Continued increase of extreme El Niño frequency long after 1.5 °C warming stabilization
CMIP5 simulations reveal that the frequency of extreme El Niño events doubles under the 1.5 °C Paris target, and continues to increase long after global temperatures stabilize due to emission reductions. Extreme La Niña events, however, see little change at either 1.5 °C or 2 °C warming. The Paris A...
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Published in | Nature climate change Vol. 7; no. 8; pp. 568 - 572 |
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Main Authors | , , , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
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London
Nature Publishing Group UK
01.08.2017
Nature Publishing Group |
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Abstract | CMIP5 simulations reveal that the frequency of extreme El Niño events doubles under the 1.5 °C Paris target, and continues to increase long after global temperatures stabilize due to emission reductions. Extreme La Niña events, however, see little change at either 1.5 °C or 2 °C warming.
The Paris Agreement aims to constrain global mean temperature (GMT) increases to 2 °C above pre-industrial levels, with an aspirational target of 1.5 °C. However, the pathway to these targets
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5
,
6
and the impacts of a 1.5 °C and 2 °C warming on extreme El Niño and La Niña events—which severely influence weather patterns, agriculture, ecosystems, public health and economies
7
,
8
,
9
,
10
,
11
,
12
,
13
,
14
,
15
,
16
—is little known. Here, by analysing climate models participating in the Climate Model Intercomparison Project’s Phase 5 (CMIP5; ref.
17
) under a most likely emission scenario
1
,
2
, we demonstrate that extreme El Niño frequency increases linearly with the GMT towards a doubling at 1.5 °C warming. This increasing frequency of extreme El Niño events continues for up to a century after GMT has stabilized, underpinned by an oceanic thermocline deepening that sustains faster warming in the eastern equatorial Pacific than the off-equatorial region. Ultimately, this implies a higher risk of extreme El Niño to future generations after GMT rise has halted. On the other hand, whereas previous research suggests extreme La Niña events may double in frequency under the 4.5 °C warming scenario
8
, the results presented here indicate little to no change under 1.5 °C or 2 °C warming. |
---|---|
AbstractList | CMIP5 simulations reveal that the frequency of extreme El Niño events doubles under the 1.5 °C Paris target, and continues to increase long after global temperatures stabilize due to emission reductions. Extreme La Niña events, however, see little change at either 1.5 °C or 2 °C warming.
The Paris Agreement aims to constrain global mean temperature (GMT) increases to 2 °C above pre-industrial levels, with an aspirational target of 1.5 °C. However, the pathway to these targets
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5
,
6
and the impacts of a 1.5 °C and 2 °C warming on extreme El Niño and La Niña events—which severely influence weather patterns, agriculture, ecosystems, public health and economies
7
,
8
,
9
,
10
,
11
,
12
,
13
,
14
,
15
,
16
—is little known. Here, by analysing climate models participating in the Climate Model Intercomparison Project’s Phase 5 (CMIP5; ref.
17
) under a most likely emission scenario
1
,
2
, we demonstrate that extreme El Niño frequency increases linearly with the GMT towards a doubling at 1.5 °C warming. This increasing frequency of extreme El Niño events continues for up to a century after GMT has stabilized, underpinned by an oceanic thermocline deepening that sustains faster warming in the eastern equatorial Pacific than the off-equatorial region. Ultimately, this implies a higher risk of extreme El Niño to future generations after GMT rise has halted. On the other hand, whereas previous research suggests extreme La Niña events may double in frequency under the 4.5 °C warming scenario
8
, the results presented here indicate little to no change under 1.5 °C or 2 °C warming. The Paris Agreement aims to constrain global mean temperature (GMT) increases to 2 °C above pre-industrial levels, with an aspirational target of 1.5 °C. However, the pathway to these targets and the impacts of a 1.5 °C and 2 °C warming on extreme El Niño and La Niña events--which severely influence weather patterns, agriculture, ecosystems, public health and economies--is little known. Here, by analysing climate models participating in the Climate Model Intercomparison Project's Phase 5 (CMIP5; ref. ) under a most likely emission scenario, we demonstrate that extreme El Niño frequency increases linearly with the GMT towards a doubling at 1.5 °C warming. This increasing frequency of extreme El Niño events continues for up to a century after GMT has stabilized, underpinned by an oceanic thermocline deepening that sustains faster warming in the eastern equatorial Pacific than the off-equatorial region. Ultimately, this implies a higher risk of extreme El Niño to future generations after GMT rise has halted. On the other hand, whereas previous research suggests extreme La Niña events may double in frequency under the 4.5 °C warming scenario, the results presented here indicate little to no change under 1.5 °C or 2 °C warming. |
Author | Cai, Wenju Gan, Bolan Chen, Zhaohui Wang, Guojian Wu, Lixin McPhaden, Michael J. Santoso, Agus Lin, Xiaopei |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Guojian orcidid: 0000-0002-8881-7394 surname: Wang fullname: Wang, Guojian organization: Physical Oceanography Laboratory/CIMST, Ocean University of China and Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Centre for Southern Hemisphere Oceans Research (CSHOR), CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere – sequence: 2 givenname: Wenju orcidid: 0000-0001-6520-0829 surname: Cai fullname: Cai, Wenju email: wenju.cai@csiro.au organization: Physical Oceanography Laboratory/CIMST, Ocean University of China and Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Centre for Southern Hemisphere Oceans Research (CSHOR), CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere – sequence: 3 givenname: Bolan surname: Gan fullname: Gan, Bolan organization: Physical Oceanography Laboratory/CIMST, Ocean University of China and Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology – sequence: 4 givenname: Lixin orcidid: 0000-0002-4694-5531 surname: Wu fullname: Wu, Lixin email: lxwu@ouc.edu.cn organization: Physical Oceanography Laboratory/CIMST, Ocean University of China and Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology – sequence: 5 givenname: Agus orcidid: 0000-0001-7749-8124 surname: Santoso fullname: Santoso, Agus organization: Centre for Southern Hemisphere Oceans Research (CSHOR), CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence for Climate System Science – sequence: 6 givenname: Xiaopei surname: Lin fullname: Lin, Xiaopei organization: Physical Oceanography Laboratory/CIMST, Ocean University of China and Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology – sequence: 7 givenname: Zhaohui surname: Chen fullname: Chen, Zhaohui organization: Physical Oceanography Laboratory/CIMST, Ocean University of China and Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology – sequence: 8 givenname: Michael J. surname: McPhaden fullname: McPhaden, Michael J. organization: NOAA/Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory |
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Snippet | CMIP5 simulations reveal that the frequency of extreme El Niño events doubles under the 1.5 °C Paris target, and continues to increase long after global... The Paris Agreement aims to constrain global mean temperature (GMT) increases to 2 °C above pre-industrial levels, with an aspirational target of 1.5 °C.... |
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SubjectTerms | 704/106/35/823 704/106/694 704/106/829/2737 Agricultural ecosystems Agriculture Agronomy Climate Climate Change Climate Change/Climate Change Impacts Climate models Climatology Ecosystems El Nino El Nino events El Nino phenomena Environment Environmental Law/Policy/Ecojustice Equatorial regions Global temperatures Intercomparison La Nina La Nina events letter Mean temperatures Ocean currents Paris Agreement Public health S phase Temperature effects Thermocline Weather patterns |
Title | Continued increase of extreme El Niño frequency long after 1.5 °C warming stabilization |
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