Pesticides and bees: Ecological-economic modelling of bee populations on farmland

•Bioeconomic modelling to study how wild bees and pesticides interact on farms.•The on-farm habitat is used to offset impairment in pollination by wild bees.•Wild bees can become locally extinct if the impairment exceeds a threshold.•Availability of commercial bees can prevent farmers from conservin...

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Published inEcological modelling Vol. 360; pp. 53 - 62
Main Authors Kleczkowski, Adam, Ellis, Ciaran, Hanley, Nick, Goulson, David
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Elsevier B.V 24.09.2017
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Abstract •Bioeconomic modelling to study how wild bees and pesticides interact on farms.•The on-farm habitat is used to offset impairment in pollination by wild bees.•Wild bees can become locally extinct if the impairment exceeds a threshold.•Availability of commercial bees can prevent farmers from conserving the wild bees. Production of insect-pollinated crops typically relies on both pesticide use and pollination, leading to a potential conflict between these two inputs. In this paper we combine ecological modelling with economic analysis to investigate the effects of pesticide use on wild and commercial bees, whilst allowing farmers to partly offset the negative effects of pesticides on bee populations by creating more on-farm bee habitat. Farmers have incentives to invest in creating wild bee habitat to increase pollination inputs due to the contribution this makes to yields. However, the optimal allocation of on-farm habitat strongly depends on the negative effects of pesticides, with a threshold-like behaviour at a critical level of the impairment. When this threshold is crossed, the population of wild bees becomes locally extinct and their availability to pollinate breaks down. We show that availability of commercial bees masks this decrease in pollination services which would otherwise incentivise farmers to conserve the wild pollinator population. Indeed, if commercial bees are available, optimum profit may be achieved by providing no habitat at all for wild bees, and allowing these wild pollinators to go extinct.
AbstractList •Bioeconomic modelling to study how wild bees and pesticides interact on farms.•The on-farm habitat is used to offset impairment in pollination by wild bees.•Wild bees can become locally extinct if the impairment exceeds a threshold.•Availability of commercial bees can prevent farmers from conserving the wild bees. Production of insect-pollinated crops typically relies on both pesticide use and pollination, leading to a potential conflict between these two inputs. In this paper we combine ecological modelling with economic analysis to investigate the effects of pesticide use on wild and commercial bees, whilst allowing farmers to partly offset the negative effects of pesticides on bee populations by creating more on-farm bee habitat. Farmers have incentives to invest in creating wild bee habitat to increase pollination inputs due to the contribution this makes to yields. However, the optimal allocation of on-farm habitat strongly depends on the negative effects of pesticides, with a threshold-like behaviour at a critical level of the impairment. When this threshold is crossed, the population of wild bees becomes locally extinct and their availability to pollinate breaks down. We show that availability of commercial bees masks this decrease in pollination services which would otherwise incentivise farmers to conserve the wild pollinator population. Indeed, if commercial bees are available, optimum profit may be achieved by providing no habitat at all for wild bees, and allowing these wild pollinators to go extinct.
Author Hanley, Nick
Kleczkowski, Adam
Goulson, David
Ellis, Ciaran
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  organization: Dept. of Geography and Sustainable Development, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Scotland, United Kingdom
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  surname: Goulson
  fullname: Goulson, David
  organization: School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
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Keywords Commercial bees
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Pesticides
Pollination
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Snippet •Bioeconomic modelling to study how wild bees and pesticides interact on farms.•The on-farm habitat is used to offset impairment in pollination by wild...
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SubjectTerms Commercial bees
Ecological-economic modelling
Pesticides
Pollination
Wild bees
Title Pesticides and bees: Ecological-economic modelling of bee populations on farmland
URI https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2017.06.008
Volume 360
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