsy in rats (one study), kainic acid (two studies), and methionine sulfoximine (one study) paradigms. Three studies investigated the effect of a BCAA mixture whereas the other studies explored the effects of individual BCAAs on seizures. In most animal models and in humans, BCAAs had potent anti-seizure effects. However, in the methionine sulfoximine model, long-term BCAA supplementation worsened seizure propagation and caused neuron loss, and in the genetic absence epilepsy in rats model, BCAAs exhibited pro-seizure effects. Conclusions The contradictory effects of BCAAs on seizure activity likely reflect differences in the complex mechanisms that underlie seizure disorders. Some of these mechanisms are likely mediated by BCAA's effects on glucose, glutamate, glutamine, and ammonia metabolism, activation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin signaling pathway, and their effects on aromatic amino acid transport and neurotransmitter synthesis. We propose that a better understanding of mechanisms by which BCAAs affect seizures and neuronal viability is needed to advance the field of BCAA supplementation in epilepsy.
Up to 40% of patients with epilepsy experience seizures despite treatment with antiepileptic drugs; however, branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) supplementation has shown promise in treating refractory epilepsy. The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate all published studies that investigated the effects of BCAAs on seizures, emphasizing therapeutic efficacy and possible underlying mechanisms. On 31 January, 2017, the following databases were searched for relevant studies: MEDLINE (OvidSP), EMBASE (OvidSP), Scopus (Elsevier), the Cochrane Library, and the unindexed material in PubMed (National Library of Medicine/National Institutes of Health). The searches were repeated in all databases on 18 February, 2019. We only included full-length preclinical and clinical studies that were published in the English language that examined the effects of BCAA administration on seizures. Eleven of 2045 studies met our inclusion criteria: ten studies were conducted in animal models and one study in human subjects. Seven seizure models were investigated: the strychnine (one study), pentylenetetrazole (two studies), flurothyl (one study), picrotoxin (two studies), genetic absence epilepsy in rats (one study), kainic acid (two studies), and methionine sulfoximine (one study) paradigms. Three studies investigated the effect of a BCAA mixture whereas the other studies explored the effects of individual BCAAs on seizures. In most animal models and in humans, BCAAs had potent anti-seizure effects. However, in the methionine sulfoximine model, long-term BCAA supplementation worsened seizure propagation and caused neuron loss, and in the genetic absence epilepsy in rats model, BCAAs exhibited pro-seizure effects. The contradictory effects of BCAAs on seizure activity likely reflect differences in the complex mechanisms that underlie seizure disorders. Some of these mechanisms are likely mediated by BCAA's effects on glucose, glutamate, glutamine, and ammonia metabolism, activation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin signaling pathway, and their effects on aromatic amino acid transport and neurotransmitter synthesis. We propose that a better understanding of mechanisms by which BCAAs affect seizures and neuronal viability is needed to advance the field of BCAA supplementation in epilepsy.
Author Chen, Eric C.
Sandhu, Mani Ratnesh Singh
Dhaher, Roni
Hersey, Denise
Deshpande, Ketaki
Gruenbaum, Shaun E.
Eid, Tore
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Shaun E.
  orcidid: 0000-0002-3214-6448
  surname: Gruenbaum
  fullname: Gruenbaum, Shaun E.
  email: gruenbaum.shaun@mayo.edu
  organization: Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Eric C.
  surname: Chen
  fullname: Chen, Eric C.
  organization: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Mani Ratnesh Singh
  orcidid: 0000-0002-5361-0414
  surname: Sandhu
  fullname: Sandhu, Mani Ratnesh Singh
  organization: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Ketaki
  surname: Deshpande
  fullname: Deshpande, Ketaki
  organization: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine
– sequence: 5
  givenname: Roni
  surname: Dhaher
  fullname: Dhaher, Roni
  organization: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine
– sequence: 6
  givenname: Denise
  surname: Hersey
  fullname: Hersey, Denise
  organization: Lewis Science Library, Princeton University
– sequence: 7
  givenname: Tore
  surname: Eid
  fullname: Eid, Tore
  organization: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31313139$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
BookMark eNp9kU1rVDEUhoNU7If-ARcScOMmmq-b3LibDn7B0EKr65BJznVS5ubWJFdpf33TmRahi5LFyeJ5Dof3PUYHaUqA0FtGPzJK9aciKVeCUGYIpaqjhL9AR4xpQ5gR8mD350RTqQ_RcSlXlFIplHqFDgXbPXOEzk6zS34DgSw3Lia8GGOa8MLHULBLAV9CvJ0zlM94gS9vSoXR1ejxBfyN8A9PA64bwKtYIbvauNfo5eC2Bd48zBP06-uXn8vvZHX-7cdysSJe6K4SLX3neqMHR7lzImg2DGsw4CSjgQlhqFFrFwZgsoee911QQ3DK9UwoDxrECfqw33udpz8zlGrHWDxsty7BNBfLeWdEJ3umGvr-CXo1zTm16yyXvFOshdU16t0DNa9HCPY6x9HlG_uYVAP6PeDzVEqGwfpYWxZTqtnFrWXU3pdi96XYVordlWJ5U_kT9XH7s5LYS6XB6Tfk_2c_Y90BcSCciQ
CitedBy_id crossref_primary_10_3390_diagnostics13061048
crossref_primary_10_3390_cells12111540
crossref_primary_10_1007_s12035_024_03965_4
crossref_primary_10_1038_s41582_021_00464_1
crossref_primary_10_1111_epi_16920
crossref_primary_10_1111_epi_16611
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neuarg_2024_04_001
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_taap_2025_117247
crossref_primary_10_3389_fgene_2022_947591
crossref_primary_10_3390_ijms23105515
crossref_primary_10_3389_fneur_2021_665334
crossref_primary_10_1021_acs_jproteome_3c00008
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_yebeh_2024_109916
crossref_primary_10_1038_s43856_021_00021_3
Cites_doi 10.2147/NDT.S50371
10.1111/epi.13321
10.1038/nrendo.2014.171
10.1016/S0140-6736(89)91170-7
10.1016/0024-3205(95)02026-F
10.1111/j.1471-4159.1987.tb01039.x
10.1111/j.1467-789X.2012.01038.x
10.1016/0091-3057(94)90504-5
10.1016/0006-8993(79)90071-4
10.1016/0028-3908(88)90200-6
10.15171/bi.2015.07
10.1046/j.1471-4159.1995.65020871.x
10.1021/jm00131a001
10.1007/BF00971323
10.1111/j.1471-4159.1990.tb01967.x
10.1007/BF01800354
10.1111/j.1528-1157.2000.tb00166.x
10.1212/WNL.45.10.1926
10.1046/j.1471-4159.1998.71020863.x
10.1093/jn/130.4.1026S
10.1007/s11011-016-9892-0
10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15166-5
10.1016/S0006-8993(98)01188-3
10.1111/j.1445-5994.1982.tb02650.x
10.1038/nm.3263
10.3390/nu8020079
10.1136/jnnp.55.3.195
10.1007/s12640-009-9115-0
10.1007/s00213-004-2105-2
10.1016/S0168-0102(01)00232-2
10.1016/j.jns.2013.05.029
10.1113/jphysiol.1996.sp021784
10.1007/BF00972489
10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2005.02.002
10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.12.012
10.1016/0091-3057(92)90393-T
10.1046/j.1535-7597.2003.03415.x
10.1016/S0197-0186(02)00018-9
10.1016/S0920-1211(02)00260-7
10.1056/NEJMra022308
10.1186/1471-2202-13-94
10.1002/(SICI)1098-1136(199709)21:1<92::AID-GLIA10>3.0.CO;2-W
10.1093/ajcn/68.1.72
10.1097/ANA.0000000000000499
10.1016/0304-3940(92)90674-V
10.3858/emm.2011.43.5.032
10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3232-14.2016
10.1073/pnas.0401297101
10.1016/j.nbd.2017.05.007
10.1016/0955-2863(90)90033-H
10.1177/0883073809336295
10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.06.008
10.1016/j.nbd.2015.05.013
10.1111/j.1528-1157.1997.tb01148.x
10.1016/j.yebeh.2017.09.003
10.1146/annurev.physiol.63.1.815
10.1172/JCI107803
10.1093/hmg/ddu123
10.1002/jnr.10086
10.1002/ana.10415
10.1093/brain/awn133
10.2174/157015911795596540
10.1038/nm.3217
10.1093/jn/135.6.1539S
10.1002/ana.410370204
10.1097/00004647-199701000-00006
10.1093/jn/136.1.269S
10.1126/science.1124147
10.1007/BF00441950
10.1016/S1059-1311(97)80067-2
10.1111/j.1528-1157.1992.tb01770.x
10.1091/mbc.11.5.1919
10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00322.x
10.4161/cc.11.2.19022
10.1093/jn/137.8.1835
10.1016/j.apmr.2005.03.022
10.1074/jbc.274.5.3026
10.1038/nrneurol.2013.135
10.1016/0197-0186(95)80004-5
10.1007/978-3-319-45096-4_14
10.1016/S0736-5748(03)00074-1
10.1016/S0006-8993(97)00139-X
10.1016/S0140-6736(88)91841-7
10.3109/00207459408986065
10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.02.001
10.1002/jnr.1221
10.1093/jn/131.3.846S
10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.09.128
10.1046/j.1471-4159.1999.721641.x
10.1046/j.1471-4159.1995.65062450.x
10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.02.036
10.1111/j.1528-1157.1998.tb01155.x
10.1007/BF00234248
10.1007/BF01945833
10.1002/jnr.10083
10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.10.011
10.1097/00001756-200011090-00021
10.1016/j.plefa.2003.07.005
10.1186/s41016-017-0073-8
10.1152/physrev.1983.63.4.1481
10.1002/jnr.21284
10.1016/0140-6736(93)90754-5
10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.03.109
10.1016/S0301-0082(97)00035-X
10.1007/BF00328503
10.1002/ana.20380
10.3390/nu8070405
10.1016/j.nbd.2014.03.006
10.1002/glia.22341
10.1007/s11064-012-0898-7
10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06070.x
10.1124/mol.104.003996
ContentType Journal Article
Copyright Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019
Copyright Springer Nature B.V. Aug 2019
Copyright_xml – notice: Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019
– notice: Copyright Springer Nature B.V. Aug 2019
DBID AAYXX
CITATION
NPM
3V.
4T-
7QP
7TK
7X7
7XB
88E
88G
8FI
8FJ
8FK
ABUWG
AFKRA
AZQEC
BENPR
CCPQU
DWQXO
FYUFA
GHDGH
GNUQQ
K9.
