Functional complementarity and specialisation: The role of biodiversity in plant–pollinator interactions
Ecological niche breadth (specialisation) and niche differentiation (complementarity) play a key role for species coexistence and hence biodiversity. Some niche dimensions of a species represent ecosystem functions or services such as pollination (functional niche). When species differ in their cont...
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Published in | Basic and applied ecology Vol. 12; no. 4; pp. 282 - 291 |
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Main Authors | , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
Elsevier GmbH
01.06.2011
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Subjects | |
Online Access | Get full text |
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Abstract | Ecological niche breadth (specialisation) and niche differentiation (complementarity) play a key role for species coexistence and hence biodiversity. Some niche dimensions of a species represent ecosystem functions or services such as pollination (functional niche). When species differ in their contribution to some collective function (functional complementarity), this implies that functions from several species are required for a high overall functional performance level. Applied to plant–pollinator interactions, functional complementary suggests that a higher diversity of pollinators contributes to an increased pollination success of the plants or, in turn, that a higher diversity of flowers may better sustain the consumers’ requirements. Complementarity can affect functioning at different scales: the collective functioning of the target community, a single species, an individual or even a part of the individual, e.g. a single flower.
Recent network analyses revealed that plant–pollinator interactions display a relatively high extent of complementary specialisation at the community scale. We propose several mechanisms that generate complementarity. From the consumers’ viewpoint, differences in flowering phenology and/or nutritional variation in floral resources (nectar, pollen) may explain a complementary role of different flower species. From the plant's viewpoint, temporal or environmental variation in the pollinator species’ activities may contribute to complementary effects on pollination of plant communities. In addition, different species may also pollinate either more exposed or more sheltered flowers from the same plant individual, or vary in their functions within single flowers. So far, empirical evidence for complementary effects in general, and particularly mechanistic explanations of such effects are scant and will require comparative investigations at multiple scales in the future. Such studies will help us to understand if and how biodiversity maintains the quality and quantity of plant–pollinator functional relationships.
Nischendifferenzierung (Komplementarität) und ökologische Nischenbreite (Spezialisierung) spielen eine Schlüsselrolle in der Koexistenz von Arten und demzufolge für die Biodiversität. Einige Nischendimensionen von Arten bilden Ökosystemfunktionen (funktionale Nische) wie z.B. Bestäubung. Wenn Arten sich in ihrem funktionellen Beitrag unterscheiden (funktionale Komplementarität), lässt das darauf schließen, dass artenreiche Gemeinschaften insgesamt leistungsfähiger als artenarme Gemeinschaften sind.
Bezogen auf die Interaktionen von Blüten und Bestäubern impliziert funktionale Komplementarität, dass eine größere Artenvielfalt der Bestäuber zu einer besseren Bestäubung der Pflanzenarten beiträgt und umgekehrt eine größere Blütenvielfalt besser die Ansprüche der Bestäuberarten deckt. Komplementarität kann bei unterschiedlichen Skalen ansetzen und die kollektive Funktion der Gemeinschaft beeinflussen, die Funktion einer einzigen Art, eines Individuums oder sogar nur eines Teils eines Individuums, z.B. einer einzelnen Blüte.
Neuere Netzwerkanalysen zeigen eine stark ausgeprägte Komplementarität der Interaktionen zwischen Pflanzen- und Bestäuberarten auf Gemeinschaftsniveau. Wir fassen unterschiedliche Mechanismen zusammen, die Komplementarität hervorbringen. Aus der Sicht des Konsumenten können Unterschiede in der Phänologie oder Unterschiede in den Nährstoffressourcen der Blüten (z.B. Nektar, Pollen) eine komplementäre Rolle mehrerer Pflanzenarten erklären. Aus der Sicht der Pflanze können zeitliche oder wetterbedingte Aktivitätsunterschiede der Bestäuberarten zu komplementären Effekte bei der Bestäubung beitragen. Außerdem können verschiedene Tierarten unterschiedlich räumlich verteilte Blüten eines Pflanzenindividuums bestäuben oder sich die Funktion innerhalb einer Blüte aufteilen.
