Advancing sustainable shape memory polymers through 4D printing of polylactic acid-polybutylene adipate terephthalate blends
[Display omitted] •3D/4D printing of novel biodegradable PLA-PBAT blends.•Direct printing by Granule-based FDM printer with low cost.•Achieving fast shape recovery in less than a few seconds (4 s)•Excellent softening of PLA with PBAT resulting in over 200 % elongation.•Achieving excellent thermo-mec...
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| Published in | European polymer journal Vol. 216; p. 113289 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Elsevier Ltd
07.08.2024
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| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | [Display omitted]
•3D/4D printing of novel biodegradable PLA-PBAT blends.•Direct printing by Granule-based FDM printer with low cost.•Achieving fast shape recovery in less than a few seconds (4 s)•Excellent softening of PLA with PBAT resulting in over 200 % elongation.•Achieving excellent thermo-mechanical properties and shape memory effects.
One of the major challenges in 4D printed Shape Memory Polymers (SMPs) is their slow response to thermal stimuli. Synthetic carbon fillers have been introduced to address this issue; however, their use comes with environmental concerns. On the other hand, Polylactic Acid (PLA) is commonly used for 3D/4D printing of SMPs, but it requires softening to achieve large deformations. This research paper introduces a sustainable solution through blending PLA with Polybutylene Adipate Terephthalate (PBAT) that not only addresses these challenges but also possesses environmental eco-friendliness due to PBAT’s high biodegradability rate. PBAT with weight percentages of 15 %, 30 %, and 45 % is utilized to soften PLA, and their composites are successfully 4D printed. Mechanical properties, shape memory effects, morphology, and thermal behaviors are comprehensively investigated. The results show that blending PLA with 45 % PBAT weight results in excellent features such as 220 % elongation and 93 % shape recovery in just a few seconds. The other two PLA-PBAT blends achieve complete shape recovery in less than 8 s. The PLA-PBAT contains 15 % PBAT, in addition to high strength (40 MPa), has 17 % elongation. This, coupled with the low melting temperature of PBAT, drives the high shape recovery rate. Scanning electron microscopy images finally confirm the high printability of all three blends, with the PLA-PBAT composite containing 30 % PBAT exhibiting the best quality in layer interfaces and the least porosity. |
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| AbstractList | [Display omitted]
•3D/4D printing of novel biodegradable PLA-PBAT blends.•Direct printing by Granule-based FDM printer with low cost.•Achieving fast shape recovery in less than a few seconds (4 s)•Excellent softening of PLA with PBAT resulting in over 200 % elongation.•Achieving excellent thermo-mechanical properties and shape memory effects.
One of the major challenges in 4D printed Shape Memory Polymers (SMPs) is their slow response to thermal stimuli. Synthetic carbon fillers have been introduced to address this issue; however, their use comes with environmental concerns. On the other hand, Polylactic Acid (PLA) is commonly used for 3D/4D printing of SMPs, but it requires softening to achieve large deformations. This research paper introduces a sustainable solution through blending PLA with Polybutylene Adipate Terephthalate (PBAT) that not only addresses these challenges but also possesses environmental eco-friendliness due to PBAT’s high biodegradability rate. PBAT with weight percentages of 15 %, 30 %, and 45 % is utilized to soften PLA, and their composites are successfully 4D printed. Mechanical properties, shape memory effects, morphology, and thermal behaviors are comprehensively investigated. The results show that blending PLA with 45 % PBAT weight results in excellent features such as 220 % elongation and 93 % shape recovery in just a few seconds. The other two PLA-PBAT blends achieve complete shape recovery in less than 8 s. The PLA-PBAT contains 15 % PBAT, in addition to high strength (40 MPa), has 17 % elongation. This, coupled with the low melting temperature of PBAT, drives the high shape recovery rate. Scanning electron microscopy images finally confirm the high printability of all three blends, with the PLA-PBAT composite containing 30 % PBAT exhibiting the best quality in layer interfaces and the least porosity. |
| ArticleNumber | 113289 |
| Author | Rahmatabadi, Davood Khajepour, Mahdi Bodaghi, Mahdi Bayati, Abbas Amin Yousefi, Mohammad Ghasemi, Ismaeil Shegeft, Atefeh Abrinia, Karen Mirasadi, Kiandokht Baniassadi, Majid Baghani, Mostafa |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Davood orcidid: 0000-0002-6898-3061 surname: Rahmatabadi fullname: Rahmatabadi, Davood organization: School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran – sequence: 2 givenname: Mahdi surname: Khajepour fullname: Khajepour, Mahdi organization: School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran – sequence: 3 givenname: Abbas orcidid: 0009-0007-2740-7213 surname: Bayati fullname: Bayati, Abbas organization: School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran – sequence: 4 givenname: Kiandokht surname: Mirasadi fullname: Mirasadi, Kiandokht organization: School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran – sequence: 5 givenname: Mohammad surname: Amin Yousefi fullname: Amin Yousefi, Mohammad organization: School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran – sequence: 6 givenname: Atefeh surname: Shegeft fullname: Shegeft, Atefeh organization: Faculty of Processing, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Tehran, Iran – sequence: 7 givenname: Ismaeil surname: Ghasemi fullname: Ghasemi, Ismaeil organization: Faculty of Processing, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Tehran, Iran – sequence: 8 givenname: Majid surname: Baniassadi fullname: Baniassadi, Majid organization: School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran – sequence: 9 givenname: Karen orcidid: 0000-0003-1168-9061 surname: Abrinia fullname: Abrinia, Karen organization: School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran – sequence: 10 givenname: Mahdi orcidid: 0000-0002-0707-944X surname: Bodaghi fullname: Bodaghi, Mahdi email: mahdi.bodaghi@ntu.ac.uk organization: Department of Engineering, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK – sequence: 11 givenname: Mostafa orcidid: 0000-0001-6695-3128 surname: Baghani fullname: Baghani, Mostafa email: baghani@ut.ac.ir organization: School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran |
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| Keywords | Polylactic Acid 3D/4D Printing Shape Memory Polymers Polybutylene Adipate Terephthalate Shape Recovery |
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