Scale-dependent competition at the stand level assessed from crown areas
The detection and quantification of competition at the stand level is important in forest management because competition reduces growth and increases the risk of mortality. This is of interest for timber production where efficient tools of forest inventory are increasingly demanded. Especially moder...
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Published in | Forest ecology and management Vol. 255; no. 7; pp. 2478 - 2485 |
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Main Authors | , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
Amsterdam
Elsevier B.V
20.04.2008
Elsevier |
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Abstract | The detection and quantification of competition at the stand level is important in forest management because competition reduces growth and increases the risk of mortality. This is of interest for timber production where efficient tools of forest inventory are increasingly demanded. Especially modern planning of thinning based on aerial or satellite images requires a deeper and spatially explicit understanding of the growth dynamics of tree crowns relative to the dynamics of stems.
Past studies have evaluated competition in forests with scale-dependent correlation functions applied to tree-size attributes (continuous marks) such as diameter at breast height (DBH) or tree height. Despite the fast reaction of foliage to changes of neighborhood density in the canopy, horizontal crown extent has apparently not been used in such competition analyses of marked point patterns. Here we investigated in a spatially explicit approach the formation of crown-size patterns under neighborhood competition. We also compared how mutual growth reduction in reaction to competition differs between crown extent and stem diameters. This response of tree-size attributes to competition was analyzed with the scale-dependent mark-correlation function (MCF) applied to the marks ‘DBH’, ‘crown area’ of all live trees, and ‘upper crown area’ of overstory trees. These analyses were conducted for two deciduous and two coniferous forests in central Germany.
Unlike stem diameters, crown areas were very sensitive for the detection of competition in stands. In relation to ‘crown area’ of all trees in a plot, this sensitivity was greater when only the mark ‘upper crown area’ of overstory trees was analyzed because both the strength and the spatial range of negative size correlation increased. Upper crown areas showed a finite range of negative interaction of about 6
m.
These results demonstrate that (1) the ‘functional growing space’ of large and light-exposed canopy trees is highly suitable to detect competition and (2) the spatial range and strength of competition can be assessed and differentiated between stands in a spatially explicit manner. Our application may have practical value for monitoring competition based on remotely sensed forest inventory because upper crown areas as seen by the ‘bird-eye's view’ were most sensitive for detecting competition in stands. |
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AbstractList | The detection and quantification of competition at the stand level is important in forest management because competition reduces growth and increases the risk of mortality. This is of interest for timber production where efficient tools of forest inventory are increasingly demanded. Especially modern planning of thinning based on aerial or satellite images requires a deeper and spatially explicit understanding of the growth dynamics of tree crowns relative to the dynamics of stems. Past studies have evaluated competition in forests with scale-dependent correlation functions applied to tree-size attributes (continuous marks) such as diameter at breast height (DBH) or tree height. Despite the fast reaction of foliage to changes of neighborhood density in the canopy, horizontal crown extent has apparently not been used in such competition analyses of marked point patterns. Here we investigated in a spatially explicit approach the formation of crown-size patterns under neighborhood competition. We also compared how mutual growth reduction in reaction to competition differs between crown extent and stem diameters. This response of tree-size attributes to competition was analyzed with the scale-dependent mark-correlation function (MCF) applied to the marks 'DBH', 'crown area' of all live trees, and 'upper crown area' of overstory trees. These analyses were conducted for two deciduous and two coniferous forests in central Germany. Unlike stem diameters, crown areas were very sensitive for the detection of competition in stands. In relation to 'crown area' of all trees in a plot, this sensitivity was greater when only the mark 'upper crown area' of overstory trees was analyzed because both the strength and the spatial range of negative size correlation increased. Upper crown areas showed a finite range of negative interaction of about 6m. These results demonstrate that (1) the 'functional growing space' of large and light-exposed canopy trees is highly suitable to detect competition and (2) the spatial range and strength of competition can be assessed and differentiated between stands in a spatially explicit manner. Our application may have practical value for monitoring competition based on remotely sensed forest inventory because upper crown areas as seen by the 'bird-eye's view' were most sensitive for detecting competition in stands. The detection and quantification of competition at the stand level is important in forest management because competition reduces growth and increases the risk of mortality. This is of interest for timber production where efficient tools of forest inventory are increasingly demanded. Especially modern planning of thinning based on aerial or satellite images requires a deeper and spatially explicit understanding of the growth dynamics of tree crowns relative to the dynamics of stems. Past studies have evaluated competition in forests with scale-dependent correlation functions applied to tree-size attributes (continuous marks) such as diameter at breast height (DBH) or tree height. Despite the fast reaction of foliage to changes of neighborhood density in the canopy, horizontal crown extent has apparently not been used in such competition analyses of marked point patterns. Here we investigated in a spatially explicit approach the formation of crown-size patterns under neighborhood competition. We also compared how mutual growth reduction in reaction to competition differs between crown extent and stem diameters. This response of tree-size attributes to competition was analyzed with the scale-dependent mark-correlation function (MCF) applied to the marks ‘DBH’, ‘crown area’ of all live trees, and ‘upper crown area’ of overstory trees. These analyses were conducted for two deciduous and two coniferous forests in central Germany. Unlike stem diameters, crown areas were very sensitive for the detection of competition in stands. In relation to ‘crown area’ of all trees in a plot, this sensitivity was greater when only the mark ‘upper crown area’ of overstory trees was analyzed because both the strength and the spatial range of negative size correlation increased. Upper crown areas showed a finite range of negative interaction of about 6 m. These results demonstrate that (1) the ‘functional growing space’ of large and light-exposed canopy trees is highly suitable to detect competition and (2) the spatial range and strength of competition can be assessed and differentiated between stands in a spatially explicit manner. Our application may have practical value for monitoring competition based on remotely sensed forest inventory because upper crown areas as seen by the ‘bird-eye's view’ were most sensitive for detecting competition in stands. |
Author | Wiegand, Kerstin Gougeon, François A. Getzin, Stephan Schumacher, Jens |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Stephan surname: Getzin fullname: Getzin, Stephan email: st.getzin@uni-jena.de organization: Institute of Ecology, University of Jena, Dornburger Strasse 159, 07743 Jena, Germany – sequence: 2 givenname: Kerstin surname: Wiegand fullname: Wiegand, Kerstin organization: Institute of Ecology, University of Jena, Dornburger Strasse 159, 07743 Jena, Germany – sequence: 3 givenname: Jens surname: Schumacher fullname: Schumacher, Jens organization: Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Carl-Zeiss-Promenade 10, 07745 Jena, Germany – sequence: 4 givenname: François A. surname: Gougeon fullname: Gougeon, François A. organization: Digital Remote Sensing Research, Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre, 506 West Burnside Road, Victoria, BC, Canada V8Z 1M5 |
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Keywords | Competition Mark-correlation function Crown area Douglas-fir Spatial scale Remote sensing Forest stand Pseudotsuga menziesii Crown Gymnospermae Tree crown Coniferales Spermatophyta |
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SubjectTerms | Animal and plant ecology Animal, plant and microbial ecology Biological and medical sciences Competition Crown area Douglas-fir Forest management. Stand types and stand dynamics. Silvicultural treatments. Tending of stands. Natural regeneration Forestry Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Mark-correlation function Remote sensing Spatial scale Stand types and stand dynamics. Silvicultural treatments. Tending of stands. Natural regeneration Synecology Terrestrial ecosystems |
Title | Scale-dependent competition at the stand level assessed from crown areas |
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