M0S
M1P
M2M
PHGZM
PHGZT
PJZUB
PKEHL
PPXIY
PQEST
PQQKQ
PQUKI
PRINS
PSYQQ
Q9U
7X8
DOI 10.1007/s40263-019-00650-2
DatabaseName CrossRef
PubMed
ProQuest Central (Corporate)
Docstoc
Calcium & Calcified Tissue Abstracts
Neurosciences Abstracts
Health & Medical Collection
ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)
Medical Database (Alumni Edition)
Psychology Database (Alumni)
ProQuest Hospital Collection
Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)
ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)
ProQuest Central
ProQuest Central UK/Ireland
ProQuest Central Essentials
ProQuest Central
ProQuest One
ProQuest Central Korea
Health Research Premium Collection
Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)
ProQuest Central Student
ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)
ProQuest Health & Medical Collection
Medical Database
Psychology Database
ProQuest Central Premium
ProQuest One Academic (New)
ProQuest Health & Medical Research Collection
ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New)
ProQuest One Health & Nursing
ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)
ProQuest One Academic
ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition
ProQuest Central China
ProQuest One Psychology
ProQuest Central Basic
MEDLINE - Academic
DatabaseTitle CrossRef
PubMed
ProQuest One Psychology
ProQuest Central Student
ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New)
ProQuest Central Essentials
ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)
ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)
ProQuest One Community College
ProQuest One Health & Nursing
ProQuest Central China
ProQuest Central
ProQuest Health & Medical Research Collection
Health Research Premium Collection
Health and Medicine Complete (Alumni Edition)
ProQuest Central Korea
Health & Medical Research Collection
ProQuest Central (New)
ProQuest Medical Library (Alumni)
ProQuest Central Basic
ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition
ProQuest Hospital Collection
Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)
ProQuest Psychology Journals (Alumni)
Neurosciences Abstracts
ProQuest Hospital Collection (Alumni)
ProQuest Health & Medical Complete
ProQuest Medical Library
ProQuest Psychology Journals
ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition
Docstoc
ProQuest One Academic
Calcium & Calcified Tissue Abstracts
ProQuest One Academic (New)
ProQuest Central (Alumni)
MEDLINE - Academic
DatabaseTitleList MEDLINE - Academic

ProQuest One Psychology
PubMed
Database_xml – sequence: 1
  dbid: NPM
  name: PubMed
  url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed
  sourceTypes: Index Database
– sequence: 2
  dbid: BENPR
  name: ProQuest Central
  url: https://www.proquest.com/central
  sourceTypes: Aggregation Database
DeliveryMethod fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline Medicine
Pharmacy, Therapeutics, & Pharmacology
EISSN 1179-1934
EndPage 770
ExternalDocumentID 31313139
10_1007_s40263_019_00650_2
Genre Review
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
GeographicLocations United States--US
GeographicLocations_xml – name: United States--US
GrantInformation_xml – fundername: Foundation for Anesthesia Education and Research
– fundername: National Center for Advancing Translational Science
  grantid: UL1 TR000142
– fundername: Citizens United for Research in Epilepsy
– fundername: National Institute of Health
  grantid: NINDS K08 NS058674; R01 NS070824; T32 GM086287
– fundername: NCATS NIH HHS
  grantid: UL1 TR000142
– fundername: NINDS NIH HHS
  grantid: R01 NS070824
– fundername: NINDS NIH HHS
  grantid: K08 NS058674
– fundername: NIGMS NIH HHS
  grantid: T32 GM086287
GroupedDBID ---
-EM
0R~
29B
2JY
36B
4.4
406
5GY
6PF
7X7
88E
8FI
8FJ
8R4
8R5
95.
AACDK
AADNT
AAIKX
AAJKR
AASML
AATNV
AAWTL
AAYQN
ABAKF
ABDZT
ABFTV
ABIPD
ABIVO
ABJNI
ABJOX
ABKCH
ABKMS
ABKTR
ABPLI
ABTKH
ABTMW
ABUWG
ABXPI
ACAOD
ACCOQ
ACCUX
ACDTI
ACGFS
ACMLO
ACPIV
ACPRK
ACZOJ
ADBBV
ADFZG
ADHHG
ADJJI
ADURQ
ADZKW
AEFQL
AEJHL
AEJRE
AEMSY
AENEX
AEOHA
AEPYU
AESKC
AFBBN
AFKRA
AFZKB
AGAYW
AGDGC
AGQEE
AGQMX
AGRTI
AHIZS
AHMBA
AIAKS
AIGIU
AILAN
ALIPV
ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS
AMKLP
AMXSW
AMYLF
ASPBG
AUKKA
AVWKF
AWSVR
AXYYD
AZQEC
BENPR
BGNMA
BPHCQ
BVXVI
CCPQU
CS3
DCUDU
DPUIP
DU5
DWQXO
EBLON
EBS
EJD
EMOBN
F5P
FEDTE
FIGPU
FNLPD
FSGXE
FYUFA
GNUQQ
H13
HG6
HMCUK
HVGLF
IAO
IMOTQ
INH
IWAJR
J-C
JZLTJ
LLZTM
M1P
M2M
M4Y
NQJWS
NU0
O9-
OAC
OPC
P2P
PQQKQ
PROAC
PSQYO
PSYQQ
Q2X
ROL
RSV
SJYHP
SNPRN
SOHCF
SOJ
SPKJE
SRMVM
SSLCW
TSG
U9L
UG4
UKHRP
UTJUX
VDBLX
W48
YFH
YQY
~JE
53G
6I2
AAAUJ
AAIAL
AAKAS
AAYTO
AAYXX
ABBRH
ABDBE
ABFSG
ABWHX
ACSTC
ADQRH
ADRFC
ADZCM
AEBTG
AEYRQ
AEZWR
AFDZB
AFHIU
AFOHR
AHSBF
AHWEU
AIXLP
ATHPR
AYFIA
AZFZN
A~4
BYPQX
CAG
CITATION
COF
FLLZZ
IEA
IHR
INR
IPY
ITC
OVD
PHGZM
PHGZT
RZALA
SISQX
TEORI
VFIZW
ABRTQ
NPM
PJZUB
PPXIY
3V.
4T-
7QP
7TK
7XB
8FK
K9.
PKEHL
PQEST
PQUKI
PRINS
Q9U
7X8
ID FETCH-LOGICAL-c375t-74c5a897fa02aa3d71ffbe9ea410d1339096badfe148e8285d6fda6a8136ce7e3
IEDL.DBID 7X7
ISSN 1172-7047
1179-1934
IngestDate Fri Jul 11 11:55:04 EDT 2025
Fri Jul 25 20:02:24 EDT 2025
Mon Jul 21 05:36:59 EDT 2025
Tue Jul 01 04:01:29 EDT 2025
Thu Apr 24 22:51:23 EDT 2025
Fri Feb 21 02:28:47 EST 2025
IsPeerReviewed true
IsScholarly true
Issue 8
Language English
LinkModel DirectLink
MergedId FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c375t-74c5a897fa02aa3d71ffbe9ea410d1339096badfe148e8285d6fda6a8136ce7e3
Notes ObjectType-Article-2
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
content type line 14
ObjectType-Feature-3
ObjectType-Evidence Based Healthcare-1
ObjectType-Article-1
ObjectType-Feature-2
content type line 23
ObjectType-Undefined-3
ORCID 0000-0002-5361-0414
0000-0002-3214-6448
PMID 31313139
PQID 2425611935
PQPubID 33311
PageCount 16
ParticipantIDs proquest_miscellaneous_2259354816
proquest_journals_2425611935
pubmed_primary_31313139
crossref_citationtrail_10_1007_s40263_019_00650_2
crossref_primary_10_1007_s40263_019_00650_2
springer_journals_10_1007_s40263_019_00650_2
ProviderPackageCode CITATION
AAYXX
PublicationCentury 2000
PublicationDate 20190801
2019-8-00
2019-08-00
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 2019-08-01
PublicationDate_xml – month: 8
  year: 2019
  text: 20190801
  day: 1
PublicationDecade 2010
PublicationPlace Cham
PublicationPlace_xml – name: Cham
– name: New Zealand
– name: Auckland
PublicationTitle CNS drugs
PublicationTitleAbbrev CNS Drugs
PublicationTitleAlternate CNS Drugs
PublicationYear 2019
Publisher Springer International Publishing
Springer Nature B.V
Publisher_xml – name: Springer International Publishing
– name: Springer Nature B.V
References Blomstrand, Eliasson, Karlsson, Kohnke (CR21) 2006; 136
Amara, Fontana (CR92) 2002; 41
Qian, Pan, Zhu, Khalili (CR37) 2005; 67
Kanner (CR104) 2017; 92
Matsuo, Tsukada, Nakata, Chairoungdua, Kim, Cha (CR12) 2000; 11
Fritsche, Humm, Huber (CR71) 1999; 274
Cho (CR89) 2011; 43
Smith, Barrett, Joo, Nassery, Savonenko, Sodums (CR113) 2017; 105
Bridi, Araldi, Sgarbi, Testa, Durigon, Wajner (CR120) 2003; 21
McCormick, Contreras (CR7) 2001; 63
Zhang, Zhu (CR55) 2011; 9
Koltai, Minker (CR84) 1975; 31
Takanaga, Mackenzie, Peng, Hediger (CR13) 2005; 337
Loscher (CR43) 1997; 53
Yan, Mishra, Burger, Bettendorf, Jobe, Dailey (CR102) 1992; 261
Fernstrom (CR11) 2005; 135
Skeie, Petersen, Manner, Askanazi, Jellum, Steen (CR38) 1992; 43
(CR2) 1997; 38
Marescaux, Vergnes, Depaulis (CR51) 1992; 35
Jeske, Misterek, Dorociak (CR44) 1974; 15
Yoon (CR125) 2016; 8
During, Spencer (CR61) 1993; 341
Yudkoff (CR10) 1997; 21
Pinto, Maher (CR47) 1988; 27
Berkovic, Johns, Bladin (CR86) 1982; 12
Zimmerman, Njunting, Ivens, Tolner, Behrens, Gross (CR8) 2008; 27
Eid, Thomas, Spencer, Runden-Pran, Lai, Malthankar (CR9) 2004; 363
Yudkoff, Daikhin, Nissim, Horyn, Lazarow, Nissim (CR117) 2003; 53
Kandratavicius, Balista, Lopes-Aguiar, Ruggiero, Umeoka, Garcia-Cairasco (CR40) 2014; 10
Yudkoff, Daikhin, Nissim, Lazarow, Nissim (CR77) 2001; 66
Dufour, Nalecz, Nalecz, Nehlig (CR46) 1999; 815
Jouvet, Rustin, Taylor, Pocock, Felderhoff-Mueser, Mazarakis (CR119) 2000; 11
Huang, Huang, Cheng, Tsai, Wu (CR87) 2007; 85
Burrage, Nagamani, Campeau, Lee (CR99) 2014; 23
Gietzen, Dixon, Truong, Jones, Barrett, Washburn (CR33) 1996; 271
Hogstad, Svenneby, Torgner, Kvamme, Hertz, Schousboe (CR66) 1988; 13
Carlson, Ronne-Engstrom, Ungerstedt, Hillered (CR32) 1992; 140
Arrieta-Cruz, Su, Gutiérrez-Juárez (CR81) 2016; 8
Sperber, Veliskova, Germano, Friedman, Moshe (CR49) 1999; 79
Annegers (CR5) 1996
Kumar, Medel-Matus, Redwine, Shin, Hensler, Sankar (CR15) 2016; 57
Aquilani, Iadarola, Contardi, Boselli, Verri, Pastoris (CR30) 2005; 86
Hutson, Lieth, LaNoue (CR62) 2001; 131
Laake, Slyngstad, Haug, Ottersen (CR97) 1995; 65
Curtis, Duggan, Johnston (CR42) 1971; 12
Schauwecker (CR122) 2012; 13
Tripathi, Bozzi (CR101) 2015; 5
Krahl, Clark, Smith, Browning (CR106) 1998; 39
Wang (CR123) 2017; 3
Broer, Brookes (CR67) 2001; 77
Favale, Rubino, Mainardi, Lunardi, Albano (CR105) 1995; 45
Hartman, Santos, O’Riordan, Stafstrom, Hardwick (CR57) 2015; 82
Chang, Lowenstein (CR1) 2003; 349
Contrusciere, Paradisi, Matteucci, Malchiodi-Albedi (CR26) 2010; 17
Almilaji, Pakladok, Guo, Munoz, Föller, Lang (CR93) 2012; 421
Dhir (CR45) 2012; Chapter 9
Treacy, Clow, Reade, Chitayat, Mamer, Scriver (CR118) 1992; 15
Levy, Cooper, Giri (CR74) 2012; 3
Erecinska, Nelson (CR98) 1990; 54
Young, Ervin, Pihl, Finn (CR110) 1989; 98
Plaitakis (CR68) 1989; 1
Svob Strac, Pivac, Smolders, Fogel, De Deurwaerdere, Di Giovanni (CR16) 2016; 10
Kadiyala, Yannix, Nalwalk, Papandrea, Beyer, Herron (CR48) 2016; 36
Weber, Gutmann (CR88) 2012; 11
Fernstrom (CR17) 1990; 1
Arieff, Doerner, Zelig, Massry (CR82) 1974; 54
Pardridge (CR109) 1983; 63
Su, Campbell, Oxender (CR65) 1997; 757
Levesque, Avoli (CR56) 2013; 37
Stafstrom (CR83) 2003; 3
Hashimoto, Araki, Suemaru, Gomita (CR50) 2006; 536
Dufour, Nalecz, Nalecz, Nehlig (CR54) 2001; 40
Tasaka, Sakai, Tosaka, Yoshihama (CR73) 1989; 14
Skeie, Petersen, Manner, Askanazi, Steen (CR39) 1994; 48
Nanavati, Silverman (CR72) 1989; 32
Korein, Sansaricq, Kalmijn, Honig, Lange (CR31) 1994; 79
