Vaginal cytology and vulvar swelling as indicators of impending estrus and ovulation in the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)
The giant panda is critically endangered in its native habitat, which is continually depreciated by the pressure of human population growth, and the small captive population is not yet self‐sustaining. Female giant pandas are seasonally monoestrous with spontaneous ovulation. Precise monitoring of t...
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Published in | Zoo biology Vol. 22; no. 4; pp. 313 - 321 |
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Abstract | The giant panda is critically endangered in its native habitat, which is continually depreciated by the pressure of human population growth, and the small captive population is not yet self‐sustaining. Female giant pandas are seasonally monoestrous with spontaneous ovulation. Precise monitoring of the estrous cycle to pinpoint the time of ovulation is critical for the success of both timed mating and artificial insemination. Vaginal cytology is a useful adjunct to endocrinological data in describing the estrous cycle in many species, including domestic carnivores; however, it has not been used effectively in the giant panda. In this study, vaginal swabs were obtained from four nulliparous females ranging in age from 6 to 14 years. Cells were stained with Papanicolaou stain and classified as basophils, intermediate cells, or superficial cells based on traditional criteria. In addition, cell color changes from the basophilic through the acidophilic and keratinized stages were recorded. The size and color of the vulva of a single female was scored daily on a scale of 0–3, with anestrus characterized as 0. The day of ovulation was retrospectively designated as day 0 based on urinary estrogen concentrations, behavior, and morphological indicators. The vulva began to swell between days –11 and –9, with peak tumescence on the day of ovulation. The percentage of superficial cells began to increase by day –8 to –7, and peaked between days –2 and +2. A chromic shift occurred on day –8, when the majority of vaginal cells changed from basophilic to acidophilic without any accompanying nuclear or cytoplasmic changes. A second chromic shift was observed on day –2, when keratinized cells replaced acidophilic cells as the majority of vaginal cells. By day +4, all parameters had returned to baseline except vulvar swelling, which slowly subsided over the next several days. These data show the correlation of trichrome‐stained vaginal cytology with other measured indicators of estrus in the giant panda, and its predictive value in determining the time of ovulation. Zoo Biol 22:313–321, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. |
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AbstractList | The giant panda is critically endangered in its native habitat, which is continually depreciated by the pressure of human population growth, and the small captive population is not yet self‐sustaining. Female giant pandas are seasonally monoestrous with spontaneous ovulation. Precise monitoring of the estrous cycle to pinpoint the time of ovulation is critical for the success of both timed mating and artificial insemination. Vaginal cytology is a useful adjunct to endocrinological data in describing the estrous cycle in many species, including domestic carnivores; however, it has not been used effectively in the giant panda. In this study, vaginal swabs were obtained from four nulliparous females ranging in age from 6 to 14 years. Cells were stained with Papanicolaou stain and classified as basophils, intermediate cells, or superficial cells based on traditional criteria. In addition, cell color changes from the basophilic through the acidophilic and keratinized stages were recorded. The size and color of the vulva of a single female was scored daily on a scale of 0–3, with anestrus characterized as 0. The day of ovulation was retrospectively designated as day 0 based on urinary estrogen concentrations, behavior, and morphological indicators. The vulva began to swell between days –11 and –9, with peak tumescence on the day of ovulation. The percentage of superficial cells began to increase by day –8 to –7, and peaked