Hot Summers: Effect of Extreme Temperatures on Ozone in Sydney, Australia
Poor air quality is often associated with hot weather, but the quantitative attribution of high temperatures on air quality remains unclear. In this study, the effect of elevated temperatures on air quality is investigated in Greater Sydney using January 2013, a period of extreme heat during which t...
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Published in | Atmosphere Vol. 9; no. 12; p. 466 |
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Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , |
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Language | English |
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Abstract | Poor air quality is often associated with hot weather, but the quantitative attribution of high temperatures on air quality remains unclear. In this study, the effect of elevated temperatures on air quality is investigated in Greater Sydney using January 2013, a period of extreme heat during which temperatures at times exceeded 40 ∘ C, as a case study. Using observations from 17 measurement sites and the Weather Research and Forecasting Chemistry (WRF-Chem) model, we analyse the effect of elevated temperatures on ozone in Sydney by running a number of sensitivity studies in which: (1) the model is run with biogenic emissions generated by MEGAN and separately run with monthly average Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature ( MEGAN) biogenic emissions (for January 2013); (2) the model results from the standard run are compared with those in which average temperatures (for January 2013) are only applied to the chemistry; (3) the model is run using both averaged biogenic emissions and temperatures; and (4 and 5) the model is run with half and zero biogenic emissions. The results show that the impact on simulated ozone through the effect of temperature on reaction rates is similar to the impact via the effect of temperature on biogenic emissions and the relative impacts are largely additive when compared to the run in which both are averaged. When averaged across 17 sites in Greater Sydney, the differences between ozone simulated under standard and averaged model conditions are as high as 16 ppbv. Removing biogenic emissions in the model has the effect of removing all simulated ozone episodes during extreme heat periods, highlighting the important role of biogenic emissions in Australia, where Eucalypts are a key biogenic source. |
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AbstractList | Poor air quality is often associated with hot weather, but the quantitative attribution of high temperatures on air quality remains unclear. In this study, the effect of elevated temperatures on air quality is investigated in Greater Sydney using January 2013, a period of extreme heat during which temperatures at times exceeded 40 ∘ C, as a case study. Using observations from 17 measurement sites and the Weather Research and Forecasting Chemistry (WRF-Chem) model, we analyse the effect of elevated temperatures on ozone in Sydney by running a number of sensitivity studies in which: (1) the model is run with biogenic emissions generated by MEGAN and separately run with monthly average Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature ( MEGAN) biogenic emissions (for January 2013); (2) the model results from the standard run are compared with those in which average temperatures (for January 2013) are only applied to the chemistry; (3) the model is run using both averaged biogenic emissions and temperatures; and (4 and 5) the model is run with half and zero biogenic emissions. The results show that the impact on simulated ozone through the effect of temperature on reaction rates is similar to the impact via the effect of temperature on biogenic emissions and the relative impacts are largely additive when compared to the run in which both are averaged. When averaged across 17 sites in Greater Sydney, the differences between ozone simulated under standard and averaged model conditions are as high as 16 ppbv. Removing biogenic emissions in the model has the effect of removing all simulated ozone episodes during extreme heat periods, highlighting the important role of biogenic emissions in Australia, where Eucalypts are a key biogenic source. The scattering and absorption of radiation by aerosols can also influence radiation flux, which, in turn, affect photolysis rates (e.g., [16]). [...]the enhanced emissions, increased photochemistry and stagnant conditions all combine to result in an accumulation of ozone and other pollutants near the surface [17]. Knowing the relative importance of these two effects is necessary for focusing development effort appropriately between improvements to temperature forecasting or biogenic emissions. [...]knowing the relative impact of biogenic emissions can help inform policy in choice of tree types, especially in the urban environment. The third scenario is where WRF-Chem simulated average temperatures for January 2013 are used to estimate non-photolytic chemical reaction rates (denoted AVG_T) but standard time-varying temperatures are used to calculate biogenic emissions. Since temperature and other meteorological fields such as pressure and humidity are coupled together, we applied the average temperatures to the chemistry only so that the dynamics of the model remain unchanged. Based on the isoprene measurements at a single site in Greater Sydney, we have seen that our model over-predicts isoprene. [...]it is conceivable that the relative effect of temperature on both chemistry and emissions will be reduced under a more realistic (i.e., less) simulated isoprene. Poor air quality is often associated with hot weather, but the quantitative attribution of high temperatures on air quality remains unclear. In this study, the effect of elevated temperatures on air quality is investigated in Greater Sydney using January 2013, a period of extreme heat during which temperatures at times exceeded 40 °C, as a case study. Using observations from 17 measurement sites and the Weather Research and Forecasting Chemistry (WRF-Chem) model, we analyse the effect of elevated temperatures on ozone in Sydney by running a number of sensitivity studies in which: (1) the model is run with biogenic emissions generated by MEGAN and separately run with monthly average Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature ( MEGAN) biogenic emissions (for January 2013); (2) the model results from the standard run are compared with those in which average temperatures (for January 2013) are only applied to the chemistry; (3) the model is run using both averaged biogenic emissions and temperatures; and (4 and 5) the model is run with half and zero biogenic emissions. The results show that the impact on simulated ozone through the effect of temperature on reaction rates is similar to the impact via the effect of temperature on biogenic emissions and the relative impacts are largely additive when compared to the run in which both are averaged. When averaged across 17 sites in Greater Sydney, the differences between ozone simulated under standard and averaged model conditions are as high as 16 ppbv. Removing biogenic emissions in the model has the effect of removing all simulated ozone episodes during extreme heat periods, highlighting the important role of biogenic emissions in Australia, where Eucalypts are a key biogenic source. |
Author | Silver, Jeremy Griffiths, Alan Scorgie, Yvonne Guérette, Elise-Andree Cope, Martin Paton-Walsh, Clare Duc, Hiep Emmerson, Kathryn Monk, Khalia Fisher, Jenny Utembe, Steven Rayner, Peter |
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Snippet | Poor air quality is often associated with hot weather, but the quantitative attribution of high temperatures on air quality remains unclear. In this study, the... The scattering and absorption of radiation by aerosols can also influence radiation flux, which, in turn, affect photolysis rates (e.g., [16]). [...]the... |
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SubjectTerms | Aerosol absorption Air pollution Atmospheric chemistry Biogenic emissions Chemical reactions Chemistry Climate change Computer simulation Emissions extreme temperatures Global warming Heat Hot summers Hydrocarbons Isoprene Organic chemistry Outdoor air quality Ozone Photochemistry Photolysis Pollutants Radiation Radiation absorption Radiation flux Temperature effects Temperature extremes Temperature forecasting Urban environments Weather Weather forecasting |
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Title | Hot Summers: Effect of Extreme Temperatures on Ozone in Sydney, Australia |
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