Jirapinyo, Kankirawatana, Densupsoontorn, Thamonsiri, Wongarn (CR79) 2004; 87
Yudkoff, Daikhin, Nissim, Lazarow, Nissim (CR59) 2004; 70
Gruenbaum, Dhaher, Rapuano, Zaveri, Tang, de Lanerolle (CR35) 2019; 31
Kinsman, Vining, Quaskey, Mellits, Freeman (CR75) 1992; 33
Evangeliou, Spilioti, Doulioglou, Kalaidopoulou, Ilias, Skarpalezou (CR60) 2009; 24
Mayers, Vander Heiden (CR28) 2013; 19
Testa, Caraceni, Fetoni (CR27) 1989; 236
Bible (CR121) 2013; 9
Vilela, Scaini, Furlanetto, Pasquali, Santos, Gelain (CR115) 2017; 32
von Coelln, Thomas, Savitt, Lim, Sasaki, Hess (CR114) 2004; 101
Vary, Lynch (CR126) 2007; 137
Cavus, Kasoff, Cassaday, Jacob, Gueorguieva, Sherwin (CR96) 2005; 57
Hutson, Berkich, Drown, Xu, Aschner, LaNoue (CR63) 1998; 71
Meng, Yu, Song, Chi, Tan (CR91) 2013; 332
Daikhin, Yudkoff (CR108) 2000; 130
de Lanerolle, Lee, Spencer, Noebels, Avoli, Rogawski, Olsen, Delgado-Escueta (CR4) 2012
De Simone, Vissicchio, Mingarelli, De Nuccio, Visentin, Ajmone-Cat (CR24) 2013; 1832
Lynch, Adams (CR23) 2014; 10
Holden, Hartman (CR58) 2018; 78
Bogdanov, Poletaeva, Popova (CR41) 1997; 6
Yudkoff, Daikhin, Nissim, Lazarow, Nissim (CR78) 2001; 66
Schwechter, Veliskova, Velisek (CR85) 2003; 53
Erecińska, Nelson (CR94) 1990; 54
Sugimoto, Koehler, Wilson, Brusilow, Traystman (CR95) 1997; 17
Rothman, De Feyter, Maciejewski, Behar (CR22) 2012; 37
Bastone, Micheli, Beghi, Salmona (CR29) 1995; 27
Norenberg, Martinez-Hernandez (CR64) 1979; 161
Cota, Proulx, Smith, Kozma, Thomas, Woods (CR80) 2006; 312
Suryawan, Hawes, Harris, Shimomura, Jenkins, Hutson (CR107) 1998; 68
Giorgi, Pizzanelli, Biagioni, Murri, Fornai (CR14) 2004; 28
Yang, Ming (CR90) 2012; 13
Tonjes, Barbus, Park, Wang, Schlotter, Lindroth (CR116) 2013; 19
Eid, Ghosh, Wang, Beckstrom, Zaveri, Lee (CR34) 2008; 131
Smith, Momma, Aoyagi, Rapoport (CR18) 1987; 49
Begley, Famulari, Annegers, Lairson, Reynolds, Coan (CR3) 2000; 41
Coulter, Eid (CR100) 2012; 60
Fernstrom, Volk, Fernstrom (CR20) 1986; 251
Snead (CR52) 1995; 37
Pardridge, Choi (CR19) 1986; 45
Ahmad, Fowler, Whitton (CR103) 2005; 63
Eid, Gruenbaum, Dhaher, Lee, Zhou, Danbolt (CR6) 2016; 13
Fernstrom, Fernstrom (CR112) 1995; 57
Hennis, Corbin, Fraser (CR124) 1992; 55
Plaitakis, Smith, Mandeli, Yahr (CR69) 1988; 1
Dhaher, Damisah, Wang, Gruenbaum, Ong, Zaveri (CR70) 2014; 67
Williams, Shoaf, Hommer, Rawlings, Linnoila (CR111) 1999; 72
Dufour, Nalecz, Nalecz, Nehlig (CR53) 2001; 66
Bixel, Hamprecht (CR76) 1995; 65
Scarna, McTavish, Cowen, Goodwin, Rogers (CR25) 2005; 179
Rho, Donevan, Rogawski (CR36) 1996; 497
AL Hartman (650_CR57) 2015; 82
H Qian (650_CR37) 2005; 67
M Yudkoff (650_CR78) 2001; 66
GS Smith (650_CR113) 2017; 105
M Yudkoff (650_CR117) 2003; 53
DL Rothman (650_CR22) 2012; 37
MH Fernstrom (650_CR20) 1986; 251
Y Daikhin (650_CR108) 2000; 130
RG Levy (650_CR74) 2012; 3
A Dhir (650_CR45) 2012; Chapter 9
F Dufour (650_CR46) 1999; 815
M-S Yoon (650_CR125) 2016; 8
A Plaitakis (650_CR69) 1988; 1
NN Bogdanov (650_CR41) 1997; 6
XM Zhang (650_CR55) 2011; 9
JMB Pinto (650_CR47) 1988; 27
M Levesque (650_CR56) 2013; 37
SF Berkovic (650_CR86) 1982; 12
DW Gietzen (650_CR33) 1996; 271
CJ Lynch (650_CR23) 2014; 10
NC de Lanerolle (650_CR4) 2012
JD Fernstrom (650_CR17) 1990; 1
T Eid (650_CR34) 2008; 131
CH Cho (650_CR89) 2011; 43
CE Stafstrom (650_CR83) 2003; 3
W Loscher (650_CR43) 1997; 53
SM Nanavati (650_CR72) 1989; 32
SE Gruenbaum (650_CR35) 2019; 31
B Skeie (650_CR39) 1994; 48
S Hogstad (650_CR66) 1988; 13
A Suryawan (650_CR107) 1998; 68
R Aquilani (650_CR30) 2005; 86
MG Bixel (650_CR76) 1995; 65
E Blomstrand (650_CR21) 2006; 136
J Jeske (650_CR44) 1974; 15
I Cavus (650_CR96) 2005; 57
CW Huang (650_CR87) 2007; 85
K Holden (650_CR58) 2018; 78
M Erecińska (650_CR94) 1990; 54
F Dufour (650_CR54) 2001; 40
D Svob Strac (650_CR16) 2016; 10
SM Hutson (650_CR62) 2001; 131
LC Burrage (650_CR99) 2014; 23
F Dufour (650_CR53) 2001; 66
AI Arieff (650_CR82) 1974; 54
JD Weber (650_CR88) 2012; 11
PP Tripathi (650_CR101) 2015; 5
BS Chang (650_CR1) 2003; 349
JH Laake (650_CR97) 1995; 65
S Ahmad (650_CR103) 2005; 63
M Erecinska (650_CR98) 1990; 54
A Bastone (650_CR29) 1995; 27
Y Hashimoto (650_CR50) 2006; 536
EF Sperber (650_CR49) 1999; 79
L Kandratavicius (650_CR40) 2014; 10
H Takanaga (650_CR13) 2005; 337
E Bible (650_CR121) 2013; 9
A Scarna (650_CR25) 2005; 179
JR Mayers (650_CR28) 2013; 19
J Korein (650_CR31) 1994; 79
MJ During (650_CR61) 1993; 341
FS Giorgi (650_CR14) 2004; 28
AM Kanner (650_CR104) 2017; 92
TZ Su (650_CR65) 1997; 757
H Sugimoto (650_CR95) 1997; 17
M Yudkoff (650_CR10) 1997; 21
MH Fernstrom (650_CR112) 1995; 57
JD Fernstrom (650_CR11) 2005; 135
R Dhaher (650_CR70) 2014; 67
S Amara (650_CR92) 2002; 41
I Arrieta-Cruz (650_CR81) 2016; 8
DA Coulter (650_CR100) 2012; 60
R Bridi (650_CR120) 2003; 21
V Contrusciere (650_CR26) 2010; 17
JM Rho (650_CR36) 1996; 497
H Matsuo (650_CR12) 2000; 11
PE Schauwecker (650_CR122) 2012; 13
ILAE Commission Report (650_CR2) 1997; 38
A Plaitakis (650_CR68) 1989; 1
M Koltai (650_CR84) 1975; 31
MD Norenberg (650_CR64) 1979; 161
S Broer (650_CR67) 2001; 77
DR Curtis (650_CR42) 1971; 12
U Kumar (650_CR15) 2016; 57
R De Simone (650_CR24) 2013; 1832
DA McCormick (650_CR7) 2001; 63
SN Young (650_CR110) 1989; 98
SL Kinsman (650_CR75) 1992; 33
D Cota (650_CR80) 2006; 312
M Tonjes (650_CR116) 2013; 19
H Carlson (650_CR32) 1992; 140
A Evangeliou (650_CR60) 2009; 24
WM Pardridge (650_CR109) 1983; 63
A Hennis (650_CR124) 1992; 55
E Fritsche (650_CR71) 1999; 274
Z Yang (650_CR90) 2012; 13
SM Hutson (650_CR63) 1998; 71
C Marescaux (650_CR51) 1992; 35
OC Snead 3rd (650_CR52) 1995; 37
QS Yan (650_CR102) 1992; 261
J Annegers (650_CR5) 1996
P Jirapinyo (650_CR79) 2004; 87
D Testa (650_CR27) 1989; 236
A Almilaji (650_CR93) 2012; 421
SB Kadiyala (650_CR48) 2016; 36
TC Vilela (650_CR115) 2017; 32
TC Vary (650_CR126) 2007; 137
R von Coelln (650_CR114) 2004; 101
EM Schwechter (650_CR85) 2003; 53
X-F Meng (650_CR91) 2013; 332
QR Smith (650_CR18) 1987; 49
T Eid (650_CR6) 2016; 13
B Skeie (650_CR38) 1992; 43
M Yudkoff (650_CR77) 2001; 66
G Zimmerman (650_CR8) 2008; 27
WM Pardridge (650_CR19) 1986; 45
X Wang (650_CR123) 2017; 3
E Favale (650_CR105) 1995; 45
T Eid (650_CR9) 2004; 363
E Treacy (650_CR118) 1992; 15
M Yudkoff (650_CR59) 2004; 70
SE Krahl (650_CR106) 1998; 39
WA Williams (650_CR111) 1999; 72
CE Begley (650_CR3) 2000; 41
J Tasaka (650_CR73) 1989; 14
P Jouvet (650_CR119) 2000; 11
References_xml – volume: 10
  start-page: 1693
  year: 2014
  end-page: 1705
  ident: CR40
  article-title: Animal models of epilepsy: use and limitations
  publication-title: Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat
  doi: 10.2147/NDT.S50371
– volume: 57
  start-page: 506
  issue: 3
  year: 2016
  end-page: 515
  ident: CR15
  article-title: Effects of selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors on depressive- and impulsive-like behaviors and on monoamine transmission in experimental temporal lobe epilepsy
  publication-title: Epilepsia
  doi: 10.1111/epi.13321
– volume: 10
  start-page: 723
  issue: 12
  year: 2014
  end-page: 736
  ident: CR23
  article-title: Branched-chain amino acids in metabolic signalling and insulin resistance
  publication-title: Nat Rev Endocrinol
  doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2014.171
– volume: 1
  start-page: 157
  issue: 8630
  year: 1989
  ident: CR68
  article-title: Abnormal glutamatergic mechanisms and branched-chain aminoacids in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
  publication-title: Lancet
  doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(89)91170-7
– volume: 57
  start-page: 97
  issue: 9
  year: 1995
  end-page: 102
  ident: CR112
  article-title: Acute tyrosine depletion reduces tyrosine hydroxylation rate in rat central nervous system
  publication-title: Life Sci
  doi: 10.1016/0024-3205(95)02026-F
– volume: 49
  start-page: 1651
  issue: 5
  year: 1987
  end-page: 1658
  ident: CR18
  article-title: Kinetics of neutral amino acid transport across the blood–brain barrier
  publication-title: J Neurochem
  doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1987.tb01039.x
– volume: 13
  start-page: 58
  issue: Suppl. 2
  year: 2012
  end-page: 68
  ident: CR90
  article-title: mTOR signalling: the molecular interface connecting metabolic stress, aging and cardiovascular diseases
  publication-title: Obes Rev
  doi: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2012.01038.x
– volume: 48
  start-page: 101
  issue: 1
  year: 1994
  end-page: 103
  ident: CR39
  article-title: Effects of valine, leucine, isoleucine, and a balanced amino acid solution on the seizure threshold to picrotoxin in rats
  publication-title: Pharmacol Biochem Behav
  doi: 10.1016/0091-3057(94)90504-5
– volume: 161
  start-page: 303
  issue: 2
  year: 1979
  end-page: 310
  ident: CR64
  article-title: Fine structural localization of glutamine synthetase in astrocytes of rat brain
  publication-title: Brain Res
  doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(79)90071-4
– volume: 27
  start-page: 51
  issue: 1
  year: 1988
  end-page: 55
  ident: CR47
  article-title: Administration of aspartame potentiates pentylenetetrazole- and fluorothyl-induced seizures in mice
  publication-title: Neuropharmacology
  doi: 10.1016/0028-3908(88)90200-6
– volume: 5
  start-page: 97
  issue: 2
  year: 2015
  end-page: 102
  ident: CR101
  article-title: The role of dopaminergic and serotonergic systems in neurodevelopmental disorders: a focus on epilepsy and seizure susceptibility
  publication-title: Bioimpacts
  doi: 10.15171/bi.2015.07
– volume: 65
  start-page: 871
  issue: 2
  year: 1995
  end-page: 881
  ident: CR97
  article-title: Glutamine from glial cells is essential for the maintenance of the nerve terminal pool of glutamate: immunogold evidence from hippocampal slice cultures
  publication-title: J Neurochem
  doi: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1995.65020871.x
– volume: 32
  start-page: 2413
  issue: 11
  year: 1989
  end-page: 2421
  ident: CR72
  article-title: Design of potential anticonvulsant agents: mechanistic classification of GABA aminotransferase inactivators
