Climate change induced elevational range shifts of Himalayan tree species

Global warming may force montane species to shift upward to keep pace with their shifting climate niche. How species differences in such distribution shifts depend on their elevational positions, elevation‐dependent warming rates, and other environmental constraints, or plant functional traits is po...

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Published inBiotropica Vol. 55; no. 1; pp. 53 - 69
Main Authors Maharjan, Surya Kumar, Sterck, Frank J., Raes, Niels, Zhao, Yue, Poorter, Lourens
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Hoboken Wiley Subscription Services, Inc 01.01.2023
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Abstract Global warming may force montane species to shift upward to keep pace with their shifting climate niche. How species differences in such distribution shifts depend on their elevational positions, elevation‐dependent warming rates, and other environmental constraints, or plant functional traits is poorly understood. Here, we analyzed for 137 Himalayan tree species how distribution shifts vary with elevational niche positions, environmental constraints, and their functional traits. We developed ecological niche models using MaxEnt by combining species survey and botanical collections data with 19 environmental predictors. Species distributions were projected to 1985 and 2050 conditions, and elevational range parameters and distribution areas were derived. Under the worst‐case RCP 8.5 scenario, species are predicted to shift, on average, 3 m/year in optimum elevation, and have 33% increase in distribution area. Highland species showed faster predicted elevational shifts than lowland species. Lowland and highland species are predicted to expand in distribution area in contrast to mid‐elevation species. Tree species for which species distribution models are driven by responses to temperature, aridity, or soil clay content showed the strongest predicted upslope shifts. Tree species with conservative trait values that enable them to survive resource poor conditions (i.e., narrow conduits) showed larger predicted upslope shifts than species with wide conduits. The predicted average upslope shift in maximum elevation (8 m/year) is >2 times faster than the current observations indicating that many species will not be able to track climate change and potentially go extinct, unless they are supported by active conservation measures, such as assisted migration. in Nepali is available with online material RESUMO विश्व उष्णीकरणले पर्वतीय प्रजातिहरूलाई तिनको स्थानान्तरणशील जलवायु स्थान (niche) सँग तालमेल कायम राख्न उच्च भूभागतिर स्थानान्तरित हुन बाध्य पार्न सक्ने देखिन्छ। त्यस्तोमा प्रजातिहरूको वितरण स्थानान्तरणहरू (distribution shifts) बीचका भिन्नताहरू कसरी प्रजातिहरूको उचाईगत अवस्थिती, उचाईमा आधारित उष्णीकरण दर तथा अन्य वातावरणीय अवरोधहरू, वा विरुवाहरूको कार्यात्मक विशेषताहरू (functional traits) मा निर्भर हुन्छन् भन्ने बारे हामीलाइ थोरै मात्र ज्ञान छ। यसै सन्दर्भमा, हामीले यस अध्ययनमा १३७ हिमाली रूख प्रजातिहरूको हकमा प्रजातिहरूको वितरण स्थानान्तरणलाई तिनको उचाईगत अवस्थिती, वातावरणीय अवरोधहरू, तथा विरुवाहरूको कार्यात्मक विशेषताहरूले कसरी फरक पार्दछ भन्ने विश्लेषण गर्यौं। जसको लागि हामीले प्रजाति सर्वेक्षण र वनस्पति अभियानबाट संकलित तथ्यांकहरूलाई १९ वटा वातावरणीय सुचकहरूसँग संयोजन गरेर MaxEnt प्रयोग गरी पारिस्थितिक स्थान मोडेलहरू (ecological niche models) विकास गर्यौं। तिनै मोडेलहरूको आधारमा सन १९८५ र २०५० का अवस्थाहरूको लागि प्रजातिहरूको वितरण अनुमान गर्यौं र प्रजातिहरूको उचाईगत वितरण parameterहरू र वितरण क्षेत्रहरू आंकलन गर्यौं। जस अनुसार सबैभन्दा प्रतिकुल अवस्था RCP 8.5 परिदृश्य अन्तर्गत, प्रजातिहरू औसतमा, इष्टतम (optimum) उचाईमा ३ मिटर/वर्ष स्थानान्तरित हुने, र तिनको वितरण क्षेत्रमा ३३% वृद्धि हुने अनुमान गरिएको छ। उच्च भूभागका प्रजातिहरू तल्लो भूभागका प्रजातिहरू भन्दा छिटो गतिमा स्थानान्तरित हुने देखिन्छ। मध्य भूभागका प्रजातिहरूको विपरित तल्लो र उच्चभूभागका प्रजातिहरूको वितरण क्षेत्रमा विस्तार हुने देखिन्छ। रूख प्रजातिहरू जसका प्रजाति वितरण मोडेलहरू तापक्रम, सुक्खापन वा माटोमा माटोका कणको मात्रा प्रतिको प्रतिक्रियाद्वारा निर्धारित छन्, ती प्रजातिहरू सबैभन्दा बढी उच्च भूभागतिर स्थानान्तरित हुने देखिन्छ। Conservative traits values, जसले रूख प्रजातिहरूलाई कम स्रोत भएको अवस्थाहरूमा पनि बाँच्न सक्षम बनाउँछ (जस्तै साँघुरा xylem conduitहरू), भएका रूख प्रजातिहरू फराकिला xylem conduitहरू भएका प्रजातिहरू भन्दा बढी उच्च भूभागतिर स्थानान्तरित हुने देखिन्छ । अनुमानित औसत अधिकतम उचाई स्थानान्तरण दर (८ मिटर/वर्ष) हालका अवलोकनहरू भन्दा २ गुणा भन्दा बढी छिटो रहेको देखिन्छ, जसले सक्रिय संरक्षण उपायहरू जस्तै सहयोगी बसाइसराई (assisted migration) को माध्यमबाट प्रजातिहरूको स्थानान्तरणलाई सहयोग नगर्ने हो भने धेरै प्रजातिहरूले जलवायु परिवर्तनसँग तालमेल कायम राख्न नसक्ने र अन्तत लोप हुन सक्ने सम्भावनातिर संकेत गर्दछ. The predicted average upslope shift in maximum elevation (8 m/year) is >2 times faster than the current observations indicating that many species will not be able to track climate change and potentially go extinct, unless they are supported by active conservation measures, such as assisted migration.
AbstractList Global warming may force montane species to shift upward to keep pace with their shifting climate niche. How species differences in such distribution shifts depend on their elevational positions, elevation‐dependent warming rates, and other environmental constraints, or plant functional traits is poorly understood. Here, we analyzed for 137 Himalayan tree species how distribution shifts vary with elevational niche positions, environmental constraints, and their functional traits. We developed ecological niche models using MaxEnt by combining species survey and botanical collections data with 19 environmental predictors. Species distributions were projected to 1985 and 2050 conditions, and elevational range parameters and distribution areas were derived. Under the worst‐case RCP 8.5 scenario, species are predicted to shift, on average, 3 m/year in optimum elevation, and have 33% increase in distribution area. Highland species showed faster predicted elevational shifts than lowland