State restoration in Ada 95: a portable approach to supporting software fault tolerance
Studies indicate that techniques for tolerating hardware faults are so effective that software design errors are the leading cause of all faults encountered. To handle these unanticipated software faults, two main approaches have been proposed: N-version programming and recovery blocks. Both are bas...
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| Published in | The Journal of systems and software Vol. 50; no. 3; pp. 237 - 255 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
New York
Elsevier Inc
15.03.2000
Elsevier Sequoia S.A |
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| Abstract | Studies indicate that techniques for tolerating hardware faults are so effective that software
design
errors are the leading cause of all faults encountered. To handle these
unanticipated software faults, two main approaches have been proposed:
N-version
programming and
recovery
blocks. Both are based on the concept of
design
diversity: the assumption that different designs will exhibit different faults (if any) for the same inputs and will, therefore, provide alternatives for each other. Both approaches have advantages, but this paper focuses upon recovery blocks; specifically, the requirement to save and restore application state. Judicious saving of state has been described as “checkpointing” for over a decade. Using the object-oriented features of the revised Ada language (Ada 95) – a language widely used in this domain – we present three portable implementations of a checkpointing facility and discuss the trade-offs offered by each. Results of the implementation of these mechanisms are used to highlight both the strengths and weaknesses of some of the object-oriented features of Ada. We then show a reusable implementation of recovery blocks illustrating the checkpointing schemes. A performance analysis is made and measurements are presented in support of the analysis. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Studies indicate that techniques for tolerating hardware faults are so effective that software design errors are the leading cause of all faults encountered. To handle these unanticipated software faults, two main approaches have been proposed: N-version programming and recovery blocks. Both are based on the concept of design diversity: the assumption that different designs will exhibit different faults (if any) for the same inputs and will, therefore, provide alternatives for each other. Both approaches have advantages, but this paper focuses upon recovery blocks; specifically, the requirement to save and restore application state. Judicious saving of state has been described as `checkpointing' for over a decade. Using the object-oriented features of the revised Ada language (Ada 95) - a language widely used in this domain - we present three portable implementations of a checkpointing facility and discuss the trade-offs offered by each. Results of the implementation of these mechanisms are used to highlight both the strengths and weaknesses of some of the object-oriented features of Ada. We then show a reusable implementation of recovery blocks illustrating the checkpointing schemes. A performance analysis is made and measurements are presented in support of the analysis. Studies indicate that techniques for tolerating hardware faults are so effective that software design errors are the leading cause of all faults encountered. To handle these unanticipated software faults, two main approaches have been proposed: N-version programming and recovery blocks. Both are based on the concept of design diversity: the assumption that different designs will exhibit different faults (if any) for the same inputs and will, therefore, provide alternatives for each other. Both approaches have advantages, but this paper focuses upon recovery blocks; specifically, the requirement to save and restore application state. Judicious saving of state has been described as “checkpointing” for over a decade. Using the object-oriented features of the revised Ada language (Ada 95) – a language widely used in this domain – we present three portable implementations of a checkpointing facility and discuss the trade-offs offered by each. Results of the implementation of these mechanisms are used to highlight both the strengths and weaknesses of some of the object-oriented features of Ada. We then show a reusable implementation of recovery blocks illustrating the checkpointing schemes. A performance analysis is made and measurements are presented in support of the analysis. Studies indicate that techniques for tolerating hardware faults are so effective that software design errors are the leading cause of faults encountered. To handle these unanticipated software faults, two main approaches have been proposed: N-version programming and recovery blocks. This paper focuses upon recovery blocks; specifically, the requirement to save and restore application state. Judicious saving of state has been described as checkpointing for over a decade. Using the object-oriented features of the revised Ada language three portable implementations of a checkpointing facility are presented and the trade-offs offered by each are discussed. Results of the implementation of these mechanisms are used to highlight both the strengths and weaknesses of some of the object-oriented features of Ada. A reusable implementation of recovery blocks illustrating the checkpointing schemes is then shown. A performance analysis is made and measurements are presented in support of the analysis. |