  publication-title: J Med Chem
  doi: 10.1021/jm00131a001
– volume: 14
  start-page: 271
  issue: 3
  year: 1989
  end-page: 277
  ident: CR73
  article-title: Glial uptake system of GABA distinct from that of taurine in the bullfrog sympathetic ganglia
  publication-title: Neurochem Res
  doi: 10.1007/BF00971323
– volume: 54
  start-page: 1335
  issue: 4
  year: 1990
  end-page: 1343
  ident: CR94
  article-title: Activation of glutamate dehydrogenase by leucine and its nonmetabolizable analogue in rat brain synaptosomes
  publication-title: J Neurochem
  doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1990.tb01967.x
– volume: 15
  start-page: 1
  issue: 1
  year: 1992
  end-page: 35
  ident: CR118
  article-title: Maple syrup urine disease: Interrelations between branched-chain amino-, oxo- and hydroxyacids; implications for treatment; associations with CNS dysmyelination
  publication-title: J Inherit Metab Dis
  doi: 10.1007/BF01800354
– volume: 41
  start-page: 342
  issue: 3
  year: 2000
  end-page: 351
  ident: CR3
  article-title: The cost of epilepsy in the United States: an estimate from population-based clinical and survey data
  publication-title: Epilepsia
  doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.2000.tb00166.x
– volume: 15
  start-page: II
  year: 1974
  ident: CR44
  article-title: Some pharmacological effects of amino acid 4 aminoantipyrine derivatives
  publication-title: Bull Pol Med Sci Hist
– volume: 45
  start-page: 1926
  issue: 10
  year: 1995
  end-page: 1927
  ident: CR105
  article-title: Anticonvulsant effect of fluoxetine in humans
  publication-title: Neurology
  doi: 10.1212/WNL.45.10.1926
– volume: 71
  start-page: 863
  issue: 2
  year: 1998
  end-page: 874
  ident: CR63
  article-title: Role of branched-chain aminotransferase isoenzymes and gabapentin in neurotransmitter metabolism
  publication-title: J Neurochem
  doi: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1998.71020863.x
– volume: 130
  start-page: 1026s
  issue: 4S Suppl.
  year: 2000
  end-page: 1031s
  ident: CR108
  article-title: Compartmentation of brain glutamate metabolism in neurons and glia
  publication-title: J Nutr
  doi: 10.1093/jn/130.4.1026S
– volume: 32
  start-page: 115
  issue: 1
  year: 2017
  end-page: 122
  ident: CR115
  article-title: Apoptotic signaling pathways induced by acute administration of branched-chain amino acids in an animal model of maple syrup urine disease
  publication-title: Metab Brain Dis
  doi: 10.1007/s11011-016-9892-0
– volume: 363
  start-page: 28
  issue: 9402
  year: 2004
  end-page: 37
  ident: CR9
  article-title: Loss of glutamine synthetase in the human epileptogenic hippocampus: possible mechanism for raised extracellular glutamate in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy
  publication-title: Lancet
  doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15166-5
– volume: 815
  start-page: 400
  issue: 2
  year: 1999
  end-page: 404
  ident: CR46
  article-title: Modulation of pentylenetetrazol-induced seizure activity by branched-chain amino acids and alpha-ketoisocaproate
  publication-title: Brain Res
  doi: 10.1016/S0006-8993(98)01188-3
– year: 2012
  ident: CR4
  article-title: Histopathology of human epilepsy
  publication-title: Jasper’s basic mechanisms of the epilepsies
– volume: 12
  start-page: 620
  issue: 6
  year: 1982
  end-page: 623
  ident: CR86
  article-title: Focal seizures and systemic metabolic disorders
  publication-title: Aust N Z J Med
  doi: 10.1111/j.1445-5994.1982.tb02650.x
– volume: 19
  start-page: 816
  issue: 7
  year: 2013
  end-page: 817
  ident: CR28
  article-title: BCAT1 defines gliomas by IDH status
  publication-title: Nat Med
  doi: 10.1038/nm.3263
– volume: 8
  start-page: 79
  issue: 2
  year: 2016
  ident: CR81
  article-title: Suppression of endogenous glucose production by isoleucine and valine and impact of diet composition
  publication-title: Nutrients
  doi: 10.3390/nu8020079
– volume: 55
  start-page: 195
  issue: 3
  year: 1992
  end-page: 197
  ident: CR124
  article-title: Focal seizures and non-ketotic hyperglycaemia
  publication-title: J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry
  doi: 10.1136/jnnp.55.3.195
– volume: 17
  start-page: 392
  issue: 4
  year: 2010
  end-page: 398
  ident: CR26
  article-title: Branched-chain amino acids induce neurotoxicity in rat cortical cultures
  publication-title: Neurotox Res
  doi: 10.1007/s12640-009-9115-0
– volume: 179
  start-page: 761
  issue: 4
  year: 2005
  end-page: 768
  ident: CR25
  article-title: The effects of a branched chain amino acid mixture supplemented with tryptophan on biochemical indices of neurotransmitter function and decision-making
  publication-title: Psychopharmacology (Berl)
  doi: 10.1007/s00213-004-2105-2
– volume: 40
  start-page: 255
  issue: 3
  year: 2001
  end-page: 263
  ident: CR54
  article-title: Modulation of absence seizures by branched-chain amino acids: correlation with brain amino acid concentrations
  publication-title: Neurosci Res
  doi: 10.1016/S0168-0102(01)00232-2
– volume: 332
  start-page: 4
  issue: 1
  year: 2013
  end-page: 15
  ident: CR91
  article-title: Role of the mTOR signaling pathway in epilepsy
  publication-title: J Neurol Sci
  doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2013.05.029
– volume: 497
  start-page: 509
  issue: Pt 2
  year: 1996
  end-page: 522
  ident: CR36
  article-title: Direct activation of GABAA receptors by barbiturates in cultured rat hippocampal neurons
  publication-title: J Physiol
  doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1996.sp021784
– volume: 13
  start-page: 383
  issue: 4
  year: 1988
  end-page: 388
  ident: CR66
  article-title: Glutaminase in neurons and astrocytes cultured from mouse brain: kinetic properties and effects of phosphate, glutamate, and ammonia
  publication-title: Neurochem Res
  doi: 10.1007/BF00972489
– volume: 63
  start-page: 141
  issue: 2–3
  year: 2005
  end-page: 149
  ident: CR103
  article-title: Lamotrigine, carbamazepine and phenytoin differentially alter extracellular levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine, dopamine and amino acids
  publication-title: Epilepsy Res
  doi: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2005.02.002
– volume: 92
  start-page: 179
  issue: 2
  year: 2017
  end-page: 181
  ident: CR104
  article-title: Association between selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor antidepressants and increased risk of poststroke epilepsy
  publication-title: Mayo Clin Proc
  doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.12.012
– volume: 43
  start-page: 669
  issue: 3
  year: 1992
  end-page: 671
  ident: CR38
  article-title: Branched-chain amino acids increase the seizure threshold to picrotoxin in rats
  publication-title: Pharmacol Biochem Behav
  doi: 10.1016/0091-3057(92)90393-T
– volume: 261
  start-page: 652
  issue: 2
  year: 1992
  end-page: 659
  ident: CR102
  article-title: Evidence that carbamazepine and antiepilepsirine may produce a component of their anticonvulsant effects by activating serotonergic neurons in genetically epilepsy-prone rats
  publication-title: J Pharmacol Exp Ther
– volume: 3
  start-page: 148
  issue: 4
  year: 2003
  end-page: 149
  ident: CR83
  article-title: Hyperglycemia lowers seizure threshold
  publication-title: Epilepsy Curr
  doi: 10.1046/j.1535-7597.2003.03415.x
– volume: 41
  start-page: 313
  issue: 5
  year: 2002
  end-page: 318
  ident: CR92
  article-title: Excitatory amino acid transporters: keeping up with glutamate
  publication-title: Neurochem Int
  doi: 10.1016/S0197-0186(02)00018-9
– volume: 53
  start-page: 151
  issue: 1–2
  year: 2003
  end-page: 162
  ident: CR117
  article-title: Metabolism of brain amino acids following pentylenetetrazole treatment
  publication-title: Epilepsy Res
  doi: 10.1016/S0920-1211(02)00260-7
– volume: 349
  start-page: 1257
  issue: 13
  year: 2003
  end-page: 1266
  ident: CR1
  article-title: Epilepsy
  publication-title: N Engl J Med
  doi: 10.1056/NEJMra022308
– volume: 13
  start-page: 94
  year: 2012
  ident: CR122
  article-title: The effects of glycemic control on seizures and seizure-induced excitotoxic cell death
  publication-title: BMC Neurosci
  doi: 10.1186/1471-2202-13-94
– volume: 21
  start-page: 92
  issue: 1
  year: 1997
  end-page: 98
  ident: CR10
  article-title: Brain metabolism of branched-chain amino acids
  publication-title: Glia
  doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1136(199709)21:1<92::AID-GLIA10>3.0.CO;2-W
– volume: 68
  start-page: 72
  issue: 1
  year: 1998
  end-page: 81
  ident: CR107
  article-title: A molecular model of human branched-chain amino acid metabolism
  publication-title: Am J Clin Nutr
  doi: 10.1093/ajcn/68.1.72
– volume: 271
  start-page: R18
  issue: 1 Pt 2
  year: 1996
  end-page: R24
  ident: CR33
  article-title: Indispensable amino acid deficiency and increased seizure susceptibility in rats
  publication-title: Am J Physiol
– volume: 31
  start-page: 247
  issue: 2
  year: 2019
  end-page: 256
  ident: CR35
  article-title: Effects of branched-chain amino acid supplementation on spontaneous seizures and neuronal viability in a model of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy
  publication-title: J Neurosurg Anesthesiol
  doi: 10.1097/ANA.0000000000000499
– volume: 140
  start-page: 30
  issue: 1
  year: 1992
  end-page: 32
  ident: CR32
  article-title: Seizure related elevations of extracellular amino acids in human focal epilepsy
  publication-title: Neurosci Lett
  doi: 10.1016/0304-3940(92)90674-V
– volume: 43
  start-page: 231
  issue: 5
  year: 2011
  end-page: 274
  ident: CR89
  article-title: Frontier of epilepsy research: mTOR signaling pathway
  publication-title: Exp Mol Med
  doi: 10.3858/emm.2011.43.5.032
– volume: 36
  start-page: 7485
  issue: 28
  year: 2016
  end-page: 7496
  ident: CR48
  article-title: Eight flurothyl-induced generalized seizures lead to the rapid evolution of spontaneous seizures in mice: a model of epileptogenesis with seizure remission
  publication-title: J Neurosci
  doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3232-14.2016
– volume: 101
  start-page: 10744
  issue: 29
  year: 2004
  end-page: 10749
  ident: CR114
  article-title: Loss of locus coeruleus neurons and reduced startle in parkin null mice
  publication-title: Proc Natl Acad Sci
  doi: 10.1073/pnas.0401297101
– volume: 105
  start-page: 33
  year: 2017
  end-page: 41
  ident: CR113
  article-title: Molecular imaging of serotonin degeneration in mild cognitive impairment
  publication-title: Neurobiol Dis
  doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.05.007
– volume: 1
  start-page: 508
  issue: 10
  year: 1990
  end-page: 517
  ident: CR17
  article-title: Aromatic amino acids and monoamine synthesis in the central nervous system: influence of the diet
  publication-title: J Nutr Biochem
  doi: 10.1016/0955-2863(90)90033-H
– volume: 24
  start-page: 1268
  issue: 10
  year: 2009
  end-page: 1272
  ident: CR60
  article-title: Branched chain amino acids as adjunctive therapy to ketogenic diet in epilepsy: pilot study and hypothesis
  publication-title: J Child Neurol
  doi: 10.1177/0883073809336295
– volume: 28
  start-page: 507
  issue: 5
  year: 2004
  end-page: 524
  ident: CR14
  article-title: The role of norepinephrine in epilepsy: from the bench to the bedside
  publication-title: Neurosci Biobehav Rev
  doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.06.008
– volume: 82
  start-page: 46
  year: 2015
  end-page: 53
  ident: CR57
  article-title: Potent anti-seizure effects of -leucine
  publication-title: Neurobiol Dis
  doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.05.013
– volume: 38
  start-page: 614
  issue: 5
  year: 1997
  end-page: 618
  ident: CR2
  article-title: The epidemiology of the epilepsies: future directions. International League Against Epilepsy
  publication-title: Epilepsia
  doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1997.tb01148.x
– volume: 78
  start-page: 202
  year: 2018
  end-page: 209
  ident: CR58
  article-title: -Leucine: evaluation in an epilepsy model
  publication-title: Epilepsy Behav
  doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2017.09.003
– volume: 63
  start-page: 815
  year: 2001
  end-page: 846
  ident: CR7
  article-title: On the cellular and network bases of epileptic seizures
  publication-title: Annu Rev Physiol
  doi: 10.1146/annurev.physiol.63.1.815
– volume: 45
  start-page: 2073
  issue: 7
  year: 1986
  end-page: 2078
  ident: CR19
  article-title: Neutral amino acid transport at the human blood–brain barrier
  publication-title: Fed Proc
– volume: 54
  start-page: 654
  issue: 3
  year: 1974
  end-page: 663
  ident: CR82
  article-title: Mechanisms of seizures and coma in hypoglycemia evidence for a direct effect of insulin on electrolyte transport in brain
  publication-title: J Clin Investig
  doi: 10.1172/JCI107803
– volume: 10
  start-page: 492
  issue: 10
  year: 2016
  ident: CR16
  article-title: Monoaminergic mechanisms in epilepsy may offer innovative therapeutic opportunity for monoaminergic multi-target drugs
  publication-title: Front Neurosci
– volume: 23
  start-page: R1
  issue: R1
  year: 2014
  end-page: R8
  ident: CR99
  article-title: Branched-chain amino acid metabolism: from rare Mendelian diseases to more common disorders
  publication-title: Hum Mol Genet
  doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddu123
– volume: 66
  start-page: 923
  issue: 5
  year: 2001
  end-page: 930
  ident: CR53
  article-title: Metabolic approach of absence seizures in a genetic model of absence epilepsy, the GAERS: Study of the leucine-glutamate cycle
  publication-title: J Neurosci Res
  doi: 10.1002/jnr.10086
– volume: 53
  start-page: 91
  issue: 1
  year: 2003
  end-page: 101
  ident: CR85
  article-title: Correlation between extracellular glucose and seizure susceptibility in adult rats
  publication-title: Ann Neurol
  doi: 10.1002/ana.10415
– volume: 131
  start-page: 2061
  issue: Pt 8
  year: 2008
  end-page: 2070
  ident: CR34
  article-title: Recurrent seizures and brain pathology after inhibition of glutamine synthetase in the hippocampus in rats
  publication-title: Brain
  doi: 10.1093/brain/awn133
– volume: 9
  start-page: 388
  issue: 2
  year: 2011
  end-page: 398
  ident: CR55
  article-title: Kainic Acid-induced neurotoxicity: targeting glial responses and glia-derived cytokines
  publication-title: Curr Neuropharmacol
  doi: 10.2174/157015911795596540
– volume: 19
  start-page: 901
  issue: 7
  year: 2013
  end-page: 908
  ident: CR116
  article-title: BCAT1 promotes cell proliferation through amino acid catabolism in gliomas carrying wild-type IDH1
  publication-title: Nat Med
  doi: 10.1038/nm.3217
– volume: 135
  start-page: 1539S
  issue: 6
  year: 2005
  end-page: 1546S
  ident: CR11
  article-title: Branched-chain amino acids and brain function
  publication-title: J Nutr
  doi: 10.1093/jn/135.6.1539S
– volume: 37
  start-page: 146
  issue: 2
  year: 1995
  end-page: 157
  ident: CR52
  article-title: Basic mechanisms of generalized absence seizures
  publication-title: Ann Neurol
  doi: 10.1002/ana.410370204
– volume: 251
  start-page: E393
  issue: 4 Pt 1
  year: 1986
  end-page: E399
  ident: CR20
  article-title: In vivo inhibition of tyrosine uptake into rat retina by large neutral but not acidic amino acids
  publication-title: Am J Physiol
– volume: 3
  start-page: CD001903
  year: 2012
  ident: CR74
  article-title: Ketogenic diet and other dietary treatments for epilepsy
  publication-title: Cochrane Database Syst Rev
– volume: 17
  start-page: 44
  issue: 1
  year: 1997
  end-page: 49
  ident: CR95
  article-title: Methionine sulfoximine, a glutamine synthetase inhibitor, attenuates increased extracellular potassium activity during acute hyperammonemia
  publication-title: J Cereb Blood Flow Metab
  doi: 10.1097/00004647-199701000-00006
– volume: 136
  start-page: 269S
  issue: 1 Suppl.
  year: 2006
  end-page: 273S
  ident: CR21
  article-title: Branched-chain amino acids activate key enzymes in protein synthesis after physical exercise
  publication-title: J Nutr
  doi: 10.1093/jn/136.1.269S
– volume: 312
  start-page: 927
  issue: 5775
  year: 2006
  end-page: 930
  ident: CR80
  article-title: Hypothalamic mTOR signaling regulates food intake
  publication-title: Science
  doi: 10.1126/science.1124147
– volume: 98
  start-page: 508
  issue: 4
  year: 1989
  end-page: 511
  ident: CR110
  article-title: Biochemical aspects of tryptophan depletion in primates
  publication-title: Psychopharmacology (Berl)
  doi: 10.1007/BF00441950
– volume: 6
  start-page: 135
  issue: 2
  year: 1997
  end-page: 138
  ident: CR41
  article-title: Pentylenetetrazol and strychnine convulsions in brain weight selected mice
  publication-title: Seizure
  doi: 10.1016/S1059-1311(97)80067-2
– volume: 33
  start-page: 1132
  issue: 6
  year: 1992
  end-page: 1136
  ident: CR75
  article-title: Efficacy of the ketogenic diet for intractable seizure disorders: review of 58 cases
  publication-title: Epilepsia
  doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1992.tb01770.x
– volume: 11
  start-page: 1919
  issue: 5
  year: 2000
  end-page: 1932
  ident: CR119
  article-title: Branched chain amino acids induce apoptosis in neural cells without mitochondrial membrane depolarization or cytochrome c release: implications for neurological impairment associated with maple syrup urine disease
  publication-title: Mol Biol Cell
  doi: 10.1091/mbc.11.5.1919
– volume: 77
  start-page: 705
  issue: 3
  year: 2001
  end-page: 719
  ident: CR67
  article-title: Transfer of glutamine between astrocytes and neurons
  publication-title: J Neurochem
  doi: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00322.x
– volume: 11
  start-page: 236
  issue: 2
  year: 2012
  end-page: 248
  ident: CR88
  article-title: Deconvoluting mTOR biology
  publication-title: Cell Cycle
  doi: 10.4161/cc.11.2.19022
– volume: 137
  start-page: 1835
  issue: 8
  year: 2007
  end-page: 1843
  ident: CR126
  article-title: Nutrient signaling components controlling protein synthesis in striated muscle
  publication-title: J Nutr
  doi: 10.1093/jn/137.8.1835
– volume: 86
  start-page: 1729
  issue: 9
  year: 2005
  end-page: 1735
  ident: CR30
  article-title: Branched-chain amino acids enhance the cognitive recovery of patients with severe traumatic brain injury
  publication-title: Arch Phys Med Rehabil
  doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2005.03.022
– volume: 54
  start-page: 1335
  issue: 4
  year: 1990
  end-page: 1343
  ident: CR98
  article-title: Activation of glutamate dehydrogenase by leucine and its nonmetabolizable analogue in rat brain synaptosomes
  publication-title: J Neurochem
  doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1990.tb01967.x
– volume: 274
  start-page: 3026
  issue: 5
  year: 1999
  end-page: 3032
  ident: CR71
  article-title: The ligand-induced structural changes of human -arginine:glycine amidinotransferase: a mutational and crystallographic study
  publication-title: J Biol Chem
  doi: 10.1074/jbc.274.5.3026
– volume: 87
  start-page: 432
  issue: 4
  year: 2004
  end-page: 437
  ident: CR79
  article-title: High plasma branched-chain amino acids: aromatic amino acids ratio in children on the ketogenic diet: a mechanism in controlling epilepsy
  publication-title: J Med Assoc Thail
– volume: 35
  start-page: 37
  year: 1992
  end-page: 69
  ident: CR51
  article-title: Genetic absence epilepsy in rats from Strasbourg—a review
  publication-title: J Neural Transm Suppl
– volume: 9
  start-page: 420
  issue: 8
  year: 2013
  ident: CR121
  article-title: Neuro-oncology: BCAT1 promotes cell proliferation in aggressive gliomas
  publication-title: Nat Rev Neurol
  doi: 10.1038/nrneurol.2013.135
– volume: 27
  start-page: 467
  issue: 6
  year: 1995
  end-page: 472
  ident: CR29
  article-title: The imbalance of brain large-chain aminoacid availability in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients treated with high doses of branched-chain aminoacids
  publication-title: Neurochem Int.
