An analysis of information visualisation
Philosophers have relied on visual metaphors to analyse ideas and explain their theories at least since Plato. Descartes is famous for his system of axes, and Wittgenstein for his first design of truth table diagrams. Today, visualisation is a form of 'computer-aided seeing' information in...
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| Published in | Synthese (Dordrecht) Vol. 190; no. 16; pp. 3421 - 3438 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Dordrecht
Springer
01.11.2013
Springer Netherlands Springer Nature B.V |
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| Abstract | Philosophers have relied on visual metaphors to analyse ideas and explain their theories at least since Plato. Descartes is famous for his system of axes, and Wittgenstein for his first design of truth table diagrams. Today, visualisation is a form of 'computer-aided seeing' information in data. Hence, information is the fundamental 'currency' exchanged through a visualisation pipeline. In this article, we examine the types of information that may occur at different stages of a general visualization pipeline. We do so from a quantitative and a qualitative perspective. The quantitative analysis is developed on the basis of Shannon's information theory. The qualitative analysis is developed on the basis of Floridi's taxonomy in the philosophy of information. We then discuss in detail how the condition of the 'data processing inequality' can be broken in a visualisation pipeline. This theoretic finding underlines the usefulness and importance of visualisation in dealing with the increasing problem of data deluge. We show that the subject of visualisation should be studied using both qualitative and quantitative approaches, preferably in an interdisciplinary synergy between information theory and the philosophy of information. |
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| AbstractList | Philosophers have relied on visual metaphors to analyse ideas and explain their theories at least since Plato. Descartes is famous for his system of axes, and Wittgenstein for his first design of truth table diagrams. Today, visualisation is a form of 'computer-aided seeing' information in data. Hence, information is the fundamental 'currency' exchanged through a visualisation pipeline. In this article, we examine the types of information that may occur at different stages of a general visualization pipeline. We do so from a quantitative and a qualitative perspective. The quantitative analysis is developed on the basis of Shannon's information theory. The qualitative analysis is developed on the basis of Floridi's taxonomy in the philosophy of information. We then discuss in detail how the condition of the 'data processing inequality' can be broken in a visualisation pipeline. This theoretic finding underlines the usefulness and importance of visualisation in dealing with the increasing problem of data deluge. We show that the subject of visualisation should be studied using both qualitative and quantitative approaches, preferably in an interdisciplinary synergy between information theory and the philosophy of information.[PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] Philosophers have relied on visual metaphors to analyse ideas and explain their theories at least since Plato. Descartes is famous for his system of axes, and Wittgenstein for his first design of truth table diagrams. Today, visualisation is a form of ‘computer-aided seeing’ information in data. Hence, information is the fundamental ‘currency’ exchanged through a visualisation pipeline. In this article, we examine the types of information that may occur at different stages of a general visualization pipeline. We do so from a quantitative and a qualitative perspective. The quantitative analysis is developed on the basis of Shannon’s information theory. The qualitative analysis is developed on the basis of Floridi’s taxonomy in the philosophy of information. We then discuss in detail how the condition of the ‘data processing inequality’ can be broken in a visualisation pipeline. This theoretic finding underlines the usefulness and importance of visualisation in dealing with the increasing problem of data deluge. We show that the subject of visualisation should be studied using both qualitative and quantitative approaches, preferably in an interdisciplinary synergy between information theory and the philosophy of information. |
