Optimal place of treatment for young infants aged less than two months with any low-mortality-risk sign of possible serious bacterial infection: Study Protocol for a randomised controlled trial from low- and middle-income countries

• Published in: Journal of global health Vol. 13; p. 04055
• Main Authors: Baqui, Abdullah H, Khanam Rasheda, Shahidullah Mohammod, Salahuddin, Ahmed, Roy, Arunangshu Dutta, Jaben, Iffat Ara, Manajjir, Ali, Islam, Muhammad Shariful, Lipi, Sabina Ashrafee, Islam Md Jahurul, Mekasha Amha, Abiy, Seifu, Muhe Lulu, Hailemariam Damen, Bogale, Worku, Solome, Jebessa, Rongsen-Chandola Temsunaro, Goyal Nidhi, Kumar, Amit, Bhandari Nita, Kaushik Shayam, Kumar Surjeet, Jain Amitabh, Sood Mangla, Sharma, Rakesh, Dalal, Jagjit Singh, Mittal Kundan, Kaushal, G P, Wadhwa Vineeta, Kumar, Vishwajeet, Kumar, Aarti, Kumar, Rashmi, Singh, Vinay Pratap, Singh, Pramod Kumar, Singh, Vivek Kumar, Rao, Yashwant Kumar, Dokania Krishna Kumar, Prakash Ved, Kumar, Shiv, Wammanda Robinson Daniel, Hassan Laila, Ahmodu, Opaluwa Saraja, Ishaku, Hassan, Adamu, Aminu Shadrach, Bawa, Ega, Baloch Benazir, Nisar Imran, Fyezah, Jehan, Manji Karim, Sudfeld, Christopher Robert, Rodrick, Kisenge, Nahya, Salim, Somji, Sarah, Bakari Mohamed Kheri, Kibogoyo George, Lugangira Kristina, Ndensangia, Veneranda M, Duggan, Christopher Paul, Bahl Rajiv, Edmond, Karen, Yoshida Sachiyo, Qazi, Shamim A, Nisar, Yasir Bin
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Scotland Edinburgh University Global Health Society 14.07.2023; International Society of Global Health
• Subjects: Age; Amoxicillin - therapeutic use; Anti-Bacterial Agents - therapeutic use; Antibiotics; Bacterial diseases; Bacterial infections; Bacterial Infections - drug therapy; Body temperature; Developing Countries; Fatalities; Gentamicins - therapeutic use; Global health; Health risks; High temperature; Hospitalization; Humans; Illnesses; Infant; Infants; Injection; International standards; Mortality; Mortality risk; Multicenter Studies as Topic; Nosocomial infections; Pediatrics; Quality control; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Sepsis; Signs; Beijing China; Bangladesh; Asia; China; Africa; Nigeria; Ethiopia; India
• DOI: 10.7189/jogh.13.04055
• ISSN: 2047-2978; 2047-2986

World Health Organization (WHO) recommends hospitalisation and injectable antibiotics for clinical sepsis / possible serious bacterial infection (PSBI) in young infants up to two months of age. However, some young infants with low-mortality risk signs of PSBI may not require hospitalisation, for which evidence needs to be generated. This is a protocol for a multicentre, individually randomised, open-label trial that will be conducted in seven sites in six countries Bangladesh, Ethiopia, India (two sites), Nigeria, Pakistan and Tanzania. All sites will use this common protocol with the same study design, inclusion of participants, intervention, comparison, and outcomes, as well as quality control and analysis procedures to contribute to the overall sample size. All young infants (age <60 days) presenting at study hospitals with any single low-mortality risk sign (high body temperature ≥38°C, severe chest indrawing, or fast breathing of ≥60 breaths per minute in <7 days old infants) will be randomised to either outpatient care with injectable gentamicin for two days and oral amoxicillin for seven days (intervention) or inpatient care with injection gentamicin plus injection ampicillin along with supportive treatment, where needed, for seven days (control). We plan to enrol 7000 eligible young infants, 3500 infants in each of the two study arms. A trained and standardised independent outcome assessor will visit all enrolled cases on days two, four, eight and 15 post-randomisation to assess the study outcomes in both intervention and control groups. The primary outcome of poor clinical outcome, defined as death within two weeks of initiation of treatment, deterioration during the 7-day treatment period, or persistence of the presenting sign at the end of the 7-day treatment period, will be compared to assess if the outpatient treatment leads to superior or at least non-inferior clinical outcome than inpatient treatment. The selected sites have extensive research experience. The methods and all study procedures will be harmonised through central training of research staff by WHO, standardisation exercises for clinical signs, central data coordination centre and internal and external monitoring. Continuous evaluation of the enrolment by the sites will be carried out through regular calls, databased monitoring, and site visits by WHO monitors. This trial has received ethical approvals from the WHO and local site institutional ethics committees. If the results show that young infants with any single low-mortality risk PSBI sign can be effectively and safely treated on an outpatient basis, it may substantially increase access to treatment for infants and families with poor access to health facilities. It may also reduce the human, financial and material costs to the health system and allow the currently overloaded health facilities to focus on more critically ill infants. This evidence will contribute toward making a case for reviewing the current WHO PSBI management guideline. International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number ISRCTN44033252.