  doi: 10.1016/0197-0186(95)80004-5
– volume: 13
  start-page: 351
  year: 2016
  end-page: 400
  ident: CR6
  article-title: The glutamate-glutamine cycle in epilepsy
  publication-title: Adv Neurobiol
  doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-45096-4_14
– volume: 21
  start-page: 327
  issue: 6
  year: 2003
  end-page: 332
  ident: CR120
  article-title: Induction of oxidative stress in rat brain by the metabolites accumulating in maple syrup urine disease
  publication-title: Int J Dev Neurosci
  doi: 10.1016/S0736-5748(03)00074-1
– volume: 757
  start-page: 69
  issue: 1
  year: 1997
  end-page: 78
  ident: CR65
  article-title: Glutamine transport in cerebellar granule cells in culture
  publication-title: Brain Res
  doi: 10.1016/S0006-8993(97)00139-X
– volume: 1
  start-page: 1015
  issue: 8593
  year: 1988
  end-page: 1018
  ident: CR69
  article-title: Pilot trial of branched-chain aminoacids in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
  publication-title: Lancet
  doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(88)91841-7
– volume: 79
  start-page: 21
  issue: 1–2
  year: 1994
  end-page: 45
  ident: CR31
  article-title: Maple syrup urine disease: clinical, eeg, and plasma amino acid correlations with a theoretical mechanism of acute neurotoxicity
  publication-title: Int J Neurosci
  doi: 10.3109/00207459408986065
– volume: 1832
  start-page: 650
  issue: 5
  year: 2013
  end-page: 659
  ident: CR24
  article-title: Branched-chain amino acids influence the immune properties of microglial cells and their responsiveness to pro-inflammatory signals
  publication-title: Biochim Biophys Acta
  doi: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.02.001
– volume: 66
  start-page: 272
  issue: 2
  year: 2001
  end-page: 281
  ident: CR77
  article-title: Brain amino acid metabolism and ketosis
  publication-title: J Neurosci Res
  doi: 10.1002/jnr.1221
– volume: Chapter 9
  start-page: Unit 9.37
  year: 2012
  ident: CR45
  article-title: Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) kindling model of epilepsy
  publication-title: Curr Protoc Neurosci
– volume: 131
  start-page: 846S
  issue: 3
  year: 2001
  end-page: 850S
  ident: CR62
  article-title: Function of leucine in excitatory neurotransmitter metabolism in the central nervous system
  publication-title: J Nutr
  doi: 10.1093/jn/131.3.846S
– volume: 337
  start-page: 892
  issue: 3
  year: 2005
  end-page: 900
  ident: CR13
  article-title: Characterization of a branched-chain amino-acid transporter SBAT1 (SLC6A15) that is expressed in human brain
  publication-title: Biochem Biophys Res Commun
  doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.09.128
– volume: 72
  start-page: 1641
  issue: 4
  year: 1999
  end-page: 1647
  ident: CR111
  article-title: Effects of acute tryptophan depletion on plasma and cerebrospinal fluid tryptophan and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in normal volunteers
  publication-title: J Neurochem
  doi: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1999.721641.x
– volume: 79
  start-page: 161
  year: 1999
  end-page: 169
  ident: CR49
  article-title: Age-dependent vulnerability to seizures
  publication-title: Adv Neurol
– volume: 65
  start-page: 2450
  issue: 6
  year: 1995
  end-page: 2461
  ident: CR76
  article-title: Generation of ketone bodies from leucine by cultured astroglial cells
  publication-title: J Neurochem
  doi: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1995.65062450.x
– volume: 536
  start-page: 241
  issue: 3
  year: 2006
  end-page: 247
  ident: CR50
  article-title: Effects of drugs acting on the GABA-benzodiazepine receptor complex on flurothyl-induced seizures in Mongolian gerbils
  publication-title: Eur J Pharmacol
  doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.02.036
– volume: 39
  start-page: 709
  issue: 7
  year: 1998
  end-page: 714
  ident: CR106
  article-title: Locus coeruleus lesions suppress the seizure-attenuating effects of vagus nerve stimulation
  publication-title: Epilepsia
  doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1998.tb01155.x
– volume: 12
  start-page: 547
  issue: 5
  year: 1971
  end-page: 565
  ident: CR42
  article-title: The specificity of strychnine as a glycine antagonist in the mammalian spinal cord
  publication-title: Exp Brain Res
  doi: 10.1007/BF00234248
– volume: 31
  start-page: 1369
  issue: 11
  year: 1975
  ident: CR84
  article-title: Changes of electro-shock seizure threshold in alloxan diabetic rats
  publication-title: Experientia
  doi: 10.1007/BF01945833
– volume: 66
  start-page: 931
  issue: 5
  year: 2001
  end-page: 940
  ident: CR78
  article-title: Ketogenic diet, amino acid metabolism, and seizure control
  publication-title: J Neurosci Res
  doi: 10.1002/jnr.10083
– volume: 37
  start-page: 2887
  issue: 10 Pt 2
  year: 2013
  end-page: 2899
  ident: CR56
  article-title: The kainic acid model of temporal lobe epilepsy
  publication-title: Neurosci Biobehav Rev
  doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.10.011
– volume: 11
  start-page: 3507
  issue: 16
  year: 2000
  end-page: 3511
  ident: CR12
  article-title: Expression of a system L neutral amino acid transporter at the blood–brain barrier
  publication-title: Neuroreport
  doi: 10.1097/00001756-200011090-00021
– volume: 70
  start-page: 277
  issue: 3
  year: 2004
  end-page: 285
  ident: CR59
  article-title: Ketogenic diet, brain glutamate metabolism and seizure control
  publication-title: Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids
  doi: 10.1016/j.plefa.2003.07.005
– volume: 3
  start-page: 16
  issue: 1
  year: 2017
  ident: CR123
  article-title: Nonketotic hyperglycemia-related epileptic seizures
  publication-title: Chin Neurosurg J
  doi: 10.1186/s41016-017-0073-8
– volume: 63
  start-page: 1481
  issue: 4
  year: 1983
  end-page: 1535
  ident: CR109
  article-title: Brain metabolism: a perspective from the blood–brain barrier
  publication-title: Physiol Rev
  doi: 10.1152/physrev.1983.63.4.1481
– volume: 85
  start-page: 1468
  issue: 7
  year: 2007
  end-page: 1477
  ident: CR87
  article-title: Glucose and hippocampal neuronal excitability: role of ATP-sensitive potassium channels
  publication-title: J Neurosci Res
  doi: 10.1002/jnr.21284
– volume: 341
  start-page: 1607
  issue: 8861
  year: 1993
  end-page: 1610
  ident: CR61
  article-title: Extracellular hippocampal glutamate and spontaneous seizure in the conscious human brain
  publication-title: Lancet
  doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(93)90754-5
– volume: 421
  start-page: 159
  issue: 2
  year: 2012
  end-page: 163
  ident: CR93
  article-title: Regulation of the glutamate transporter EAAT3 by mammalian target of rapamycin mTOR
  publication-title: Biochem Biophys Res Commun
  doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.03.109
– volume: 53
  start-page: 239
  issue: 2
  year: 1997
  end-page: 258
  ident: CR43
  article-title: Animal models of intractable epilepsy
  publication-title: Prog Neurobiol
  doi: 10.1016/S0301-0082(97)00035-X
– volume: 236
  start-page: 445
  issue: 8
  year: 1989
  end-page: 447
  ident: CR27
  article-title: Branched-chain amino acids in the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
  publication-title: J Neurol
  doi: 10.1007/BF00328503
– volume: 57
  start-page: 226
  issue: 2
  year: 2005
  end-page: 235
  ident: CR96
  article-title: Extracellular metabolites in the cortex and hippocampus of epileptic patients
  publication-title: Ann Neurol
  doi: 10.1002/ana.20380
– volume: 8
  start-page: E405
  issue: 7
  year: 2016
  ident: CR125
  article-title: The emerging role of branched-chain amino acids in insulin resistance and metabolism
  publication-title: Nutrients
  doi: 10.3390/nu8070405
– volume: 67
  start-page: 18
  year: 2014
  end-page: 23
  ident: CR70
  article-title: 5-aminovaleric acid suppresses the development of severe seizures in the methionine sulfoximine model of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy
  publication-title: Neurobiol Dis
  doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.03.006
– volume: 60
  start-page: 1215
  issue: 8
  year: 2012
  end-page: 1226
  ident: CR100
  article-title: Astrocytic regulation of glutamate homeostasis in epilepsy
  publication-title: Glia
  doi: 10.1002/glia.22341
– year: 1996
  ident: CR5
  publication-title: The treatment of epilepsy: principles and practice
– volume: 37
  start-page: 2597
  issue: 11
  year: 2012
  end-page: 2612
  ident: CR22
  article-title: Is there in vivo evidence for amino acid shuttles carrying ammonia from neurons to astrocytes?
  publication-title: Neurochem Res
  doi: 10.1007/s11064-012-0898-7
– volume: 27
  start-page: 965
  issue: 4
  year: 2008
  end-page: 975
  ident: CR8
  article-title: Acetylcholine-induced seizure-like activity and modified cholinergic gene expression in chronically epileptic rats
  publication-title: Eur J Neuurosci
  doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06070.x
– volume: 67
  start-page: 470
  issue: 2
  year: 2005
  end-page: 479
  ident: CR37
  article-title: Picrotoxin accelerates relaxation of GABAC receptors
  publication-title: Mol Pharmacol
  doi: 10.1124/mol.104.003996
– volume: Chapter 9
  start-page: Unit 9.37
  year: 2012
  ident: 650_CR45
  publication-title: Curr Protoc Neurosci
– volume: 349
  start-page: 1257
  issue: 13
  year: 2003
  ident: 650_CR1
  publication-title: N Engl J Med
  doi: 10.1056/NEJMra022308
– volume: 65
  start-page: 871
  issue: 2
  year: 1995
  ident: 650_CR97
  publication-title: J Neurochem
  doi: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1995.65020871.x
– volume: 35
  start-page: 37
  year: 1992
  ident: 650_CR51
  publication-title: J Neural Transm Suppl
– volume: 53
  start-page: 151
  issue: 1–2
  year: 2003
  ident: 650_CR117
  publication-title: Epilepsy Res
  doi: 10.1016/S0920-1211(02)00260-7
– volume: 271
  start-page: R18
  issue: 1 Pt 2
  year: 1996
  ident: 650_CR33
  publication-title: Am J Physiol
– volume: 39
  start-page: 709
  issue: 7
  year: 1998
  ident: 650_CR106
  publication-title: Epilepsia
  doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1998.tb01155.x
– volume: 8
  start-page: E405
  issue: 7
  year: 2016
  ident: 650_CR125
  publication-title: Nutrients
  doi: 10.3390/nu8070405
– volume: 98
  start-page: 508
  issue: 4
  year: 1989
  ident: 650_CR110
  publication-title: Psychopharmacology (Berl)
  doi: 10.1007/BF00441950
– volume: 23
  start-page: R1
  issue: R1
  year: 2014
  ident: 650_CR99
  publication-title: Hum Mol Genet
  doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddu123
– volume: 1832
  start-page: 650
  issue: 5
  year: 2013
  ident: 650_CR24
  publication-title: Biochim Biophys Acta
  doi: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.02.001
– volume: 15
  start-page: II
  year: 1974
  ident: 650_CR44
  publication-title: Bull Pol Med Sci Hist
– volume: 105
  start-page: 33
  year: 2017
  ident: 650_CR113
  publication-title: Neurobiol Dis
  doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.05.007
– volume: 71
  start-page: 863
  issue: 2
  year: 1998
  ident: 650_CR63
  publication-title: J Neurochem
  doi: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1998.71020863.x
– volume: 37
  start-page: 146
  issue: 2
  year: 1995
  ident: 650_CR52
  publication-title: Ann Neurol
  doi: 10.1002/ana.410370204
– volume: 57
  start-page: 226
  issue: 2
  year: 2005
  ident: 650_CR96
  publication-title: Ann Neurol
  doi: 10.1002/ana.20380
– volume: 332
  start-page: 4
  issue: 1
  year: 2013
  ident: 650_CR91
  publication-title: J Neurol Sci
  doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2013.05.029
– volume: 11
  start-page: 236
  issue: 2
  year: 2012
  ident: 650_CR88
  publication-title: Cell Cycle
  doi: 10.4161/cc.11.2.19022
– volume: 137
  start-page: 1835
  issue: 8
  year: 2007
  ident: 650_CR126
  publication-title: J Nutr
  doi: 10.1093/jn/137.8.1835
– volume: 337
  start-page: 892
  issue: 3
  year: 2005
  ident: 650_CR13
  publication-title: Biochem Biophys Res Commun
  doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.09.128
– volume: 79
  start-page: 161
  year: 1999
  ident: 650_CR49
  publication-title: Adv Neurol
– volume: 77
  start-page: 705
  issue: 3
  year: 2001
  ident: 650_CR67
  publication-title: J Neurochem
  doi: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00322.x
– volume: 54
  start-page: 1335
  issue: 4
  year: 1990
  ident: 650_CR94
  publication-title: J Neurochem
  doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1990.tb01967.x
– volume: 37
  start-page: 2597
  issue: 11
  year: 2012
  ident: 650_CR22
  publication-title: Neurochem Res
  doi: 10.1007/s11064-012-0898-7
– volume: 14
  start-page: 271
  issue: 3
  year: 1989
  ident: 650_CR73
  publication-title: Neurochem Res
  doi: 10.1007/BF00971323
– volume: 43
  start-page: 231
  issue: 5
  year: 2011
  ident: 650_CR89
  publication-title: Exp Mol Med
  doi: 10.3858/emm.2011.43.5.032
– volume: 31
  start-page: 1369
  issue: 11
  year: 1975
  ident: 650_CR84
  publication-title: Experientia
  doi: 10.1007/BF01945833
– volume: 9
  start-page: 388
  issue: 2
  year: 2011
  ident: 650_CR55
  publication-title: Curr Neuropharmacol
  doi: 10.2174/157015911795596540
– volume: 86
  start-page: 1729
  issue: 9
  year: 2005
  ident: 650_CR30
  publication-title: Arch Phys Med Rehabil
  doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2005.03.022
– volume: 33
  start-page: 1132
  issue: 6
  year: 1992
  ident: 650_CR75
  publication-title: Epilepsia
  doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1992.tb01770.x
– volume: 92
  start-page: 179
  issue: 2
  year: 2017
  ident: 650_CR104
  publication-title: Mayo Clin Proc
  doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.12.012
– volume: 28
  start-page: 507
  issue: 5
  year: 2004
  ident: 650_CR14
  publication-title: Neurosci Biobehav Rev
  doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.06.008
– volume: 13
  start-page: 58
  issue: Suppl. 2
  year: 2012
  ident: 650_CR90
  publication-title: Obes Rev
  doi: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2012.01038.x
– volume: 54
  start-page: 1335
  issue: 4
  year: 1990
  ident: 650_CR98
  publication-title: J Neurochem
  doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1990.tb01967.x
– volume: 37
  start-page: 2887
  issue: 10 Pt 2
  year: 2013
  ident: 650_CR56
  publication-title: Neurosci Biobehav Rev
  doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.10.011
– volume: 67
  start-page: 470
  issue: 2
  year: 2005
  ident: 650_CR37
  publication-title: Mol Pharmacol
  doi: 10.1124/mol.104.003996
– volume: 57
  start-page: 97
  issue: 9
  year: 1995
  ident: 650_CR112
  publication-title: Life Sci
  doi: 10.1016/0024-3205(95)02026-F
– volume: 57
  start-page: 506
  issue: 3
  year: 2016
  ident: 650_CR15
  publication-title: Epilepsia
  doi: 10.1111/epi.13321
– volume: 136
  start-page: 269S
  issue: 1 Suppl.