| Author | Floridi, Luciano Chen, Min |
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| Cites_doi | 10.1109/MCG.2009.6 10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x 10.1093/actrade/9780199551378.001.0001 10.1111/j.1467-8659.2011.01947.x 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199232383.001.0001 10.1109/69.553159 10.1145/321892.321894 10.1111/1467-9973.00221 10.1109/TVCG.2010.132 10.1109/INFVIS.2004.59 10.1145/274644.274698 10.1080/10618600.1996.10474696 10.1109/INFVIS.2000.885092 10.1109/VL.1996.545307 10.1109/VISUAL.1990.146375 |
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| Keywords | Visualisation Information map Philosophy of information Information theory Knowledge theory |
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| References | Buja, Cook, Swayne (CR1) 1996; 5 Chaitin (CR3) 1975; 22 Cover, Thomas (CR8) 2006 Floridi (CR12) 2010 Checkland, Scholes (CR4) 1990 Sacks (CR16) 1986 Tufte (CR23) 2001 Drocourt, Borgo, Scharrer, Murray, Bevan, Chen (CR10) 2011; 30 CR7 Floridi (CR13) 2011 Floridi (CR11) 2002; 33 CR14 CR25 CR24 Chen, Jänicke (CR6) 2010; 16 Shannon (CR18) 1948; 27 CR22 CR21 CR20 Keim, Kriegel (CR15) 1996; 8 Chen, Ebert, Hagen, Laramee, van Liere, Ma, Ribarsky, Scheuermann, Silver (CR5) 2009; 29 Sacks (CR17) 2010 Davis, Olson (CR9) 1985 Claude (CR2) 1996; 2 E.R. Tufte (183_CR23) 2001 A. Buja (183_CR1) 1996; 5 T.M. Cover (183_CR8) 2006 C.E. Shannon (183_CR18) 1948; 27 M. Chen (183_CR6) 2010; 16 183_CR7 L. Floridi (183_CR11) 2002; 33 G.J. Chaitin (183_CR3) 1975; 22 L. Floridi (183_CR12) 2010 C.S. Claude (183_CR2) 1996; 2 Y. Drocourt (183_CR10) 2011; 30 L. Floridi (183_CR13) 2011 P.B. Checkland (183_CR4) 1990 M. Chen (183_CR5) 2009; 29 D.A. Keim (183_CR15) 1996; 8 183_CR20 G.B. Davis (183_CR9) 1985 183_CR21 183_CR22 O. Sacks (183_CR17) 2010 O. Sacks (183_CR16) 1986 183_CR24 183_CR14 183_CR25 |
| References_xml | – volume: 29 start-page: 12 issue: 1 year: 2009 end-page: 19 ident: CR5 article-title: Data, information and knowledge in visualization publication-title: IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications doi: 10.1109/MCG.2009.6 – ident: CR21 – ident: CR22 – year: 2001 ident: CR23 publication-title: The visual display of quantitative information – volume: 27 start-page: 379 year: 1948 end-page: 423 ident: CR18 article-title: A mathematical theory of communication publication-title: Bell System Technical Journal doi: 10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x – year: 2010 ident: CR12 publication-title: Information: A very short introduction doi: 10.1093/actrade/9780199551378.001.0001 – ident: CR14 – volume: 30 start-page: 981 issue: 3 year: 2011 end-page: 990 ident: CR10 article-title: Temporal visualization of boundary-based geo-information using radial projection publication-title: Computer Graphics Forum doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8659.2011.01947.x – year: 2011 ident: CR13 publication-title: The philosophy of information doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199232383.001.0001 – volume: 5 start-page: 78 year: 1996 end-page: 99 ident: CR1 article-title: Interactive high-dimensional data visualization publication-title: Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics – volume: 2 start-page: 439 year: 1996 end-page: 441 ident: CR2 article-title: Algorithmic information theory: Open problems publication-title: Journal of Universal Computer Science – volume: 8 start-page: 923 issue: 16 year: 1996 end-page: 936 ident: CR15 article-title: Visualization techniques for mining large databases: A comparison publication-title: IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering doi: 10.1109/69.553159 – year: 1990 ident: CR4 publication-title: Soft systems methodology in action – year: 2010 ident: CR17 publication-title: The mind’s eye – ident: CR7 – year: 2006 ident: CR8 publication-title: Elements of information theory – year: 1985 ident: CR9 publication-title: Management information systems: Conceptual foundations, structure, and development – volume: 22 start-page: 329 issue: 3 year: 1975 end-page: 340 ident: CR3 article-title: A theory of program size formally identical to information theory publication-title: Journal of the Association for Computing Machinery doi: 10.1145/321892.321894 – ident: CR25 – volume: 33 start-page: 123 issue: 12 year: 2002 end-page: 145 ident: CR11 article-title: What is the philosophy of information? 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