Towards a low-carbon society: A review of lithium resource availability, challenges and innovations in mining, extraction and recycling, and future perspectives

• Published in: Minerals engineering Vol. 163; p. 106743
• Main Authors: Tabelin, Carlito Baltazar, Dallas, Jessica, Casanova, Sophia, Pelech, Timothy, Bournival, Ghislain, Saydam, Serkan, Canbulat, Ismet
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Elsevier Ltd 15.03.2021
• Subjects: Circular economy; Electric-based vehicles; Lithium resources; Lithium-ion battery recycling; Low-carbon society; Renewable energy; 2DS; Lithium resources; NT; WA; PHEV; Electric-based vehicles; SA; COVID-19; LDH; Circular economy; NiMH; NPV; SLM; Lithium-ion battery recycling; CAGR; LFP; PFTNA; BMI; WHO; LIB; MOF; NASA; NMC; Low-carbon society; FAA; NCA; USGS; LCE; LMO; GW; EV; Renewable energy; DRC; FEV; HEV; LCO; NiCd; MCQ; SDGs; INMETCO

•The LIBs market is forecasted to reach at least US$221 B by 2024 using 20–25% CAGR.•Li production growth within the next five years will lag that of demand.•Major Li resources are found in Argentina, Australia, USA, Chile, Bolivia & China.•Current technologies for end-of-life LIBs recycling rem...