species. Lowland and highland species are predicted to expand in distribution area in contrast to mid‐elevation species. Tree species for which species distribution models are driven by responses to temperature, aridity, or soil clay content showed the strongest predicted upslope shifts. Tree species with conservative trait values that enable them to survive resource poor conditions (i.e., narrow conduits) showed larger predicted upslope shifts than species with wide conduits. The predicted average upslope shift in maximum elevation (8 m/year) is >2 times faster than the current observations indicating that many species will not be able to track climate change and potentially go extinct, unless they are supported by active conservation measures, such as assisted migration. Abstract in Nepali is available with online material विश्व उष्णीकरणले पर्वतीय प्रजातिहरूलाई तिनको स्थानान्तरणशील जलवायु स्थान (niche) सँग तालमेल कायम राख्न उच्च भूभागतिर स्थानान्तरित हुन बाध्य पार्न सक्ने देखिन्छ। त्यस्तोमा प्रजातिहरूको वितरण स्थानान्तरणहरू (distribution shifts) बीचका भिन्नताहरू कसरी प्रजातिहरूको उचाईगत अवस्थिती, उचाईमा आधारित उष्णीकरण दर तथा अन्य वातावरणीय अवरोधहरू, वा विरुवाहरूको कार्यात्मक विशेषताहरू (functional traits) मा निर्भर हुन्छन् भन्ने बारे हामीलाइ थोरै मात्र ज्ञान छ। यसै सन्दर्भमा, हामीले यस अध्ययनमा १३७ हिमाली रूख प्रजातिहरूको हकमा प्रजातिहरूको वितरण स्थानान्तरणलाई तिनको उचाईगत अवस्थिती, वातावरणीय अवरोधहरू, तथा विरुवाहरूको कार्यात्मक विशेषताहरूले कसरी फरक पार्दछ भन्ने विश्लेषण गर्यौं। जसको लागि हामीले प्रजाति सर्वेक्षण र वनस्पति अभियानबाट संकलित तथ्यांकहरूलाई १९ वटा वातावरणीय सुचकहरूसँग संयोजन गरेर MaxEnt प्रयोग गरी पारिस्थितिक स्थान मोडेलहरू (ecological niche models) विकास गर्यौं। तिनै मोडेलहरूको आधारमा सन १९८५ र २०५० का अवस्थाहरूको लागि प्रजातिहरूको वितरण अनुमान गर्यौं र प्रजातिहरूको उचाईगत वितरण parameterहरू र वितरण क्षेत्रहरू आंकलन गर्यौं। जस अनुसार सबैभन्दा प्रतिकुल अवस्था RCP 8.5 परिदृश्य अन्तर्गत, प्रजातिहरू औसतमा, इष्टतम (optimum) उचाईमा ३ मिटर/वर्ष स्थानान्तरित हुने, र तिनको वितरण क्षेत्रमा ३३% वृद्धि हुने अनुमान गरिएको छ। उच्च भूभागका प्रजातिहरू तल्लो भूभागका प्रजातिहरू भन्दा छिटो गतिमा स्थानान्तरित हुने देखिन्छ। मध्य भूभागका प्रजातिहरूको विपरित तल्लो र उच्चभूभागका प्रजातिहरूको वितरण क्षेत्रमा विस्तार हुने देखिन्छ। रूख प्रजातिहरू जसका प्रजाति वितरण मोडेलहरू तापक्रम, सुक्खापन वा माटोमा माटोका कणको मात्रा प्रतिको प्रतिक्रियाद्वारा निर्धारित छन्, ती प्रजातिहरू सबैभन्दा बढी उच्च भूभागतिर स्थानान्तरित हुने देखिन्छ। Conservative traits values, जसले रूख प्रजातिहरूलाई कम स्रोत भएको अवस्थाहरूमा पनि बाँच्न सक्षम बनाउँछ (जस्तै साँघुरा xylem conduitहरू), भएका रूख प्रजातिहरू फराकिला xylem conduitहरू भएका प्रजातिहरू भन्दा बढी उच्च भूभागतिर स्थानान्तरित हुने देखिन्छ । अनुमानित औसत अधिकतम उचाई स्थानान्तरण दर (८ मिटर/वर्ष) हालका अवलोकनहरू भन्दा २ गुणा भन्दा बढी छिटो रहेको देखिन्छ, जसले सक्रिय संरक्षण उपायहरू जस्तै सहयोगी बसाइसराई (assisted migration) को माध्यमबाट प्रजातिहरूको स्थानान्तरणलाई सहयोग नगर्ने हो भने धेरै प्रजातिहरूले जलवायु परिवर्तनसँग तालमेल कायम राख्न नसक्ने र अन्तत लोप हुन सक्ने सम्भावनातिर संकेत गर्दछ.
