The Muon Puzzle in cosmic-ray induced air showers and its connection to the Large Hadron Collider

High-energy cosmic rays are observed indirectly by detecting the extensive air showers initiated in Earth’s atmosphere. The interpretation of these observations relies on accurate models of air shower physics, which is a challenge and an opportunity to test QCD under extreme conditions. Air showers...

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Published inAstrophysics and space science Vol. 367; no. 3
Main Authors Albrecht, Johannes, Cazon, Lorenzo, Dembinski, Hans, Fedynitch, Anatoli, Kampert, Karl-Heinz, Pierog, Tanguy, Rhode, Wolfgang, Soldin, Dennis, Spaan, Bernhard, Ulrich, Ralf, Unger, Michael
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Dordrecht Springer Netherlands 01.03.2022
Springer Nature B.V
Subjects
Astrobiology
Astronomy
Astrophysics
Astrophysics and Astroparticles
Atmospheric models
Composition
Cosmic ray showers
Cosmic rays
Cosmology
Deviation
Extensive air showers
Hadrons
Large Hadron Collider
Muons
Observations and Techniques
Oxygen
Particles
Photons: ISM Physics Revisited
Physics
Physics and Astronomy
Plasma
Quantum chromodynamics
Review Article
Space Exploration and Astronautics
Space Sciences (including Extraterrestrial Physics
Strangeness
Mass composition
Air showers
Particle physics
Cosmic rays
Strangeness enhancement
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Abstract High-energy cosmic rays are observed indirectly by detecting the extensive air showers initiated in Earth’s atmosphere. The interpretation of these observations relies on accurate models of air shower physics, which is a challenge and an opportunity to test QCD under extreme conditions. Air showers are hadronic cascades, which give rise to a muon component through hadron decays. The muon number is a key observable to infer the mass composition of cosmic rays. Air shower simulations with state-of-the-art QCD models show a significant muon deficit with respect to measurements; this is called the Muon Puzzle. By eliminating other possibilities, we conclude that the most plausible cause for the muon discrepancy is a deviation in the composition of secondary particles produced in high-energy hadronic interactions from current model predictions. The muon discrepancy starts at the TeV scale, which suggests that this deviation is observable at the Large Hadron Collider. An enhancement of strangeness production has been observed at the LHC in high-density events, which can potentially explain the puzzle, but the impact of the effect on forward produced hadrons needs further study, in particular with future data from oxygen beam collisions.
AbstractList High-energy cosmic rays are observed indirectly by detecting the extensive air showers initiated in Earth’s atmosphere. The interpretation of these observations relies on accurate models of air shower physics, which is a challenge and an opportunity to test QCD under extreme conditions. Air showers are hadronic cascades, which give rise to a muon component through hadron decays. The muon number is a key observable to infer the mass composition of cosmic rays. Air shower simulations with state-of-the-art QCD models show a significant muon deficit with respect to measurements; this is called the Muon Puzzle. By eliminating other possibilities, we conclude that the most plausible cause for the muon discrepancy is a deviation in the composition of secondary particles produced in high-energy hadronic interactions from current model predictions. The muon discrepancy starts at the TeV scale, which suggests that this deviation is observable at the Large Hadron Collider. An enhancement of strangeness production has been observed at the LHC in high-density events, which can potentially explain the puzzle, but the impact of the effect on forward produced hadrons needs further study, in particular with future data from oxygen beam collisions.
ArticleNumber 27
Author Rhode, Wolfgang
Spaan, Bernhard
Albrecht, Johannes
Fedynitch, Anatoli
Soldin, Dennis
Ulrich, Ralf
Cazon, Lorenzo
Unger, Michael
Pierog, Tanguy
Dembinski, Hans
Kampert, Karl-Heinz
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  givenname: Johannes
  surname: Albrecht
  fullname: Albrecht, Johannes
  organization: Faculty of Physics, TU Dortmund University
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Lorenzo
  surname: Cazon
  fullname: Cazon, Lorenzo
  organization: LIP
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  givenname: Hans
  orcidid: 0000-0003-3337-3850
  surname: Dembinski
  fullname: Dembinski, Hans
  email: hans.dembinski@tu-dortmund.de
  organization: Faculty of Physics, TU Dortmund University
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Anatoli
  surname: Fedynitch
  fullname: Fedynitch, Anatoli
  organization: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, The University of Tokyo
– sequence: 5
  givenname: Karl-Heinz
  surname: Kampert
  fullname: Kampert, Karl-Heinz
  organization: Department of Physics, Wuppertal University
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  surname: Pierog
  fullname: Pierog, Tanguy
  organization: Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
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  givenname: Wolfgang
  surname: Rhode
  fullname: Rhode, Wolfgang
  organization: Faculty of Physics, TU Dortmund University
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  givenname: Dennis
  surname: Soldin
  fullname: Soldin, Dennis
  organization: Bartol Research Institute and Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware
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  surname: Spaan
  fullname: Spaan, Bernhard
  organization: Faculty of Physics, TU Dortmund University
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  givenname: Ralf
  surname: Ulrich
  fullname: Ulrich, Ralf
  organization: Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
– sequence: 11
  givenname: Michael
  surname: Unger
  fullname: Unger, Michael
  organization: Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
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SSID ssj0009697
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SecondaryResourceType review_article
Snippet High-energy cosmic rays are observed indirectly by detecting the extensive air showers initiated in Earth’s atmosphere. The interpretation of these...
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SubjectTerms Astrobiology
Astronomy
Astrophysics
Astrophysics and Astroparticles
Atmospheric models
Composition
Cosmic ray showers
Cosmic rays
Cosmology
Deviation
Extensive air showers
Hadrons
Large Hadron Collider
Muons
Observations and Techniques
Oxygen
Particles
Photons: ISM Physics Revisited
Physics
Physics and Astronomy
Plasma
Quantum chromodynamics
Review Article
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Title The Muon Puzzle in cosmic-ray induced air showers and its connection to the Large Hadron Collider
URI https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10509-022-04054-5
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Volume 367
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