| Author | Rogers, P. Wellings, A.J. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: P. surname: Rogers fullname: Rogers, P. email: progers@acm.org – sequence: 2 givenname: A.J. surname: Wellings fullname: Wellings, A.J. email: andy@cs.york.ac.uk |
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| Cites_doi | 10.21236/ADA301073 10.1109/TC.1980.1675618 10.1109/12.24266 10.1109/32.585500 10.1109/32.44387 10.1145/240678.240688 10.1016/S1383-7621(97)00029-5 10.1109/TSE.1983.237017 10.1109/TSE.1975.6312842 10.1145/7474.7528 10.1109/TSE.1986.6312919 10.1109/32.83905 10.1109/TSE.1986.6312984 10.1007/978-3-642-79789-7_6 10.1109/MC.1984.1659219 10.1109/TC.1976.1674598 10.1049/sej.1995.0027 10.1109/FTCS.1988.5291 10.1007/978-3-7091-9198-9_10 10.1007/BFb0029359 10.1007/3-540-63114-3_23 |
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| References_xml | – volume: 38 start-page: 626 year: 1989 end-page: 636 ident: BIB18 article-title: Distributed execution of recovery blocks: an approach for uniform treatment of hardware and software faults in real-time applications publication-title: IEEE Transactions on Computers contributor: fullname: Welch – volume: 1 start-page: 220 year: 1975 end-page: 232 ident: BIB23 article-title: System structure for software fault tolerance publication-title: IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering contributor: fullname: Randell – volume: 1 start-page: 61 year: 1994 end-page: 86 ident: BIB29 article-title: Forward and backward error recovery in C++ publication-title: Object-Oriented Systems contributor: fullname: Stroud – volume: 12 start-page: 811 year: 1986 end-page: 826 ident: BIB8 article-title: Error recovery in asynchronous systems publication-title: IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering contributor: fullname: Randell – volume: 25 start-page: 1304 year: 1976 end-page: 1312 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volume: 17 start-page: 692 issue: 7 year: 1991 ident: 10.1016/S0164-1212(99)00100-4_BIB11 article-title: An experimental evaluation of software redundancy as a strategy for improving reliability publication-title: IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering doi: 10.1109/32.83905 contributor: fullname: Eckhardt – ident: 10.1016/S0164-1212(99)00100-4_BIB10 – volume: 12 start-page: 811 issue: 8 year: 1986 ident: 10.1016/S0164-1212(99)00100-4_BIB8 article-title: Error recovery in asynchronous systems publication-title: IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering doi: 10.1109/TSE.1986.6312984 contributor: fullname: Campbell – ident: 10.1016/S0164-1212(99)00100-4_BIB24 doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-79789-7_6 – volume: 17 start-page: 67 issue: 8 year: 1984 ident: 10.1016/S0164-1212(99)00100-4_BIB4 article-title: Fault tolerance by design diversity: concepts and experiments publication-title: IEEE Computer doi: 10.1109/MC.1984.1659219 contributor: fullname: Avizienis – volume: 25 start-page: 1304 year: 1976 ident: 10.1016/S0164-1212(99)00100-4_BIB3 article-title: Fault tolerant systems publication-title: IEEE Transactions on Computers doi: 10.1109/TC.1976.1674598 contributor: fullname: Avizienis – volume: 10 start-page: 219 issue: 8 year: 1995 ident: 10.1016/S0164-1212(99)00100-4_BIB28 article-title: Backward error recovery via conversations in ada publication-title: Software Engineering Journal doi: 10.1049/sej.1995.0027 contributor: fullname: Romanovsky – volume: 1 start-page: 61 issue: 1 year: 1994 ident: 10.1016/S0164-1212(99)00100-4_BIB29 article-title: Forward and backward error recovery in C++ publication-title: Object-Oriented Systems contributor: fullname: Rubira-Calsavara – ident: 10.1016/S0164-1212(99)00100-4_BIB2 – ident: 10.1016/S0164-1212(99)00100-4_BIB5 doi: 10.1109/FTCS.1988.5291 – ident: 10.1016/S0164-1212(99)00100-4_BIB22 doi: 10.1007/978-3-7091-9198-9_10 – ident: 10.1016/S0164-1212(99)00100-4_BIB14 doi: 10.1007/BFb0029359 – ident: 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errors are the leading cause of all faults encountered.... Studies indicate that techniques for tolerating hardware faults are so effective that software design errors are the leading cause of faults encountered. To... Studies indicate that techniques for tolerating hardware faults are so effective that software design errors are the leading cause of all faults encountered.... |
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| Title | State restoration in Ada 95: a portable approach to supporting software fault tolerance |
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