Bis heute sind empirische Nachweise komplementärer Effekte und mechanistische Erklärungen für solche Effekte selten untersucht worden. Zukünftige vergleichende Untersuchungen zu Komplementaritätseffekten sollten verschiedene Skalen berücksichtigen. Solche Studien können zum Verständnis beitragen, ob und wie Artenvielfalt die Qualität und Quantität der funktionellen Beziehungen zwischen Blüten und Bestäubern fördert. |
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AbstractList | Ecological niche breadth (specialisation) and niche differentiation (complementarity) play a key role for species coexistence and hence biodiversity. Some niche dimensions of a species represent ecosystem functions or services such as pollination (functional niche). When species differ in their contribution to some collective function (functional complementarity), this implies that functions from several species are required for a high overall functional performance level. Applied to plant-pollinator interactions, functional complementary suggests that a higher diversity of pollinators contributes to an increased pollination success of the plants or, in turn, that a higher diversity of flowers may better sustain the consumers' requirements. Complementarity can affect functioning at different scales: the collective functioning of the target community, a single species, an individual or even a part of the individual, e.g. a single flower. Recent network analyses revealed that plant-pollinator interactions display a relatively high extent of complementary specialisation at the community scale. We propose several mechanisms that generate complementarity. From the consumers' viewpoint, differences in flowering phenology and/or nutritional variation in floral resources (nectar, pollen) may explain a complementary role of different flower species. From the plant's viewpoint, temporal or environmental variation in the pollinator species' activities may contribute to complementary effects on pollination of plant communities. In addition, different species may also pollinate either more exposed or more sheltered flowers from the same plant individual, or vary in their functions within single flowers. So far, empirical evidence for complementary effects in general, and particularly mechanistic explanations of such effects are scant and will require comparative investigations at multiple scales in the future. Such studies will help us to understand if and how biodiversity maintains the quality and quantity of plant-pollinator functional relationships. Ecological niche breadth (specialisation) and niche differentiation (complementarity) play a key role for species coexistence and hence biodiversity. Some niche dimensions of a species represent ecosystem functions or services such as pollination (functional niche). When species differ in their contribution to some collective function (functional complementarity), this implies that functions from several species are required for a high overall functional performance level. Applied to plant–pollinator interactions, functional complementary suggests that a higher diversity of pollinators contributes to an increased pollination success of the plants or, in turn, that a higher diversity of flowers may better sustain the consumers’ requirements. Complementarity can affect functioning at different scales: the collective functioning of the target community, a single species, an individual or even a part of the individual, e.g. a single flower. Recent network analyses revealed that plant–pollinator interactions display a relatively high extent of complementary specialisation at the community scale. We propose several mechanisms that generate complementarity. From the consumers’ viewpoint, differences in flowering phenology and/or nutritional variation in floral resources (nectar, pollen) may explain a complementary role of different flower species. From the plant's viewpoint, temporal or environmental variation in the pollinator species’ activities may contribute to complementary effects on pollination of plant communities. In addition, different species may also pollinate either more exposed or more sheltered flowers from the same plant individual, or vary in their functions within single flowers. So far, empirical evidence for complementary effects in general, and particularly mechanistic explanations of such effects are scant and will require comparative investigations at multiple scales in the future. Such studies will help us to understand if and how biodiversity maintains the quality and quantity of plant–pollinator functional relationships. Nischendifferenzierung (Komplementarität) und ökologische Nischenbreite (Spezialisierung) spielen eine Schlüsselrolle in der Koexistenz von Arten und demzufolge für die Biodiversität. Einige Nischendimensionen von Arten bilden Ökosystemfunktionen (funktionale Nische) wie z.B. Bestäubung. Wenn Arten sich in ihrem funktionellen Beitrag unterscheiden (funktionale Komplementarität), lässt das darauf schließen, dass artenreiche Gemeinschaften insgesamt leistungsfähiger als artenarme Gemeinschaften sind. Bezogen auf die Interaktionen von Blüten und Bestäubern impliziert funktionale Komplementarität, dass eine größere Artenvielfalt der Bestäuber zu einer besseren Bestäubung der Pflanzenarten beiträgt und umgekehrt eine größere Blütenvielfalt besser die Ansprüche der Bestäuberarten deckt. Komplementarität kann bei unterschiedlichen Skalen ansetzen und die kollektive Funktion der Gemeinschaft beeinflussen, die Funktion einer einzigen Art, eines Individuums oder sogar nur eines Teils eines Individuums, z.B. einer einzelnen Blüte. Neuere Netzwerkanalysen zeigen eine stark ausgeprägte Komplementarität der Interaktionen zwischen Pflanzen- und Bestäuberarten auf Gemeinschaftsniveau. Wir fassen unterschiedliche Mechanismen zusammen, die Komplementarität hervorbringen. Aus der Sicht des Konsumenten können Unterschiede in der Phänologie oder Unterschiede in den Nährstoffressourcen der Blüten (z.B. Nektar, Pollen) eine komplementäre Rolle mehrerer Pflanzenarten erklären. Aus der Sicht der Pflanze können