Global warming may force montane species to shift upward to keep pace with their shifting climate niche. How species differences in such distribution shifts depend on their elevational positions, elevation‐dependent warming rates, and other environmental constraints, or plant functional traits is poorly understood. Here, we analyzed for 137 Himalayan tree species how distribution shifts vary with elevational niche positions, environmental constraints, and their functional traits. We developed ecological niche models using MaxEnt by combining species survey and botanical collections data with 19 environmental predictors. Species distributions were projected to 1985 and 2050 conditions, and elevational range parameters and distribution areas were derived. Under the worst‐case RCP 8.5 scenario, species are predicted to shift, on average, 3 m/year in optimum elevation, and have 33% increase in distribution area. Highland species showed faster predicted elevational shifts than lowland species. Lowland and highland species are predicted to expand in distribution area in contrast to mid‐elevation species. Tree species for which species distribution models are driven by responses to temperature, aridity, or soil clay content showed the strongest predicted upslope shifts. Tree species with conservative trait values that enable them to survive resource poor conditions (i.e., narrow conduits) showed larger predicted upslope shifts than species with wide conduits. The predicted average upslope shift in maximum elevation (8 m/year) is >2 times faster than the current observations indicating that many species will not be able to track climate change and potentially go extinct, unless they are supported by active conservation measures, such as assisted migration. Abstract in Nepali is available with online material
Global warming may force montane species to shift upward to keep pace with their shifting climate niche. How species differences in such distribution shifts depend on their elevational positions, elevation‐dependent warming rates, and other environmental constraints, or plant functional traits is poorly understood. Here, we analyzed for 137 Himalayan tree species how distribution shifts vary with elevational niche positions, environmental constraints, and their functional traits. We developed ecological niche models using MaxEnt by combining species survey and botanical collections data with 19 environmental predictors. Species distributions were projected to 1985 and 2050 conditions, and elevational range parameters and distribution areas were derived. Under the worst‐case RCP 8.5 scenario, species are predicted to shift, on average, 3 m/year in optimum elevation, and have 33% increase in distribution area. Highland species showed faster predicted elevational shifts than lowland species. Lowland and highland species are predicted to expand in distribution area in contrast to mid‐elevation species. Tree species for which species distribution models are driven by responses to temperature, aridity, or soil clay content showed the strongest predicted upslope shifts. Tree species with conservative trait values that enable them to survive resource poor conditions (i.e., narrow conduits) showed larger predicted upslope shifts than species with wide conduits. The predicted average upslope shift in maximum elevation (8 m/year) is >2 times faster than the current observations indicating that many species will not be able to track climate change and potentially go extinct, unless they are supported by active conservation measures, such as assisted migration. in Nepali is available with online material RESUMO विश्व उष्णीकरणले पर्वतीय प्रजातिहरूलाई तिनको स्थानान्तरणशील जलवायु स्थान (niche) सँग तालमेल कायम राख्न उच्च भूभागतिर स्थानान्तरित हुन बाध्य पार्न सक्ने देखिन्छ। त्यस्तोमा प्रजातिहरूको वितरण स्थानान्तरणहरू (distribution shifts) बीचका भिन्नताहरू कसरी प्रजातिहरूको उचाईगत अवस्थिती, उचाईमा आधारित उष्णीकरण दर तथा अन्य वातावरणीय अवरोधहरू, वा विरुवाहरूको कार्यात्मक विशेषताहरू (functional traits) मा निर्भर