Plant species composition and soil characteristics around Iranian piospheres

Most of Iran’s land area consists of arid and semi-arid rangelands, and because of this grazers depend on watering points. In the vicinity of the watering points, grazers generate areas of altered soils and vegetation known as piospheres. These rangelands are managed by three systems: Nomadic, Trans...

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Published inJournal of arid environments Vol. 82; pp. 106 - 114
Main Authors Shahriary, E., Palmer, M.W., Tongway, D.J., Azarnivand, H., Jafari, M., Mohseni Saravi, M.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Kidlington Elsevier Ltd 01.07.2012
Elsevier
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Abstract Most of Iran’s land area consists of arid and semi-arid rangelands, and because of this grazers depend on watering points. In the vicinity of the watering points, grazers generate areas of altered soils and vegetation known as piospheres. These rangelands are managed by three systems: Nomadic, Transhumant and Sedentary. To study the effect of grazing on piospheres, we sampled plant species composition, vegetation cover, height, soil nitrogen (N), soil organic matter (OM), soil pH and electrical conductivity (EC) over a two year period along 5000m-long transects radiating outward from watering points within desert-steppe (Lajaneh), steppe (Mojen) and mountain-steppe (Abr) ecosystems in Shahrood, Iran. Both univariate and multivariate methods were used to examine the influence of grazing on plant species and soil. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine if differences existed among different distances. Soil N, OM, pH, EC and height of palatable species were the response variables. After using detrended correspondence analysis (DCA), an indirect gradient analysis technique, we used Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA), a direct gradient analysis technique, to examine the influence of grazing on plant species composition. Significance of species-environments correlations were tested by distribution-free Monte Carlo tests (999 permutations). Distance from the watering point, which we assumed to be inversely related to grazing pressures, was significantly related to species composition, cover and height of palatable species. Distance from water was also negatively correlated with N, pH, OM and EC. Livestock influenced species composition through defoliation and trampling. The most evident impact of overgrazing is the reduction of palatable species around watering points. Our results suggest that livestock may affect species composition along watering points by nutrient enrichment through voiding urine and feces. Our result demonstrates marked zonation in species composition along watering point (invaders, increasers and decreasers respectively). We argue here that, in studied areas, range managers should provide new water sources and reduce grazing pressure before the rangeland is damaged to a critical level. We suggest that piospheres deserve more researches and understanding their characteristics help us to manage arid and semi-arid rangelands. ► We model vegetation composition around watering points. ► We examine changes in the level of soil nutrients around watering points. ► Increasing information about piosphere will increase quality of rangelands. ► Increasing bare soil will decrease soil quality and vegetation establishment. ► Range manager should consider piosphere monitoring in their range management plans.
AbstractList Most of Iran’s land area consists of arid and semi-arid rangelands, and because of this grazers depend on watering points. In the vicinity of the watering points, grazers generate areas of altered soils and vegetation known as piospheres. These rangelands are managed by three systems: Nomadic, Transhumant and Sedentary. To study the effect of grazing on piospheres, we sampled plant species composition, vegetation cover, height, soil nitrogen (N), soil organic matter (OM), soil pH and electrical conductivity (EC) over a two year period along 5000m-long transects radiating outward from watering points within desert-steppe (Lajaneh), steppe (Mojen) and mountain-steppe (Abr) ecosystems in Shahrood, Iran. Both univariate and multivariate methods were used to examine the influence of grazing on plant species and soil. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine if differences existed among different distances. Soil N, OM, pH, EC and height of palatable species were the response variables. After using detrended correspondence analysis (DCA), an indirect gradient analysis technique, we used Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA), a direct gradient analysis technique, to examine the influence of grazing on plant species composition. Significance of species-environments correlations were tested by distribution-free Monte Carlo tests (999 permutations). Distance from the watering point, which we assumed to be inversely related to grazing pressures, was significantly related to species composition, cover and height of palatable species. Distance from water was also negatively correlated with N, pH, OM and EC. Livestock influenced species composition through defoliation and trampling. The most evident impact of overgrazing is the reduction of palatable species around watering points. Our results suggest that livestock may affect species composition along watering points by nutrient enrichment through voiding urine and feces. Our result demonstrates marked zonation in species composition along watering point (invaders, increasers and decreasers respectively). We argue here that, in studied areas, range managers should provide new water sources and reduce grazing pressure before the rangeland is damaged to a critical level. We suggest that piospheres deserve more researches and understanding their characteristics help us to manage arid and semi-arid rangelands.
Most of Iran’s land area consists of arid and semi-arid rangelands, and because of this grazers depend on watering points. In the vicinity of the watering points, grazers generate areas of altered soils and vegetation known as piospheres. These rangelands are managed by three systems: Nomadic, Transhumant and Sedentary. To study the effect of grazing on piospheres, we sampled plant species composition, vegetation cover, height, soil nitrogen (N), soil organic matter (OM), soil pH and electrical conductivity (EC) over a two year period along 5000m-long transects radiating outward from watering points within desert-steppe (Lajaneh), steppe (Mojen) and mountain-steppe (Abr) ecosystems in Shahrood, Iran. Both univariate and multivariate methods were used to examine the influence of grazing on plant species and soil. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine if differences existed among different distances. Soil N, OM, pH, EC and height of palatable species were the response variables. After using detrended correspondence analysis (DCA), an indirect gradient analysis technique, we used Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA), a direct gradient analysis technique, to examine the influence of grazing on plant species composition. Significance of species-environments correlations were tested by distribution-free Monte Carlo tests (999 permutations). Distance from the watering point, which we assumed to be inversely related to grazing pressures, was significantly related to species composition, cover and height of palatable species. Distance from water was also negatively correlated with N, pH, OM and EC. Livestock influenced species composition through defoliation and trampling. The most evident impact of overgrazing is the reduction of palatable species around watering points. Our results suggest that livestock may affect species composition along watering points by nutrient enrichment through voiding urine and feces. Our result demonstrates marked zonation in species composition along watering point (invaders, increasers and decreasers respectively). We argue here that, in studied areas, range managers should provide new water sources and reduce grazing pressure before the rangeland is damaged to a critical level. We suggest that piospheres deserve more researches and understanding their characteristics help us to manage arid and semi-arid rangelands. ► We model vegetation composition around watering points. ► We examine changes in the level of soil nutrients around watering points. ► Increasing information about piosphere will increase quality of rangelands. ► Increasing bare soil will decrease soil quality and vegetation establishment. ► Range manager should consider piosphere monitoring in their range management plans.
Author Palmer, M.W.
Mohseni Saravi, M.
Shahriary, E.
Azarnivand, H.
Tongway, D.J.
Jafari, M.
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Keywords Gradient analysis
Transhumant
Grazing gradient
Arid and semi-arid rangeland
Watering point
Iran
Floristic composition
Arid environment
Property of soil
Watering
Semi arid zone
Rangeland
Ecological abundance
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Snippet Most of Iran’s land area consists of arid and semi-arid rangelands, and because of this grazers depend on watering points. In the vicinity of the watering...
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SubjectTerms analysis of variance
Animal and plant ecology
Animal, plant and microbial ecology
Arid and semi-arid rangeland
Biological and medical sciences
correlation
defoliation
ecosystems
electrical conductivity
feces
Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology
Gradient analysis
grazing
Grazing gradient
Iran
livestock
managers
nitrogen
overgrazing
rangelands
soil organic matter
soil pH
species diversity
steppes
Synecology
Terrestrial ecosystems
Transhumant
urine
vegetation cover
water quality
Watering point
Title Plant species composition and soil characteristics around Iranian piospheres
URI https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2012.02.004
Volume 82
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