The Double Face of Metals: The Intriguing Case of Chromium

Chromium (Cr) is a common element in the Earth’s crust. It may exist in different oxidation states, Cr(0), Cr(III) and Cr(VI), with Cr(III) and Cr(VI) being relatively stable and largely predominant. Chromium’s peculiarity is that its behavior relies on its valence state. Cr(III) is a trace element...

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Published inApplied sciences Vol. 11; no. 2; p. 638
Main Authors Genchi, Giuseppe, Lauria, Graziantonio, Catalano, Alessia, Carocci, Alessia, Sinicropi, Maria Stefania
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Basel MDPI AG 01.01.2021
Subjects
Aqueous solutions
Cancer
Carbohydrates
Chemical oxygen demand
Cholesterol
Chromium
Diabetes
Dietary supplements
epigenetics
essential nutrient
Glucose
Heavy metals
Insulin
Lipid peroxidation
Lipids
Metabolism
Physiology
Potassium
remediation
Stainless steel
toxic element
Trace elements
Wood preservatives
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Abstract Chromium (Cr) is a common element in the Earth’s crust. It may exist in different oxidation states, Cr(0), Cr(III) and Cr(VI), with Cr(III) and Cr(VI) being relatively stable and largely predominant. Chromium’s peculiarity is that its behavior relies on its valence state. Cr(III) is a trace element in humans and plays a major role in glucose and fat metabolism. The beneficial effects of Cr(III) in obesity and types 2 diabetes are known. It has been long considered an essential element, but now it has been reclassified as a nutritional supplement. On the other hand, Cr(VI) is a human carcinogen and exposure to it occurs both in occupational and environmental contexts. It induces also epigenetic effects on DNA, histone tails and microRNA; its toxicity seems to be related to its higher mobility in soil and swifter penetration through cell membranes than Cr(III). The microorganisms Acinetobacter sp. Cr1 and Pseudomonas sp. Cr13 have been suggested as a promising agent for bioremediation of Cr(VI). This review intends to underline the important role of Cr(III) for human health and the dangerousness of Cr(VI) as a toxic element. The dual and opposing roles of this metal make it particularly interesting. An overview of the recent literature is reported in support.
AbstractList Chromium (Cr) is a common element in the Earth’s crust. It may exist in different oxidation states, Cr(0), Cr(III) and Cr(VI), with Cr(III) and Cr(VI) being relatively stable and largely predominant. Chromium’s peculiarity is that its behavior relies on its valence state. Cr(III) is a trace element in humans and plays a major role in glucose and fat metabolism. The beneficial effects of Cr(III) in obesity and types 2 diabetes are known. It has been long considered an essential element, but now it has been reclassified as a nutritional supplement. On the other hand, Cr(VI) is a human carcinogen and exposure to it occurs both in occupational and environmental contexts. It induces also epigenetic effects on DNA, histone tails and microRNA; its toxicity seems to be related to its higher mobility in soil and swifter penetration through cell membranes than Cr(III). The microorganisms Acinetobacter sp. Cr1 and Pseudomonas sp. Cr13 have been suggested as a promising agent for bioremediation of Cr(VI). This review intends to underline the important role of Cr(III) for human health and the dangerousness of Cr(VI) as a toxic element. The dual and opposing roles of this metal make it particularly interesting. An overview of the recent literature is reported in support.
Author Genchi, Giuseppe
Catalano, Alessia
Carocci, Alessia
Lauria, Graziantonio
Sinicropi, Maria Stefania
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  surname: Lauria
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  surname: Catalano
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  givenname: Alessia
  orcidid: 0000-0003-2248-9292
  surname: Carocci
  fullname: Carocci, Alessia
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  givenname: Maria Stefania
  orcidid: 0000-0003-2435-8931
  surname: Sinicropi
  fullname: Sinicropi, Maria Stefania
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Snippet Chromium (Cr) is a common element in the Earth’s crust. It may exist in different oxidation states, Cr(0), Cr(III) and Cr(VI), with Cr(III) and Cr(VI) being...
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SubjectTerms Aqueous solutions
Cancer
Carbohydrates
Chemical oxygen demand
Cholesterol
Chromium
Diabetes
Dietary supplements
epigenetics
essential nutrient
Glucose
Heavy metals
Insulin
Lipid peroxidation
Lipids
Metabolism
Physiology
Potassium
remediation
Stainless steel
toxic element
Trace elements
Wood preservatives
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Title The Double Face of Metals: The Intriguing Case of Chromium
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https://doaj.org/article/30573ac9d484448f869090253d06234d
Volume 11
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