The Muon Puzzle in cosmic-ray induced air showers and its connection to the Large Hadron Collider

• Published in: Astrophysics and space science Vol. 367; no. 3
• Main Authors: Albrecht, Johannes, Cazon, Lorenzo, Dembinski, Hans, Fedynitch, Anatoli, Kampert, Karl-Heinz, Pierog, Tanguy, Rhode, Wolfgang, Soldin, Dennis, Spaan, Bernhard, Ulrich, Ralf, Unger, Michael
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Dordrecht Springer Netherlands 01.03.2022; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Astrobiology; Astronomy; Astrophysics; Astrophysics and Astroparticles; Atmospheric models; Composition; Cosmic ray showers; Cosmic rays; Cosmology; Deviation; Extensive air showers; Hadrons; Large Hadron Collider; Muons; Observations and Techniques; Oxygen; Particles; Photons: ISM Physics Revisited; Physics; Physics and Astronomy; Plasma; Quantum chromodynamics; Review Article; Space Exploration and Astronautics; Space Sciences (including Extraterrestrial Physics; Strangeness; Mass composition; Air showers; Particle physics; Cosmic rays; Strangeness enhancement

High-energy cosmic rays are observed indirectly by detecting the extensive air showers initiated in Earth’s atmosphere. The interpretation of these observations relies on accurate models of air shower physics, which is a challenge and an opportunity to test QCD under extreme conditions. Air showers...