Syndromes of production in intercropping impact yield gains

Intercropping, the simultaneous production of multiple crops on the same field, provides opportunities for the sustainable intensification of agriculture if it can provide a greater yield per unit land and fertilizer than sole crops. The worldwide absolute yield gain of intercropping as compared wit...

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Published in	Nature plants Vol. 6; no. 6; pp. 653 - 660
Main Authors	Li, Chunjie, Hoffland, Ellis, Kuyper, Thomas W., Yu, Yang, Zhang, Chaochun, Li, Haigang, Zhang, Fusuo, van der Werf, Wopke
Format	Journal Article
Language	English
Published	London Nature Publishing Group UK 01.06.2020 Nature Publishing Group
Subjects	631/449 706/1143 Agricultural practices Agricultural production Agriculture Biomedical and Life Sciences China Corn Crop Production - methods Crops Crops, Agricultural - growth & development Edible Grain - growth & development Fabaceae - growth & development Fertilizers Intensive farming Intercropping Life Sciences Monoculture Nutrients Plant Breeding Plant Sciences Sole cropping Sustainability Zea mays - growth & development China
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Abstract	Intercropping, the simultaneous production of multiple crops on the same field, provides opportunities for the sustainable intensification of agriculture if it can provide a greater yield per unit land and fertilizer than sole crops. The worldwide absolute yield gain of intercropping as compared with sole crops has not been analysed. We therefore performed a global meta-analysis to quantify the effect of intercropping on the yield gain, exploring the effects of crop species combinations, temporal and spatial arrangements, and fertilizer input. We found that the absolute yield gains, compared with monocultures, were the greatest for mixtures of maize with short-grain cereals or legumes that had substantial temporal niche differentiation from maize, when grown with high nutrient inputs, and using multirow strips of each species. This approach, commonly practised in China, provided yield gains that were (in an absolute sense) about four times as large as those in another, low-input intercropping strategy, commonly practised outside China. The alternative intercropping strategy consisted of growing mixtures of short-stature crop species, often as full mixtures, with the same growing period and with low to moderate nutrient inputs. Both the low- and high-yield intercropping strategies saved 16–29% of the land and 19–36% of the fertilizer compared with monocultures grown under the same management as the intercrop. The two syndromes of production in intercropping uncovered by this meta-analysis show that intercropping offers opportunities for the sustainable intensification of both high- and low-input agriculture. Intercropping can provide for agricultural intensification within a sustainable footprint. This study of Chinese methods finds yields four times greater than intercropping outside China with less land and fertilizer use.
AbstractList	Intercropping, the simultaneous production of multiple crops on the same field, provides opportunities for the sustainable intensification of agriculture if it can provide a greater yield per unit land and fertilizer than sole crops. The worldwide absolute yield gain of intercropping as compared with sole crops has not been analysed. We therefore performed a global meta-analysis to quantify the effect of intercropping on the yield gain, exploring the effects of crop species combinations, temporal and spatial arrangements, and fertilizer input. We found that the absolute yield gains, compared with monocultures, were the greatest for mixtures of maize with short-grain cereals or legumes that had substantial temporal niche differentiation from maize, when grown with high nutrient inputs, and using multirow strips of each species. This approach, commonly practised in China, provided yield gains that were (in an absolute sense) about four times as large as those in another, low-input intercropping strategy, commonly practised outside China. The alternative intercropping strategy consisted of growing mixtures of short-stature crop species, often as full mixtures, with the same growing period and with low to moderate nutrient inputs. Both the low- and high-yield intercropping strategies saved 16–29% of the land and 19–36% of the fertilizer compared with monocultures grown under the same management as the intercrop. The two syndromes of production in intercropping uncovered by this meta-analysis show that intercropping offers opportunities for the sustainable intensification of both high- and low-input agriculture. Intercropping can provide for agricultural intensification within a sustainable footprint. This study of Chinese methods finds yields four times greater than intercropping outside China with less land and fertilizer use. Intercropping, the simultaneous production of multiple crops on the same field, provides opportunities for the sustainable intensification of agriculture if it can provide a greater yield per unit land and fertilizer than sole crops. The worldwide absolute yield gain of intercropping as compared with sole crops has not been analysed. We therefore performed a global meta-analysis to quantify the effect of intercropping on the yield gain, exploring the effects of crop species combinations, temporal and spatial arrangements, and fertilizer input. We found that the absolute yield gains, compared with monocultures, were the greatest for mixtures of maize with short-grain cereals or legumes that had substantial temporal niche differentiation from maize, when grown with high nutrient inputs, and using multirow strips of each species. This approach, commonly practised in China, provided yield gains that were (in an absolute sense) about four times as large as those in another, low-input intercropping strategy, commonly practised outside China. The alternative intercropping strategy consisted of growing mixtures of short-stature crop species, often as full mixtures, with the same growing period and with low to moderate nutrient inputs. Both the low- and high-yield intercropping strategies saved 16-29% of the land and 19-36% of the fertilizer compared with monocultures grown under the same management as the intercrop. The two syndromes of production in intercropping uncovered by this meta-analysis show that intercropping offers opportunities for the sustainable intensification of both high- and low-input agriculture. Intercropping, the simultaneous production of multiple crops on the same field, provides opportunities for the sustainable intensification of agriculture if it can provide a greater yield per unit land and fertilizer than sole crops. The worldwide absolute yield gain of intercropping as compared with sole crops has not been analysed. We therefore performed a global meta-analysis to quantify the effect of intercropping on the yield gain, exploring the effects of crop species combinations, temporal and spatial arrangements, and fertilizer input. We found that the absolute yield gains, compared with monocultures, were the greatest for