हुन्छन् भन्ने बारे हामीलाइ थोरै मात्र ज्ञान छ। यसै सन्दर्भमा, हामीले यस अध्ययनमा १३७ हिमाली रूख प्रजातिहरूको हकमा प्रजातिहरूको वितरण स्थानान्तरणलाई तिनको उचाईगत अवस्थिती, वातावरणीय अवरोधहरू, तथा विरुवाहरूको कार्यात्मक विशेषताहरूले कसरी फरक पार्दछ भन्ने विश्लेषण गर्यौं। जसको लागि हामीले प्रजाति सर्वेक्षण र वनस्पति अभियानबाट संकलित तथ्यांकहरूलाई १९ वटा वातावरणीय सुचकहरूसँग संयोजन गरेर MaxEnt प्रयोग गरी पारिस्थितिक स्थान मोडेलहरू (ecological niche models) विकास गर्यौं। तिनै मोडेलहरूको आधारमा सन १९८५ र २०५० का अवस्थाहरूको लागि प्रजातिहरूको वितरण अनुमान गर्यौं र प्रजातिहरूको उचाईगत वितरण parameterहरू र वितरण क्षेत्रहरू आंकलन गर्यौं। जस अनुसार सबैभन्दा प्रतिकुल अवस्था RCP 8.5 परिदृश्य अन्तर्गत, प्रजातिहरू औसतमा, इष्टतम (optimum) उचाईमा ३ मिटर/वर्ष स्थानान्तरित हुने, र तिनको वितरण क्षेत्रमा ३३% वृद्धि हुने अनुमान गरिएको छ। उच्च भूभागका प्रजातिहरू तल्लो भूभागका प्रजातिहरू भन्दा छिटो गतिमा स्थानान्तरित हुने देखिन्छ। मध्य भूभागका प्रजातिहरूको विपरित तल्लो र उच्चभूभागका प्रजातिहरूको वितरण क्षेत्रमा विस्तार हुने देखिन्छ। रूख प्रजातिहरू जसका प्रजाति वितरण मोडेलहरू तापक्रम, सुक्खापन वा माटोमा माटोका कणको मात्रा प्रतिको प्रतिक्रियाद्वारा निर्धारित छन्, ती प्रजातिहरू सबैभन्दा बढी उच्च भूभागतिर स्थानान्तरित हुने देखिन्छ। Conservative traits values, जसले रूख प्रजातिहरूलाई कम स्रोत भएको अवस्थाहरूमा पनि बाँच्न सक्षम बनाउँछ (जस्तै साँघुरा xylem conduitहरू), भएका रूख प्रजातिहरू फराकिला xylem conduitहरू भएका प्रजातिहरू भन्दा बढी उच्च भूभागतिर स्थानान्तरित हुने देखिन्छ । अनुमानित औसत अधिकतम उचाई स्थानान्तरण दर (८ मिटर/वर्ष) हालका अवलोकनहरू भन्दा २ गुणा भन्दा बढी छिटो रहेको देखिन्छ, जसले सक्रिय संरक्षण उपायहरू जस्तै सहयोगी बसाइसराई (assisted migration) को माध्यमबाट प्रजातिहरूको स्थानान्तरणलाई सहयोग नगर्ने हो भने धेरै प्रजातिहरूले जलवायु परिवर्तनसँग तालमेल कायम राख्न नसक्ने र अन्तत लोप हुन सक्ने सम्भावनातिर संकेत गर्दछ. The predicted average upslope shift in maximum elevation (8 m/year) is >2 times faster than the current observations indicating that many species will not be able to track climate change and potentially go extinct, unless they are supported by active conservation measures, such as assisted migration.
Author Sterck, Frank J.
Maharjan, Surya Kumar
Zhao, Yue
Poorter, Lourens
Raes, Niels
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Surya Kumar
  orcidid: 0000-0002-6397-932X
  surname: Maharjan
  fullname: Maharjan, Surya Kumar
  email: surya.maharjan@wur.nl, surya.maharjan@hc.tu.edu.np
  organization: Tribhuvan University
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Frank J.
  surname: Sterck
  fullname: Sterck, Frank J.
  organization: Wageningen University and Research
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  givenname: Niels
  surname: Raes
  fullname: Raes, Niels
  organization: Naturalis Biodiversity Center
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  givenname: Yue
  surname: Zhao
  fullname: Zhao, Yue
  organization: Wageningen University and Research
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  givenname: Lourens
  surname: Poorter
  fullname: Poorter, Lourens
  organization: Wageningen University and Research
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Snippet Global warming may force montane species to shift upward to keep pace with their shifting climate niche. How species differences in such distribution shifts...
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SubjectTerms Aridity
Assisted migration
clay fraction
Clay soils
climate
Climate change
climate change velocity
Collections
Conduits
Current observations
dry environmental conditions
Ecological distribution
Ecological niches
elevation dependent warming
elevational gradient
Geographical distribution
Global warming
MaxEnt
Nepal
Niches
plant functional traits
Plant species
Soil temperature
Species
species distribution modeling
surveys
Survival
temperature
trees
Xylem
Title Climate change induced elevational range shifts of Himalayan tree species
URI https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111%2Fbtp.13159
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