Advances in safety of lithium-ion batteries for energy storage: Hazard characteristics and active suppression techniques

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely regarded as established energy storage devices owing to their high energy density, extended cycling life, and rapid charging capabilities. Nevertheless, the stark contrast between the frequent incidence of safety incidents in battery energy storage systems (BE...

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Published inEnergy Reviews Vol. 4; no. 1; p. 100117
Main Authors Wang, Yan, Yu, Tianmin, Chen, Jie, Gao, Baobin, Yu, Mingqiao, Zhu, Jiateng
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Elsevier Ltd 01.03.2025
Elsevier
Subjects
Battery energy storage system
Fire suppression
Gas explosion
Lithium-ion battery
Safety
Thermal runaway
Lithium-ion battery
Battery energy storage system
Safety
Gas explosion
Thermal runaway
Fire suppression
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN2772-9702
2772-9702
DOI10.1016/j.enrev.2024.100117

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Abstract Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely regarded as established energy storage devices owing to their high energy density, extended cycling life, and rapid charging capabilities. Nevertheless, the stark contrast between the frequent incidence of safety incidents in battery energy storage systems (BESS) and the substantial demand within the energy storage market has become increasingly prominent. Firstly, despite the escalating demand for energy density in BESS, in-depth understanding of thermal runaway (TR) in large-capacity LIBs and the associated risks posed by battery venting gases (BVG) remains elusive. Secondly, the absence of consensus regarding the selection of fire extinguishing agents and the development of fire suppression strategies for BESS has resulted in prevailing technological inadequacies in active suppression measures. This manuscript comprehensively reviews the characteristics and associated influencing factors of the four hazard stages of TR, TR propagation, BVG accumulation, and fire (BVG combustion and explosion), particularly focusing on the spatial characteristics of energy storage. Combining the above analysis, the suppression mechanisms, effects, and applicable hazard stages of extinguishing agents are analyzed, and the positive effects of fire suppression strategies are discussed. Additionally, the experimental research, mathematical calculation and numerical simulation methods pertaining to the combustion and explosion characteristics are summarized, alongside offering corresponding research suggestions and prospects aimed at fostering advancements in BESS safety. The final line of defense for battery energy storage system: the full-process active suppression techniques and suppression mechanism for the characteristics of four hazardous phases of lithium-ion battery. [Display omitted]
AbstractList Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely regarded as established energy storage devices owing to their high energy density, extended cycling life, and rapid charging capabilities. Nevertheless, the stark contrast between the frequent incidence of safety incidents in battery energy storage systems (BESS) and the substantial demand within the energy storage market has become increasingly prominent. Firstly, despite the escalating demand for energy density in BESS, in-depth understanding of thermal runaway (TR) in large-capacity LIBs and the associated risks posed by battery venting gases (BVG) remains elusive. Secondly, the absence of consensus regarding the selection of fire extinguishing agents and the development of fire suppression strategies for BESS has resulted in prevailing technological inadequacies in active suppression measures. This manuscript comprehensively reviews the characteristics and associated influencing factors of the four hazard stages of TR, TR propagation, BVG accumulation, and fire (BVG combustion and explosion), particularly focusing on the spatial characteristics of energy storage. Combining the above analysis, the suppression mechanisms, effects, and applicable hazard stages of extinguishing agents are analyzed, and the positive effects of fire suppression strategies are discussed. Additionally, the experimental research, mathematical calculation and numerical simulation methods pertaining to the combustion and explosion characteristics are summarized, alongside offering corresponding research suggestions and prospects aimed at fostering advancements in BESS safety.
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely regarded as established energy storage devices owing to their high energy density, extended cycling life, and rapid charging capabilities. Nevertheless, the stark contrast between the frequent incidence of safety incidents in battery energy storage systems (BESS) and the substantial demand within the energy storage market has become increasingly prominent. Firstly, despite the escalating demand for energy density in BESS, in-depth understanding of thermal runaway (TR) in large-capacity LIBs and the associated risks posed by battery venting gases (BVG) remains elusive. Secondly, the absence of consensus regarding the selection of fire extinguishing agents and the development of fire suppression strategies for BESS has resulted in prevailing technological inadequacies in active suppression measures. This manuscript comprehensively reviews the characteristics and associated influencing factors of the four hazard stages of TR, TR propagation, BVG accumulation, and fire (BVG combustion and explosion), particularly focusing on the spatial characteristics of energy storage. Combining the above analysis, the suppression mechanisms, effects, and applicable hazard stages of extinguishing agents are analyzed, and the positive effects of fire suppression strategies are discussed. Additionally, the experimental research, mathematical calculation and numerical simulation methods pertaining to the combustion and explosion characteristics are summarized, alongside offering corresponding research suggestions and prospects aimed at fostering advancements in BESS safety. The final line of defense for battery energy storage system: the full-process active suppression techniques and suppression mechanism for the characteristics of four hazardous phases of lithium-ion battery. [Display omitted]
ArticleNumber 100117
Author Yu, Mingqiao
Gao, Baobin
Zhu, Jiateng
Chen, Jie
Yu, Tianmin
Wang, Yan
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  organization: College of Safety Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, 454003, China
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  givenname: Jie
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  email: chenj1996@hpu.edu.cn
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  surname: Zhu
  fullname: Zhu, Jiateng
  organization: College of Safety Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, 454003, China
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Keywords Lithium-ion battery
Battery energy storage system
Safety
Gas explosion
Thermal runaway
Fire suppression
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Snippet Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely regarded as established energy storage devices owing to their high energy density, extended cycling life, and rapid...
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StartPage 100117
SubjectTerms Battery energy storage system
Fire suppression
Gas explosion
Lithium-ion battery
Safety
Thermal runaway
Title Advances in safety of lithium-ion batteries for energy storage: Hazard characteristics and active suppression techniques
URI https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enrev.2024.100117
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