  year: 2006
  ident: 650_CR21
  publication-title: J Nutr
  doi: 10.1093/jn/136.1.269S
– volume: 17
  start-page: 392
  issue: 4
  year: 2010
  ident: 650_CR26
  publication-title: Neurotox Res
  doi: 10.1007/s12640-009-9115-0
– volume: 12
  start-page: 620
  issue: 6
  year: 1982
  ident: 650_CR86
  publication-title: Aust N Z J Med
  doi: 10.1111/j.1445-5994.1982.tb02650.x
– volume: 131
  start-page: 2061
  issue: Pt 8
  year: 2008
  ident: 650_CR34
  publication-title: Brain
  doi: 10.1093/brain/awn133
– volume: 65
  start-page: 2450
  issue: 6
  year: 1995
  ident: 650_CR76
  publication-title: J Neurochem
  doi: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1995.65062450.x
– volume: 130
  start-page: 1026s
  issue: 4S Suppl.
  year: 2000
  ident: 650_CR108
  publication-title: J Nutr
  doi: 10.1093/jn/130.4.1026S
– volume: 82
  start-page: 46
  year: 2015
  ident: 650_CR57
  publication-title: Neurobiol Dis
  doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.05.013
– volume: 63
  start-page: 1481
  issue: 4
  year: 1983
  ident: 650_CR109
  publication-title: Physiol Rev
  doi: 10.1152/physrev.1983.63.4.1481
– volume: 421
  start-page: 159
  issue: 2
  year: 2012
  ident: 650_CR93
  publication-title: Biochem Biophys Res Commun
  doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.03.109
– volume: 19
  start-page: 816
  issue: 7
  year: 2013
  ident: 650_CR28
  publication-title: Nat Med
  doi: 10.1038/nm.3263
– volume: 11
  start-page: 1919
  issue: 5
  year: 2000
  ident: 650_CR119
  publication-title: Mol Biol Cell
  doi: 10.1091/mbc.11.5.1919
– volume: 13
  start-page: 383
  issue: 4
  year: 1988
  ident: 650_CR66
  publication-title: Neurochem Res
  doi: 10.1007/BF00972489
– volume: 12
  start-page: 547
  issue: 5
  year: 1971
  ident: 650_CR42
  publication-title: Exp Brain Res
  doi: 10.1007/BF00234248
– volume: 27
  start-page: 51
  issue: 1
  year: 1988
  ident: 650_CR47
  publication-title: Neuropharmacology
  doi: 10.1016/0028-3908(88)90200-6
– volume: 49
  start-page: 1651
  issue: 5
  year: 1987
  ident: 650_CR18
  publication-title: J Neurochem
  doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1987.tb01039.x
– volume: 21
  start-page: 327
  issue: 6
  year: 2003
  ident: 650_CR120
  publication-title: Int J Dev Neurosci
  doi: 10.1016/S0736-5748(03)00074-1
– volume: 9
  start-page: 420
  issue: 8
  year: 2013
  ident: 650_CR121
  publication-title: Nat Rev Neurol
  doi: 10.1038/nrneurol.2013.135
– volume: 15
  start-page: 1
  issue: 1
  year: 1992
  ident: 650_CR118
  publication-title: J Inherit Metab Dis
  doi: 10.1007/BF01800354
– volume: 78
  start-page: 202
  year: 2018
  ident: 650_CR58
  publication-title: Epilepsy Behav
  doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2017.09.003
– volume: 63
  start-page: 815
  year: 2001
  ident: 650_CR7
  publication-title: Annu Rev Physiol
  doi: 10.1146/annurev.physiol.63.1.815
– volume: 274
  start-page: 3026
  issue: 5
  year: 1999
  ident: 650_CR71
  publication-title: J Biol Chem
  doi: 10.1074/jbc.274.5.3026
– volume: 54
  start-page: 654
  issue: 3
  year: 1974
  ident: 650_CR82
  publication-title: J Clin Investig
  doi: 10.1172/JCI107803
– volume: 179
  start-page: 761
  issue: 4
  year: 2005
  ident: 650_CR25
  publication-title: Psychopharmacology (Berl)
  doi: 10.1007/s00213-004-2105-2
– volume: 31
  start-page: 247
  issue: 2
  year: 2019
  ident: 650_CR35
  publication-title: J Neurosurg Anesthesiol
  doi: 10.1097/ANA.0000000000000499
– volume: 70
  start-page: 277
  issue: 3
  year: 2004
  ident: 650_CR59
  publication-title: Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids
  doi: 10.1016/j.plefa.2003.07.005
– volume: 815
  start-page: 400
  issue: 2
  year: 1999
  ident: 650_CR46
  publication-title: Brain Res
  doi: 10.1016/S0006-8993(98)01188-3
– volume: 3
  start-page: 148
  issue: 4
  year: 2003
  ident: 650_CR83
  publication-title: Epilepsy Curr
  doi: 10.1046/j.1535-7597.2003.03415.x
– volume: 72
  start-page: 1641
  issue: 4
  year: 1999
  ident: 650_CR111
  publication-title: J Neurochem
  doi: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1999.721641.x
– volume: 40
  start-page: 255
  issue: 3
  year: 2001
  ident: 650_CR54
  publication-title: Neurosci Res
  doi: 10.1016/S0168-0102(01)00232-2
– volume: 60
  start-page: 1215
  issue: 8
  year: 2012
  ident: 650_CR100
  publication-title: Glia
  doi: 10.1002/glia.22341
– volume: 3
  start-page: CD001903
  year: 2012
  ident: 650_CR74
  publication-title: Cochrane Database Syst Rev
– volume: 85
  start-page: 1468
  issue: 7
  year: 2007
  ident: 650_CR87
  publication-title: J Neurosci Res
  doi: 10.1002/jnr.21284
– volume-title: The treatment of epilepsy: principles and practice
  year: 1996
  ident: 650_CR5
– volume: 32
  start-page: 115
  issue: 1
  year: 2017
  ident: 650_CR115
  publication-title: Metab Brain Dis
  doi: 10.1007/s11011-016-9892-0
– volume: 757
  start-page: 69
  issue: 1
  year: 1997
  ident: 650_CR65
  publication-title: Brain Res
  doi: 10.1016/S0006-8993(97)00139-X
– volume: 363
  start-page: 28
  issue: 9402
  year: 2004
  ident: 650_CR9
  publication-title: Lancet
  doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15166-5
– volume: 11
  start-page: 3507
  issue: 16
  year: 2000
  ident: 650_CR12
  publication-title: Neuroreport
  doi: 10.1097/00001756-200011090-00021
– volume: 131
  start-page: 846S
  issue: 3
  year: 2001
  ident: 650_CR62
  publication-title: J Nutr
  doi: 10.1093/jn/131.3.846S
– volume: 24
  start-page: 1268
  issue: 10
  year: 2009
  ident: 650_CR60
  publication-title: J Child Neurol
  doi: 10.1177/0883073809336295
– volume: 63
  start-page: 141
  issue: 2–3
  year: 2005
  ident: 650_CR103
  publication-title: Epilepsy Res
  doi: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2005.02.002
– volume: 10
  start-page: 1693
  year: 2014
  ident: 650_CR40
  publication-title: Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat
  doi: 10.2147/NDT.S50371
– volume: 17
  start-page: 44
  issue: 1
  year: 1997
  ident: 650_CR95
  publication-title: J Cereb Blood Flow Metab
  doi: 10.1097/00004647-199701000-00006
– volume: 236
  start-page: 445
  issue: 8
  year: 1989
  ident: 650_CR27
  publication-title: J Neurol
  doi: 10.1007/BF00328503
– volume: 251
  start-page: E393
  issue: 4 Pt 1
  year: 1986
  ident: 650_CR20
  publication-title: Am J Physiol
– volume: 13
  start-page: 351
  year: 2016
  ident: 650_CR6
  publication-title: Adv Neurobiol
  doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-45096-4_14
– volume: 6
  start-page: 135
  issue: 2
  year: 1997
  ident: 650_CR41
  publication-title: Seizure
  doi: 10.1016/S1059-1311(97)80067-2
– volume: 41
  start-page: 313
  issue: 5
  year: 2002
  ident: 650_CR92
  publication-title: Neurochem Int
  doi: 10.1016/S0197-0186(02)00018-9
– volume: 19
  start-page: 901
  issue: 7
  year: 2013
  ident: 650_CR116
  publication-title: Nat Med
  doi: 10.1038/nm.3217
– volume: 27
  start-page: 965
  issue: 4
  year: 2008
  ident: 650_CR8
  publication-title: Eur J Neuurosci
  doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06070.x
– volume: 341
  start-page: 1607
  issue: 8861
  year: 1993
  ident: 650_CR61
  publication-title: Lancet
  doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(93)90754-5
– volume: 66
  start-page: 272
  issue: 2
  year: 2001
  ident: 650_CR77
  publication-title: J Neurosci Res
  doi: 10.1002/jnr.1221
– volume: 140
  start-page: 30
  issue: 1
  year: 1992
  ident: 650_CR32
  publication-title: Neurosci Lett
  doi: 10.1016/0304-3940(92)90674-V
– volume: 312
  start-page: 927
  issue: 5775
  year: 2006
  ident: 650_CR80
  publication-title: Science
  doi: 10.1126/science.1124147
– volume: 1
  start-page: 157
  issue: 8630
  year: 1989
  ident: 650_CR68
  publication-title: Lancet
  doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(89)91170-7
– volume: 21
  start-page: 92
  issue: 1
  year: 1997
  ident: 650_CR10
  publication-title: Glia
  doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1136(199709)21:1<92::AID-GLIA10>3.0.CO;2-W
– volume-title: Jasper’s basic mechanisms of the epilepsies
  year: 2012
  ident: 650_CR4
– volume: 1
  start-page: 1015
  issue: 8593
  year: 1988
  ident: 650_CR69
  publication-title: Lancet
  doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(88)91841-7
– volume: 8
  start-page: 79
  issue: 2
  year: 2016
  ident: 650_CR81
  publication-title: Nutrients
  doi: 10.3390/nu8020079
– volume: 38
  start-page: 614
  issue: 5
  year: 1997
  ident: 650_CR2
  publication-title: Epilepsia
  doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1997.tb01148.x
– volume: 36
  start-page: 7485
  issue: 28
  year: 2016
  ident: 650_CR48
  publication-title: J Neurosci
  doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3232-14.2016
– volume: 5
  start-page: 97
  issue: 2
  year: 2015
  ident: 650_CR101
  publication-title: Bioimpacts
  doi: 10.15171/bi.2015.07
– volume: 261
  start-page: 652
  issue: 2
  year: 1992
  ident: 650_CR102
  publication-title: J Pharmacol Exp Ther
– volume: 536
  start-page: 241
  issue: 3
  year: 2006
  ident: 650_CR50
  publication-title: Eur J Pharmacol
  doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.02.036
– volume: 10
  start-page: 492
  issue: 10
  year: 2016
  ident: 650_CR16
  publication-title: Front Neurosci
– volume: 55
  start-page: 195
  issue: 3
  year: 1992
  ident: 650_CR124
  publication-title: J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry
  doi: 10.1136/jnnp.55.3.195
– volume: 135
  start-page: 1539S
  issue: 6
  year: 2005
  ident: 650_CR11
  publication-title: J Nutr
  doi: 10.1093/jn/135.6.1539S
– volume: 1
  start-page: 508
  issue: 10
  year: 1990
  ident: 650_CR17
  publication-title: J Nutr Biochem
  doi: 10.1016/0955-2863(90)90033-H
– volume: 497
  start-page: 509
  issue: Pt 2
  year: 1996
  ident: 650_CR36
  publication-title: J Physiol
  doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1996.sp021784
– volume: 53
  start-page: 239
  issue: 2
  year: 1997
  ident: 650_CR43
  publication-title: Prog Neurobiol
  doi: 10.1016/S0301-0082(97)00035-X
– volume: 45
  start-page: 2073
  issue: 7
  year: 1986
  ident: 650_CR19
  publication-title: Fed Proc
– volume: 43
  start-page: 669
  issue: 3
  year: 1992
  ident: 650_CR38
  publication-title: Pharmacol Biochem Behav
  doi: 10.1016/0091-3057(92)90393-T
– volume: 27
  start-page: 467
  issue: 6
  year: 1995
  ident: 650_CR29
  publication-title: Neurochem Int.