mixtures of maize with short-grain cereals or legumes that had substantial temporal niche differentiation from maize, when grown with high nutrient inputs, and using multirow strips of each species. This approach, commonly practised in China, provided yield gains that were (in an absolute sense) about four times as large as those in another, low-input intercropping strategy, commonly practised outside China. The alternative intercropping strategy consisted of growing mixtures of short-stature crop species, often as full mixtures, with the same growing period and with low to moderate nutrient inputs. Both the low- and high-yield intercropping strategies saved 16-29% of the land and 19-36% of the fertilizer compared with monocultures grown under the same management as the intercrop. The two syndromes of production in intercropping uncovered by this meta-analysis show that intercropping offers opportunities for the sustainable intensification of both high- and low-input agriculture.Intercropping, the simultaneous production of multiple crops on the same field, provides opportunities for the sustainable intensification of agriculture if it can provide a greater yield per unit land and fertilizer than sole crops. The worldwide absolute yield gain of intercropping as compared with sole crops has not been analysed. We therefore performed a global meta-analysis to quantify the effect of intercropping on the yield gain, exploring the effects of crop species combinations, temporal and spatial arrangements, and fertilizer input. We found that the absolute yield gains, compared with monocultures, were the greatest for mixtures of maize with short-grain cereals or legumes that had substantial temporal niche differentiation from maize, when grown with high nutrient inputs, and using multirow strips of each species. This approach, commonly practised in China, provided yield gains that were (in an absolute sense) about four times as large as those in another, low-input intercropping strategy, commonly practised outside China. The alternative intercropping strategy consisted of growing mixtures of short-stature crop species, often as full mixtures, with the same growing period and with low to moderate nutrient inputs. Both the low- and high-yield intercropping strategies saved 16-29% of the land and 19-36% of the fertilizer compared with monocultures grown under the same management as the intercrop. The two syndromes of production in intercropping uncovered by this meta-analysis show that intercropping offers opportunities for the sustainable intensification of both high- and low-input agriculture. Intercropping, the simultaneous production of multiple crops on the same field, provides opportunities for the sustainable intensification of agriculture if it can provide a greater yield per unit land and fertilizer than sole crops. The worldwide absolute yield gain of intercropping as compared with sole crops has not been analysed. We therefore performed a global meta-analysis to quantify the effect of intercropping on the yield gain, exploring the effects of crop species combinations, temporal and spatial arrangements, and fertilizer input. We found that the absolute yield gains, compared with monocultures, were the greatest for mixtures of maize with short-grain cereals or legumes that had substantial temporal niche differentiation from maize, when grown with high nutrient inputs, and using multirow strips of each species. This approach, commonly practised in China, provided yield gains that were (in an absolute sense) about four times as large as those in another, low-input intercropping strategy, commonly practised outside China. The alternative intercropping strategy consisted of growing mixtures of short-stature crop species, often as full mixtures, with the same growing period and with low to moderate nutrient inputs. Both the low- and high-yield intercropping strategies saved 16–29% of the land and 19–36% of the fertilizer compared with monocultures grown under the same management as the intercrop. The two syndromes of production in intercropping uncovered by this meta-analysis show that intercropping offers opportunities for the sustainable intensification of both high- and low-input agriculture.Intercropping can provide for agricultural intensification within a sustainable footprint. This study of Chinese methods finds yields four times greater than intercropping outside China with less land and fertilizer use.
Author	Zhang, Chaochun Zhang, Fusuo Yu, Yang Kuyper, Thomas W. Li, Haigang van der Werf, Wopke Li, Chunjie Hoffland, Ellis
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Chunjie orcidid: 0000-0002-2761-1085 surname: Li fullname: Li, Chunjie organization: College of Resources and Environmental Science, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Soil Biology Group, Wageningen University, Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University – sequence: 2 givenname: Ellis orcidid: 0000-0002-6995-1109 surname: Hoffland fullname: Hoffland, Ellis organization: Soil Biology Group, Wageningen University – sequence: 3 givenname: Thomas W. orcidid: 0000-0002-3896-4943 surname: Kuyper fullname: Kuyper, Thomas W. organization: Soil Biology Group, Wageningen University – sequence: 4 givenname: Yang surname: Yu fullname: Yu, Yang organization: Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University – sequence: 5 givenname: Chaochun orcidid: 0000-0002-1278-8400 surname: Zhang fullname: Zhang, Chaochun organization: College of Resources and Environmental Science, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University – sequence: 6 givenname: Haigang orcidid: 0000-0003-3889-919X surname: Li fullname: Li, Haigang organization: College of Resources and Environmental Science, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University – sequence: 7 givenname: Fusuo orcidid: 0000-0001-8971-0129 surname: Zhang fullname: Zhang, Fusuo email: zhangfs@cau.edu.cn organization: College of Resources and Environmental Science, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University – sequence: 8 givenname: Wopke orcidid: 0000-0002-5506-4699 surname: van der Werf fullname: van der Werf, Wopke email: wopke.vanderwerf@wur.nl organization: Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University
BackLink	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32483328$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Snippet	Intercropping, the simultaneous production of multiple crops on the same field, provides opportunities for the sustainable intensification of agriculture if it...
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SubjectTerms	631/449 706/1143 Agricultural practices Agricultural production Agriculture Biomedical and Life Sciences China Corn Crop Production - methods Crops Crops, Agricultural - growth & development Edible Grain - growth & development Fabaceae - growth & development Fertilizers Intensive farming Intercropping Life Sciences Monoculture Nutrients Plant Breeding Plant Sciences Sole cropping Sustainability Zea mays - growth & development
Title	Syndromes of production in intercropping impact yield gains
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