Estimating spatial variation in disease risk from locations coarsened by incomplete geocoding

• Published in: Statistical methodology Vol. 9; no. 1; pp. 239 - 250
• Main Authors: Zimmerman, Dale L., Fang, Xiangming
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Elsevier B.V 2012
• Subjects: Coarsened data; Geocoding; Relative risk; Spatial epidemiology; Coarsened data; Spatial epidemiology; Geocoding; Relative risk
• ISSN: 1572-3127; 1878-0954
• DOI: 10.1016/j.stamet.2011.01.008

Inference for spatial variation in relative risk of disease is an important problem in spatial epidemiologic studies. A standard component of data assimilation in these studies is the assignment of a geocode, i.e. point-level spatial coordinates, to the address of each subject in the study population. Unfortunately, when geocoding is performed by the standard procedure of street-segment matching to a georeferenced road file and subsequent interpolation, it is rarely completely successful. Typically, 10-30% of the addresses in the study population fail to geocode, which can adversely affect relative risk estimation, especially if one of the disease groups (e.g. cases) has a different geocoding success rate than another (e.g. controls). The possibility exists, however, for ameliorating this effect by incorporating geographic information coarser than a point (e.g. a Zip code) that is measured for the observations that fail to geocode. This article develops coarsened-data methods for relative risk estimation from incompletely geocoded data. Nonparametric (kernel smoothing) estimation procedures are featured; parametric (likelihood-based) procedures are described as well, but their applicability is much more limited. We demonstrate, via simulation and a real example of childhood asthma cases in an Iowa county that substantial improvements in the quality of relative risk estimates are possible using the proposed nonparametric coarsened-data methods.