  doi: 10.1016/0197-0186(95)80004-5
– volume: 53
  start-page: 91
  issue: 1
  year: 2003
  ident: 650_CR85
  publication-title: Ann Neurol
  doi: 10.1002/ana.10415
– volume: 41
  start-page: 342
  issue: 3
  year: 2000
  ident: 650_CR3
  publication-title: Epilepsia
  doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.2000.tb00166.x
– volume: 48
  start-page: 101
  issue: 1
  year: 1994
  ident: 650_CR39
  publication-title: Pharmacol Biochem Behav
  doi: 10.1016/0091-3057(94)90504-5
– volume: 161
  start-page: 303
  issue: 2
  year: 1979
  ident: 650_CR64
  publication-title: Brain Res
  doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(79)90071-4
– volume: 66
  start-page: 923
  issue: 5
  year: 2001
  ident: 650_CR53
  publication-title: J Neurosci Res
  doi: 10.1002/jnr.10086
– volume: 101
  start-page: 10744
  issue: 29
  year: 2004
  ident: 650_CR114
  publication-title: Proc Natl Acad Sci
  doi: 10.1073/pnas.0401297101
– volume: 3
  start-page: 16
  issue: 1
  year: 2017
  ident: 650_CR123
  publication-title: Chin Neurosurg J
  doi: 10.1186/s41016-017-0073-8
– volume: 87
  start-page: 432
  issue: 4
  year: 2004
  ident: 650_CR79
  publication-title: J Med Assoc Thail
– volume: 68
  start-page: 72
  issue: 1
  year: 1998
  ident: 650_CR107
  publication-title: Am J Clin Nutr
  doi: 10.1093/ajcn/68.1.72
– volume: 66
  start-page: 931
  issue: 5
  year: 2001
  ident: 650_CR78
  publication-title: J Neurosci Res
  doi: 10.1002/jnr.10083
– volume: 32
  start-page: 2413
  issue: 11
  year: 1989
  ident: 650_CR72
  publication-title: J Med Chem
  doi: 10.1021/jm00131a001
– volume: 10
  start-page: 723
  issue: 12
  year: 2014
  ident: 650_CR23
  publication-title: Nat Rev Endocrinol
  doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2014.171
– volume: 45
  start-page: 1926
  issue: 10
  year: 1995
  ident: 650_CR105
  publication-title: Neurology
  doi: 10.1212/WNL.45.10.1926
– volume: 67
  start-page: 18
  year: 2014
  ident: 650_CR70
  publication-title: Neurobiol Dis
  doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.03.006
– volume: 79
  start-page: 21
  issue: 1–2
  year: 1994
  ident: 650_CR31
  publication-title: Int J Neurosci
  doi: 10.3109/00207459408986065
– volume: 13
  start-page: 94
  year: 2012
  ident: 650_CR122
  publication-title: BMC Neurosci
  doi: 10.1186/1471-2202-13-94
SSID ssj0004366
Score 2.3389065
SecondaryResourceType review_article
Snippet Background Up to 40% of patients with epilepsy experience seizures despite treatment with antiepileptic drugs; however, branched-chain amino acid (BCAA)...
Up to 40% of patients with epilepsy experience seizures despite treatment with antiepileptic drugs; however, branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) supplementation...
Background Up to 40% of patients with epilepsy experience seizures despite treatment with antiepileptic drugs; however, branched-chain amino acid (BCAA)...
SourceID proquest
pubmed
crossref
springer
SourceType Aggregation Database
Index Database
Enrichment Source
Publisher
StartPage 755
SubjectTerms Amino acids
Ammonia
Animal models
Antiepileptic agents
Convulsions & seizures
Epilepsy
Flurothyl
Glutamine
Kainic acid
Literature reviews
Medicine
Medicine & Public Health
Metabolism
Methionine
National libraries
Neurology
Neurosciences
Pathophysiology
Pentylenetetrazole
Pharmacotherapy
Picrotoxin
Psychiatry
Psychopharmacology
Rapamycin
Seizures
Signal transduction
Strychnine
Supplements
Systematic Review
TOR protein
Title Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Seizures: A Systematic Review of the Literature
URI https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40263-019-00650-2
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31313139
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2425611935
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2259354816
Volume 33
hasFullText 1
inHoldings 1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
link http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwfV3LTuswEB3x2NwN4nlveclIiA2NbmMnMWGDUkSFEFQVD6m7yIkdUeneBGi7gBW_wC_yJcw4aSKEQFlkETuxPHZ8jsdzBmBfqVQiYfMc38NJ7mWh5yS40FAys47hwku51S246gfnd97F0B9WG27j6ljl7J9of9S6SGmP_C9B48BFuOGfPDw6lDWKvKtVCo15WCTpMjrSJYeyiYsU1lfp4iLtyI4nq6AZGzqHvIk8mBTCQyjF4Z8Xpi9o84un1C5AvWVYqpAji0pTr8CcyVfhYFBKTz-32W0TSTVuswM2aESpn9dg0KUMGvdGv7--nd6rUc6i_6O8YFE60mOmcs1uzOhliuT7mEXsptZ3ZqXzgBUZQ6jILmsV5nW4653dnp47VTYFJxXSnzjSS311FMpMdbhSQks3yxITGoVG0shUQyQzidKZQYJkSNdOB5lWgTpyRZAaacQGLORFbv4ACzOBxNnnCWIhYkwJJ6CAL-4kwtWct8CddWWcVlLjlPHiX1yLJNvuj7H7Y9v9MdY5rOs8lEIbP5benlkoribdOG6GSAv26sc4XcgHonJTTLEM0j2BLM0NWvC7tGz9OeHaK2xBe2bq5uXft2Xz57ZswS9uhxkdGtyGhcnT1OwgkJkku3a07sJi1Ot2-3jvnvUH1x9VD-6C
linkProvider ProQuest
linkToHtml http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwtV3dTtswFD6CcgE3E2zAys9mpMENjWhsJyGT0FQYqECpKigSd8GJHVEJElhbTd0Vr8CL8FB7kh07f5oQ3KFcxnGs42P7-3JyvgPwTYjIQ8LGLYfjIuexz60QDxpdzKypKOMRNboFZ123fclPrpyrKXgucmH0b5XFnmg2aplG-hv5jobGro1ww_lx_2DpqlE6ulqU0Mjc4lRNfiNlG-4d_8T53aT06LB_0LbyqgJWxDxnZHk8csSu78WiSYVg0rPjOFS-EjhYiYzNR1AfChkrJApK67tJN5bCFbs2cyPlKYb9TsMMZ0hlajCzf9jtnVeZmMxER22EBZbX5F6epmOS9ZCp6ZipThrSuMii_x-FL_Dti9isOfKO5uFDjlVJK3OuBZhSyUfY6mVi15MG6Ve5W8MG2SK9SgZ78gl6-7pmx42Sfx-fDm7EICGtu0GSklY0kEMiEkku1ODPGOn-d9IiF6WiNMnCFSSNCYJT0il1nxfh8l0svQS1JE3UZyB-zJCqOzRE9KU5Wkg1NMGOmyGzJaV1sAtTBlEubq5rbNwGpSyzMX-A5g-M-QN8Zrt85j6T9niz9VoxQ0G-zIdB5ZR12Chv4wLVUReRqHSMbZBgMuSFtluH5Wxmy9cx21x-HRrFVFedvz6WlbfH8hVm2_2zTtA57p6uwhw1Lqd_WVyD2ujXWK0jjBqFX3LfJXD93svlH1toKxY
linkToPdf http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwtV3NbtQwEB6VIiEuiH-2FDAS9MJGXdtJ3CAhtLSsWlqqldpKe0ud2FZXgqRld4WWE6_A6_A4PAkzzp9QRW9Vjps41ngm_r4dzzcAr7TOFRK2MIhCDPLQJWGQ4UZDzcwGVsgwF1634PNhvHsSfppEkxX43dTC0LHK5pvoP9SmzOk_8k2CxjFHuBFtuvpYxHhn9P78IqAOUpRpbdppVC6yb5ffkb7N3u3t4Fq_FmL08Xh7N6g7DAS5VNE8UGEe6a1EOT0QWkujuHOZTazGiRtkbwkC_EwbZ5E0WNJ6M7EzOtZbXMa5VVbiuDfgppIRpxhTE9XVZEqfJ-UIEAI1CFVdsOPL9pCzUfaUyocIIQXi303xEtK9lKX1m9_oLtypUSsbVm52D1ZscR82xpXs9bLPjrsqrlmfbbBxJ4i9fADjD9S948yaPz9_bZ_pacGGX6dFyYb51MyYLgw7stMfCyT-b9mQHbXa0qxKXLDSMYSp7KBVgH4IJ9di50ewWpSFfQIscRJJeyQyxGHE1jJBIAUHHmSSGyF6wBtTpnktc07dNr6krUCzN3-K5k-9-VN85k37zHkl8nHl3evNCqV1wM_Szj178LL9GUOV8i-6sOUC70GqKZEh8rgHj6uVbV8nub-SHvSbpe4G__9c1q6eywu4hUGSHuwd7j-F28J7HJ1dXIfV-beFfYZ4ap49947L4PS6I-UvNogt5g
openUrl ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Branched%E2%80%91Chain+Amino+Acids+and+Seizures%3A+A+Systematic+Review+of+the+Literature&rft.jtitle=CNS+drugs&rft.au=Gruenbaum%2C+Shaun+E&rft.au=Chen%2C+Eric+C&rft.au=Sandhu%2C+Mani+Ratnesh+Singh&rft.au=Deshpande%2C+Ketaki&rft.date=2019-08-01&rft.pub=Springer+Nature+B.V&rft.issn=1172-7047&rft.eissn=1179-1934&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=8&rft.spage=755&rft.epage=770&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2Fs40263-019-00650-2&rft.externalDBID=HAS_PDF_LINK
thumbnail_l http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=1172-7047&client=summon
thumbnail_m http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=1172-7047&client=summon
thumbnail_s http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=1172-7047&client=summon