between days –2 and +2. A chromic shift occurred on day –8, when the majority of vaginal cells changed from basophilic to acidophilic without any accompanying nuclear or cytoplasmic changes. A second chromic shift was observed on day –2, when keratinized cells replaced acidophilic cells as the majority of vaginal cells. By day +4, all parameters had returned to baseline except vulvar swelling, which slowly subsided over the next several days. These data show the correlation of trichrome‐stained vaginal cytology with other measured indicators of estrus in the giant panda, and its predictive value in determining the time of ovulation. Zoo Biol 22:313–321, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. |
Author | Durrant, Barbara S. Anderson, Autumn Gual-Sill, Fernando Ann Olson, Mary Russ, Kara D. Ramos Garza, Juan Amodeo, Dianne Campos-Morales, Rogelio |
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Cites_doi | 10.1126/science.95.2469.438 10.1111/j.1748-5827.1967.tb04554.x 10.1016/S0093-691X(98)00100-9 10.5326/15473317-36-6-556 10.1002/ar.1091780302 10.1177/104063879200400109 10.1016/S0093-691X(00)00310-1 10.1530/jrf.0.0830605 10.1530/jrf.0.0880353 10.1002/zoo.10108 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1984.tb02332.x 10.1002/aja.1000520402 10.1002/zoo.1430080208 10.2527/1998.762353x 10.1002/ar.1092320412 |
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Acta Cytol – volume: 51 start-page: 17 year: 1977 end-page: 8 article-title: Reproductive features in the female raccoon dog ( ) publication-title: J Reprod Fertil – volume: 88 start-page: 353 year: 1990 end-page: 60 article-title: Reproductive cycle of the steppe polecat ( ) publication-title: J Reprod Fertil – volume: 20 start-page: 95 year: 1979 end-page: 101 article-title: Cyclical changes of vaginal cytology in the cat publication-title: Can Vet J – start-page: 399 year: 1987 end-page: 480 – ident: e_1_2_1_15_1 doi: 10.1126/science.95.2469.438 – ident: e_1_2_1_18_1 doi: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.1967.tb04554.x – ident: e_1_2_1_8_1 doi: 10.1016/S0093-691X(98)00100-9 – ident: e_1_2_1_13_1 doi: 10.5326/15473317-36-6-556 – ident: e_1_2_1_16_1 doi: 10.1002/ar.1091780302 – ident: e_1_2_1_22_1 doi: 10.1177/104063879200400109 – volume: 51 start-page: 17 year: 1977 ident: e_1_2_1_21_1 article-title: Reproductive features in the female raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) publication-title: J Reprod Fertil contributor: fullname: Valtonen MH – volume: 47 start-page: 63 year: 1997 ident: e_1_2_1_3_1 article-title: Estrus, fertility, early embryo development, and autologous embryo transfer in laboratory woodchucks (Marmota monax) publication-title: Lab Anim Sci contributor: fullname: Concannon P – start-page: 17 volume-title: Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Giant Panda year: 1990 ident: e_1_2_1_9_1 contributor: fullname: Liu W – start-page: 399 volume-title: Canine and feline endocrinology and reproduction year: 1987 ident: e_1_2_1_6_1 contributor: fullname: Feldman EC – ident: e_1_2_1_2_1 doi: 10.1016/S0093-691X(00)00310-1 – volume-title: Histology year: 1974 ident: e_1_2_1_7_1 contributor: fullname: Ham AW – volume: 11 start-page: 483 year: 1967 ident: e_1_2_1_23_1 article-title: The vaginal smear in mice publication-title: A correlation of smear type and oocyte number. Acta Cytol contributor: fullname: Zylicz E – ident: e_1_2_1_19_1 doi: 10.1530/jrf.0.0830605 – ident: e_1_2_1_10_1 doi: 10.1530/jrf.0.0880353 – volume: 20 start-page: 95 year: 1979 ident: e_1_2_1_11_1 article-title: Cyclical changes of vaginal cytology in the cat publication-title: Can Vet J contributor: fullname: Mills JN – ident: e_1_2_1_4_1 doi: 10.1002/zoo.10108 – ident: e_1_2_1_12_1 doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1984.tb02332.x – ident: e_1_2_1_14_1 doi: 10.1002/aja.1000520402 – ident: e_1_2_1_17_1 doi: 10.1002/zoo.1430080208 – ident: e_1_2_1_20_1 doi: 10.2527/1998.762353x – ident: e_1_2_1_5_1 doi: 10.1002/ar.1092320412 |
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Title | Vaginal cytology and vulvar swelling as indicators of impending estrus and ovulation in the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) |
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