zeitliche oder wetterbedingte Aktivitätsunterschiede der Bestäuberarten zu komplementären Effekte bei der Bestäubung beitragen. Außerdem können verschiedene Tierarten unterschiedlich räumlich verteilte Blüten eines Pflanzenindividuums bestäuben oder sich die Funktion innerhalb einer Blüte aufteilen. Bis heute sind empirische Nachweise komplementärer Effekte und mechanistische Erklärungen für solche Effekte selten untersucht worden. Zukünftige vergleichende Untersuchungen zu Komplementaritätseffekten sollten verschiedene Skalen berücksichtigen. Solche Studien können zum Verständnis beitragen, ob und wie Artenvielfalt die Qualität und Quantität der funktionellen Beziehungen zwischen Blüten und Bestäubern fördert. Ecological niche breadth (specialisation) and niche differentiation (complementarity) play a key role for species coexistence and hence biodiversity. Some niche dimensions of a species represent ecosystem functions or services such as pollination (functional niche). When species differ in their contribution to some collective function (functional complementarity), this implies that functions from several species are required for a high overall functional performance level. Applied to plant-pollinator interactions, functional complementary suggests that a higher diversity of pollinators contributes to an increased pollination success of the plants or, in turn, that a higher diversity of flowers may better sustain the consumers' requirements. Complementarity can affect functioning at different scales: the collective functioning of the target community, a single species, an individual or even a part of the individual, e.g. a single flower. Recent network analyses revealed that plant-pollinator interactions display a relatively high extent of complementary specialisation at the community scale. We propose several mechanisms that generate complementarity. From the consumers' viewpoint, differences in flowering phenology and/or nutritional variation in floral resources (nectar, pollen) may explain a complementary role of different flower species. From the plant's viewpoint, temporal or environmental variation in the pollinator species' activities may contribute to complementary effects on pollination of plant communities. In addition, different species may also pollinate either more exposed or more sheltered flowers from the same plant individual, or vary in their functions within single flowers. So far, empirical evidence for complementary effects in general, and particularly mechanistic explanations of such effects are scant and will require comparative investigations at multiple scales in the future. Such studies will help us to understand if and how biodiversity maintains the quality and quantity of plant-pollinator functional relationships.Original Abstract: Nischendifferenzierung (Komplementaritaet) und okologische Nischenbreite (Spezialisierung) spielen eine Schluesselrolle in der Koexistenz von Arten und demzufolge fuer die Biodiversitaet. Einige Nischendimensionen von Arten bilden Oekosystemfunktionen (funktionale Nische) wie z.B. Bestaeubung. Wenn Arten sich in ihrem funktionellen Beitrag unterscheiden (funktionale Komplementaritaet), laesst das darauf schliesen, dass artenreiche Gemeinschaften insgesamt leistungsfaehiger als artenarme Gemeinschaften sind. Bezogen auf die Interaktionen von Blueten und Bestaeubern impliziert funktionale Komplementaritaet, dass eine grosere Artenvielfalt der Bestaeuber zu einer besseren Bestaeubung der Pflanzenarten beitraegt und umgekehrt eine grosere Bluetenvielfalt besser die Ansprueche der Bestaeuberarten deckt. Komplementaritaet kann bei unterschiedlichen Skalen ansetzen und die kollektive Funktion der Gemeinschaft beeinflussen, die Funktion einer einzigen Art, eines Individuums oder sogar nur eines Teils eines Individuums, z.B. einer einzelnen Bluete. Neuere Netzwerkanalysen zeigen eine stark ausgepraegte Komplementaritaet der Interaktionen zwischen Pflanzen- und Bestaeuberarten auf Gemeinschaftsniveau. Wir fassen unterschiedliche Mechanismen zusammen, die Komplementaritaet hervorbringen. Aus der Sicht des Konsumenten konnen Unterschiede in der Phaenologie oder Unterschiede in den Naehrstoffressourcen der Blueten (z.B. Nektar, Pollen) eine komplementaere Rolle mehrerer Pflanzenarten erklaeren. Aus der Sicht der Pflanze konnen zeitliche oder wetterbedingte Aktivitaetsunterschiede der Bestaeuberarten zu komplementaeren Effekte bei der Bestaeubung beitragen. Auserdem konnen verschiedene Tierarten unterschiedlich raeumlich verteilte Blueten eines Pflanzenindividuums bestaeuben oder sich die Funktion innerhalb einer Bluete aufteilen. Bis heute sind empirische Nachweise komplementaerer Effekte und mechanistische Erklaerungen fuer solche Effekte selten untersucht worden. Zukuenftige vergleichende Untersuchungen zu Komplementaritaetseffekten sollten verschiedene Skalen beruecksichtigen. Solche Studien konnen zum Verstaendnis beitragen, ob und wie Artenvielfalt die Qualitaet und Quantitaet der funktionellen Beziehungen zwischen Blueten und Bestaeubern fordert. |
Author | Blüthgen, Nico Klein, Alexandra-Maria |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Nico surname: Blüthgen fullname: Blüthgen, Nico email: bluethgen@biozentrum.uni-wuerzburg.de organization: Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, University of Würzburg, Biozentrum, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany – sequence: 2 givenname: Alexandra-Maria surname: Klein fullname: Klein, Alexandra-Maria organization: Department of Crop Sciences, Section Agroecology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Waldweg 26, 37073 Göttingen, Germany |
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SubjectTerms | biodiversity Complementary specialisation Ecological networks Ecological niche Ecosystem functioning ecosystems flowering flowers H2 Mutualism nectar Nutrition plant communities pollen Pollination pollinators Redundancy |
Title | Functional complementarity and specialisation: The role of biodiversity in plant–pollinator interactions |
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